58th (2/1st London) Division

58th (2/1st London) Division
Active 1914–1919
1943–1945
Country  United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Force
Type Infantry
Size Division
Engagements World War I:
Arras
Passchendaele
German Spring Offensive
Amiens
Hundred Days Offensive
World War II:
Operation Fortitude
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Maj-Gen H.D. Fanshawe
Maj-Gen A.B.E. Cator
Maj-Gen N.M. Smyth, VC

The 58th (2/1st London) Division was an infantry division created in 1915 as part of the massive expansion of the British Army during World War I. It was a 2nd Line Territorial Force formation raised as a duplicate of the 56th (1/1st London) Division. After training in Britain, the division joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front in 1917. It saw action at the battles of Arras and Passchedaele in 1917 and the German Spring Offensive in 1918. It then took part in the Battle of Amiens and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive of the war. The division was recreated during World War II as an imaginary 'deception' formation.

Origin

The formation of reserve or 2nd Line TF units was authorised by the War Office on 31 August 1914. At first they comprised those members of the pre-war parent unit who had not volunteered for or were unfit for overseas service, who trained the flood of volunteers who came forward. Later, the 2nd Line formations were also prepared for overseas service and 3rd Line units were formed to provide replacements. In the case of the 2/1st London Division, this process began early, when the 2/1st London Brigade went to Malta in December 1914 to relieve its 1st Line counterpart that had been despatched there on the outbreak of war. It was replaced in the 2/1st London Division by its 3rd Line (the battalions were renumbered when the original 2nd Line battalions were disbanded in 1916). The artillery, engineers and two infantry battalions of the 1/1st London Division had not gone overseas, and these were attached to the 2/1st Division for the first year of its existence.[1][2][3]

Training

In August 1915, the division concentrated around Ipswich in Eastern England and received the number 58, its brigades being numbered 173–5. Here it formed part of First Army in Central Force. In September 1915 the 1st Line artillery brigades went to France and were replaced by the division's own 2nd Line units. In the Spring of 1916 the division took over a sector of the East Coast defences. Then in July 1916 it went to Sutton Veny on Salisbury Plain for final training before deploying overseas. The artillery were now equipped with modern 18-pounder field guns and 4.5-inch howitzers while the infantry had been issued with the .303 Lee-Enfield service rifle in place of the .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles with which they had done their early training.[1][4][5]

The division began embarking for France on 20 January 1917 and had concentrated by 8 February. It then served for the remainder of the war on the Western Front. [1][6]

Order of battle

The division had the following composition during World War I:[1][7]

2/1st London Brigade

Brigade left to relieve 1/1st London Brigade at Malta between December 1914 and February 1915

173rd (3/1st London) Brigade

Formed in April 1915

174th (2/2nd London) Brigade

175th (2/3rd London) Brigade

Support Troops

Mounted Troops

Artillery

58th Divisional Engineers

Pioneers

Machine Guns

Medical

Veterinary

Labour

Supply

Attached

Actions

The division was engaged in the following actions: [1]

1917

1918

Demobilisation

After the Armistice with Germany the division was billeted in the area of Peruwelz in Belgium. Skilled tradesmen and 'pivotal' men began to be demobilised during December 1918, and by March 1919 the division had dwindled to a brigade group concentrated around Leuze as units were reduced to cadres. The artillery left for the UK on 4 April, and the last units left France at the end of June, when 58th Division ceased to exist.[1]

General Officers Commanding

The following officers commanded the division:[1]

World War II

The division was 'reformed' as a 'phantom division' created as part of 'Operation Fortitude North' as a replacement for the 3rd Infantry Division which was going south to take part in a D-Day rehearsal. Unlike other 'phantom divisions' the 58th's number was chosen on the basis of Ultra reports that showed the Germans believed a 58th Infantry Division existed in the vicinity of Windsor. This misidentification was then supported by simulated radio traffic and by fictitious reports from double agents working for the British Security Service, MI5.[8][9][10]

As part of the Fourth Army's II Corps, the division took the role of a mountain trained assault formation in 'Fortitude North' (HQ: Aberlour) and the role of follow up unit in 'Fortitude South' (HQ: Gravesend). It was disposed of by announcing that the division had moved to Hertfordshire and been disbanded in April 1945.,[8][9][11][12]

The formation's insignia, a stag's face full on a black square was chosen to support the division's fictional back-story, that it had been formed in the Scottish Highlands around cadres from combat experienced Highland regiments.[8][9][11]

Imaginary formations assigned to the division included the 173rd Infantry Brigade, 174th Infantry Brigade, 175th Infantry Brigade, and support units.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Becke, pp. 9–15.
  2. ↑ Grey, pp. 86–97.
  3. ↑ Grimwade, pp. 115–6.
  4. ↑ Grimwade, pp. 117–22.
  5. ↑ Keeson, pp. 278-9.
  6. ↑ Keeson, pp. 280–1.
  7. ↑ 58 Div at Long, Long Trail
  8. 1 2 3 Hesketh.
  9. 1 2 3 Martin, pp. 185-8.
  10. ↑ Levine.
  11. 1 2 Holt.
  12. ↑ Levine, pp. 217, 223.

Bibliography

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