British Columbia carbon tax

Petroleum product use in British Columbia declined after the implementation of the carbon tax in 2008.

British Columbia's carbon tax and accompanying tax shift has been in place since 2008. It is a British Columbia policy which adds additional carbon taxes to fossil fuels burned for transportation, home heating, and electricity, and reduces personal income taxes and corporate taxes by a roughly equal amount. The carbon tax is collected at the point of retail consumption (for example, at the pump for gasoline and diesel). British Columbia's policy is unique in North America; only Quebec has a similar retail tax but it is set at a much lower rate and does not include a matching tax shift.^[1]

History

Public opinion polls in 2007 showed that the environment had replaced the economy and healthcare at the most important issue to a majority of respondents. This cultural change, brought about by greater media and political attention both inside and outside of Canada, changed the political dynamic of British Columbia. Traditionally the left-leaning BC New Democratic Party (NDP) had been seen as the greener of the two largest parties, as opposed to the more free market BC Liberal Party. However, in 2008 it was the Liberals who introduced the carbon tax and tax shift, which was thought to be a more market-friendly method of regulating carbon than the competing idea of cap-and-trade which the NDP supported. During the 2009 British Columbia election the NDP as well at the BC Conservatives made repealing the carbon tax part of their platform, but the Liberals won another majority government.

In 2016, a similar measure was put on the ballot in the neighboring State of Washington. Washington Initiative 732 would, like the British Columbia carbon tax, impose a steadily rising tax on carbon emissions, while offsetting the state's sales tax and business tax, while expanding the state's tax credit for low-income families.

Initial implementation

On February 19, 2008, the Government of British Columbia announced its intention to implement a carbon tax of C$10 per tonne of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emissions (2.41 cents per litre on gasoline) beginning July 1, 2008, making BC the first North American jurisdiction to implement such a tax. The tax was to increase each year until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).^[2][3] Unlike previous proposals, legislation was to keep the pending carbon tax revenue neutral by reducing corporate and income taxes at an equivalent rate.^[4] The government also planned to reduce taxes above and beyond the carbon tax offset by $481 million over three years.^[2]

2010 expansion

In January 2010, the carbon tax was applied to biodiesel. Before the tax actually went into effect, the government of British Columbia sent out "rebate cheques" from expected revenues to all residents of British Columbia as of December 31, 2007.^[5] In January 2013, the carbon tax was collecting about $1 billion each year which was used to lower other taxes in British Columbia. Terry Lake, the minister of the environment of British Columbia, said “It makes sense, it’s simple, it’s well accepted,”^[6]

Rates in 2012

Selected carbon tax rates by fuel .^[7]

Effects

According to the World Bank, British Columbia's carbon tax policy has been very effective in spurring fuel efficiency gains. Further, the resulting decreases in fuel consumption did not harm economic growth; on the contrary, the province has outperformed the rest of Canada’s since 2008.^[8]

Five-year review

A report by Sustainable Prosperity entitled BC’s Carbon Tax Shift After Five Years: An Environmental (and Economic) Success Story suggested that the policy had been a major success. During the time the tax had been in place, fossil fuel consumption had dropped 17.4% per capita (and fallen by 18.8% relative to the rest of Canada). These reductions occurred across all the fuel types covered by the tax (not just vehicle fuel). BC’s rate of economic growth (measured as GDP) kept pace with the rest of Canada’s over that time. The tax shift enabled BC to have one of Canada’s lowest income tax rates as of 2012. The aggregate effect of the tax shift was positive of taxpayers as a whole, in that cuts to income and other taxes exceeded carbon tax revenues by $500 million from 2008-12.^[9]

This report was released to coincide with an internal review of the policy by the BC government, which ultimately decided to freeze the tax at 2012 levels for five years.^[10] It was also aimed to influence energy policy discussion as the First Ministers met at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. Critics of the report debated its findings in media. Jock Finlayson of the BC Business Council pointed out that the drop in fuel consumption might be due to cross-border shopping, as many BC residents are able to drive into Washington or Alberta to fuel their cars and trucks, as well as to a much larger gasoline levy implemented Greater Vancouver (accounting for much of BC's population) to fund public transit development (TransLink), and that businesses were receiving less tax advantages from the plan than individuals.^[11] Aldyen Donnelly of WDA Consulting suggested that the success of the tax in reducing fuel consumption would cannibalize the potential revenue it could generate, creating a tax waste, and that it fell more on the middle and lower-middle classes than on the rich, making it a regressive tax.^[12] Supporter Mark Jaccard of Simon Fraser University, defended the tax by saying that BC’s aviation fuel usage, which is not subject to the carbon tax, "did not diverge from the Canadian pattern, supporting the argument that the carbon tax really did have an effect. And BC’s disconnect from the rest of the country was evident for all taxed fuels, not just gasoline; so the argument that BC’s divergence is caused by increased cross-border shopping for gasoline is not supported." And further that, statistical analysis can factor out things like weather, background economic conditions, and other policies.^[13]

Although fossil fuel consumption initially dropped rapidly, the recession in 2008 was also involved in lower consumption globally. A report in 2015 suggested a 8.5% reduction to date in greenhouse gas emissions, which may also be affected by cross border purchases of vehicle fuel.^[14]

References

Climate change in Canada
Climate change Global warming Energy policy of Canada
Measurement and attribution	Temperature in Canada Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences CCCma ArcticNet CBM-CFS3
Politics and mitigation	Canada and the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change Action Plan 2001 Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act Climate Change Accountability Act (Bill C-224) Canadian Youth Climate Coalition Western Climate Initiative Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord The Climate Registry Renewable energy in Canada Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers Energy Probe "Green shift" (2008 federal election) British Columbia carbon tax
By region	Climate change in the Arctic Climate change in Saskatchewan
Effects of global warming	Drought in Canada Weather extremes in Canada Retreat of glaciers List of glaciers in Canada Sea level rise Coastal erosion Climate change and ecosystems Extinction risk (e.g. Polar bear) Invasive species (e.g. Mountain pine beetle)
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