Brigham Young University LGBT history

Brigham Young University (BYU) is the largest religious university in North America and is the flagship institution of the LDS Church's educational system. In order to attend BYU, students must abide by the school's Honor Code. Several LGBT rights organizations have criticized BYU's Honor Code and The Princeton Review has regularly ranked BYU among the most LGBT-unfriendly schools in the United States.[1][2][3][4] The first explicit mention of homosexuality in the language of the school's code of conduct available to students was not publicly published until the Fall of 2009.[5][6] The first LGBT-specific campus-wide event was held by the BYU NAMI club on 7 April 2017.[7]

Ban on gay students

BYU policies, including the complete ban on students attracted to the same sex in the 60s, are decided by the Board of Trustees, composed of general authorities, at Temple Square.[8][9]

Before 1959 there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration,[10]:375,377,394 but by 1962 a ban on homosexual students was enacted, though not mentioned in the media or in literature provided to students. On 12 September 1962, apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Peterson and BYU President Ernest L. Wilkinson agreed on a university policy that "no one will be admitted as a student ... whom we have convincing evidence is a homosexual".[10]:379 They agreed to share information about individuals cases of homosexual members between general church administration and BYU administration.[11] This policy was reiterated in Wilkinson's address to BYU in September 1965 when he stated "we [do not] intend to admit to this campus any homosexuals. ... [I]f any of you have this tendency, ... may I suggest you leave the University immediately .... We do not want others on this campus to be contaminated by your presence."[12][13] The next month General authorities again stated that the "University does not permit any known homosexual to enter or remain at BYU", though they decided "for the purposes of admission or retention at BYU" that masturbation (or "self abuse") was "not considered homosexuality".[14] This decision forbidding the enrollment of homosexuals at BYU was again repeated in meetings on 27 January 1966 and 25 January 1968 and was codified in the 1967 version of the Honor code. The approved version read "homosexuality will not be tolerated", while the proposed sentence banning "masturbation" was removed in committee.[15]

The complete ban on any students with a homosexual orientation was softened a decade later by Wilkinson's successor, Dallin H. Oaks, in a 19 April 1973 Board of Trustees meeting. There it was decided BYU would allow students who had "repented of" homosexual acts and "forsaken" them for a "lengthy period of time." Additionally, students "guilty of irregular sexual behavior" (not including fornication or adultery equivalents) who were "repentant" and "showed evidence" that the act(s) would "not be repeated" would be admitted while "overt and active homosexuals" would still be barred from remaining and enrollment.[16][17][18]

Surveillance

BYU bans extramarital sexual activity for straight students and further forbids any same-sex dating or physical expression of attraction including hugs for LGBT students.[19][20]

Under Oaks, a system of surveillance and searches of dorms of problem students, including suspected homosexuals, was implemented. This included electronic recording devices which BYU Security Chief Robert Kelshaw confirmed in 1975 had been planted on students to gather information. In reference to the widespread campaign to find homosexuals among BYU students, Oaks stated, "Two influences we wish to exclude from the BYU community are active homosexuals and drug users, and these subjects are therefore among those with which our security force is concerned."[21] In 1979 Oaks asked BYU security to be "especially watchful" for any student homosexual infractions.[22][23] Stake outs by BYU security looking for license plates of BYU students at gay bars in Salt Lake City and fake contact advertisements placed in gay publications attempting to ensnare BYU students were also reported.[24][21][10]:442[25][26][27][28]

Payne Papers

In 1977 gay BYU student Cloy Jenkins and gay BYU instructor Lee Williams[29] coauthored an open letter to refute the anti-gay teachings of BYU professor Reed Payne. The anonymous letter was later published with the help of Lee's gay brother Jeff and Ricks College faculty member Howard Salisbury as the "Payne Papers" pamphlet (later titled "Prologue").[30] This was anonymously mailed to all high-ranking LDS leaders and most BYU and Ricks College faculty causing a controversy and eliciting a response from apostle Boyd Packer in the form of his "To the One" 1978 BYU address on homosexuality.[31][32][33][34]

Late 20th-century policies

A gay pride parody of the "Y" logo

In the late 1990s a reference to "homosexual conduct" was added to the BYU Honor Code,[35] and in 2000 a reported 13 students were suspended from the University when caught watching the TV series Queer As Folk. The next year two gay students (Matthew Grierson and Ricky Escoto) were expelled under accusations deemed "more probable than not" of hand-holding or kissing.[36] The Associate Dean of Students Lane Fischer over the BYU Honor Code Office stated in a letter to those two students that it was "inappropriate" for a BYU student to "advocate for the [homosexual] lifestyle" by publishing material or participating in public demonstrations as well as advertising ones "same-sex preference in any public way" reinforcing the existing honor code ban on coming out for lesbian, gay, or bisexual students.[37][38] He also required homosexual students facing discipline to refrain from same-sex "dating, holding hands, kissing, romantic touching, showering, clubbing, ets., as well as regular association with homosexual men."[39]

Current policies

A gay superhero parody of BYU's Brigham Young statue

In 2007, BYU changed the honor code to read that stating one's sexual orientation was not an honor code issue while removing the phrase that "any behaviors that indicate homosexual conduct, including those not sexual in nature, are inappropriate and violate the Honor Code." The change also clarified the policy on advocacy of LGBTQ rights or romantic relationships.[40][41] Several students, including gay and lesbian students, thought that the previous wording was confusing and unclear. While both homosexuals and heterosexuals must abide by the church's law of chastity (i.e. no sexual relations outside of marriage, no crude language, and no pornography),[42] the Honor Code additionally prohibits all forms of physical intimacy that give expression to homosexual feelings (i.e. dating, kissing). There is no similar restriction against expressing heterosexual feelings.[43] The policy on homosexuality was not noted in an online version of the honor code available to students until the Fall of 2009.[44][45] Both this version and the 2010 versions contained a clause banning homosexual advocacy defined as "seeking to influence others to engage in homosexual behavior or promoting homosexual relations as being morally acceptable."[46][47] In early 2011, BYU quietly removed the clause prohibiting advocacy.[48][49]

Official BYU LGBTQ student group

LGBT BYU students at a USGA meeting in 2017

In 2010, a group called USGA (Understanding Same-Gender Attraction), consisting of BYU students and other members of the Provo community, began meeting on campus to discuss issues relating to homosexuality and the LDS Church.[50] However, by December 2012, USGA was told it could no longer hold meetings on BYU's campus, although a BYU spokesperson in 2014 disputed that the university had made such a request.[20] BYU campus currently offers no official LGBT-specific resources.[51]

Research on homosexual BYU students

Research has shown a consistent presence of LGBT students attending BYU.

In 1950, 1961, and 1972 BYU Sociology professor Wilford E. Smith conducted a survey of thousands of Mormon students at several universities including many from the BYU sociology department as part of a larger survey.[52] His data spanning over 20 years found that 10% of BYU men and 2% of BYU women indicated having had a "homosexual experience". He also found that "the response of Mormons [at BYU] did not differ significantly from the response of Mormons in state universities".[53]

An informal poll of students in 1991 by an independent BYU newspaper found that 5% of students identified their sexual orientation as gay and 22% of all students knew of a BYU student who was gay or lesbian.[54][10]:59,60

In 1997 a poll of over 400 BYU students found that 42% of students believed that even if a same-sex attracted person keeps the honor code they should not be allowed to attend BYU and nearly 80% said they would not live with a roommate attracted to people of the same sex. The poll's stated 5 percent margin of error was criticized as being too low an estimate because of the cluster sampling in classes, however.[55]

Aversion therapy at BYU

BYU's Honor Code office required some students reported for homosexual behavior to undergo electroshock and vomit aversion therapies in the 1970s[56]

Shortly after the 21 May 1959 meeting of BYU president Ernest L. Wilkinson and apostles on the executive committee of the Church Board of Education discussing the "growing problem in our society of homosexuality" BYU began administering "aversion therapy" to "cure," "repair," or "reorient" homosexual tendencies among Mormon male.[10]:377,379 The on-campus program lasted through the 60s and 70s, and faded out around 1983.[57]:64-65[56] BYU mental health counselors, LDS bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, general authorities, and the BYU Standards Office (equivalent to today's Honor Code Office) all referred young men to the BYU program.[10]:377,379 Because of religious considerations, on 22 September 1969 BYU administration decided to reduce the amount of the on-campus "electrical aversive therapy" used to treat (among other things) "sexual deviancy", though, the program continued.[58][59] Gerald J. Dye, who was over the University Standards Office from 1971 to 1980[60] (renamed the Honor Code Office in 1991), stated that part of the "set process" for homosexual BYU students referred to his office for "less serious" offenses was to require that they undergo therapy to remain at BYU and that in special cases this included "electroshock and vomiting aversion therapies".[56]

In an independent BYU newspaper article two men describe their experience with the BYU Aversion therapy program during the early 1970s.[61] After confessing to homosexual tendencies they were referred to the BYU Counseling Center where the electroshock aversion therapy took place using pornographic pictures of males and females. Jon, one of the individuals, implied that the treatment was completely ineffective.[62] The experiences match most reports which state that shock therapy was ineffective in changing sexual orientation.[63]

From 1975 to 1976 Max Ford McBride, a student at BYU, conducted electroshock aversion therapy on 17 men (with 14 completing the treatment) and published a dissertation on the use of electrical aversive techniques to treat ego-dystonic homosexuality.[64] The thesis documents the use of "Electrical Aversion Therapy" on 14 homosexual men using a "phallometric" apparatus, "barely tolerable" shocks, and "nude male visual-cue stimuli".[65][66] Although it is unknown whether top LDS Church leaders were all aware of the electroshock aversion therapy program,[67] it is known that Apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Peterson were[10]:379 and leaders involved in LDS Social Services thought the therapy was effective.[68][69] At the time, homosexuality was considered by the medical community as a psychiatric condition,[70] and aversion therapy was one of the more common methods used to try to cure it.[71] In 1966, Martin Seligman had conducted a study at the University of Pennsylvania that demonstrated positive results, which led to "a great burst of enthusiasm about changing homosexuality [that] swept over the therapeutic community."[72] After flaws were demonstrated in Seligman's experiments, aversion therapy fell out of popularity, and in 1994 the American Medical Association issued a report that stated "aversion therapy is no longer recommended for gay men and lesbians."[73]

Participant in the 1975-76 BYU study Don Harryman wrote that he experienced "burns on [his] arms and ... emotional trauma".[74][75] Another participant, John Clarence Cameron, who wrote a play called "14" about his experiences, said "it didn’t change anything except increase my self-loathing. I didn’t know the ramifications of the experiment until years later".[76] Cameron stated that he "would like everyone to tell the truth, admit the mistakes that took place, and stop trying to act like it didn't happen"[77] Another one of the test subjects described his experiences, stating "No one wanted to change more than I did. I did everything within my power to change, and it didn't alter my homosexuality one whit. All I had learned to do was suppress much of my personality ... I was shutting down, turning off.... I was making my life miserable by a pervasive denial of who I am."[78]

Additionally, 'Rocky' Connell O'Donovan describes the attempts by the University to 'cure' his homosexuality' through vomit-inducing aversion therapy as well as electroshock aversion therapy. Val Mansfield and Drew Staffanson also describe undergoing aversion therapy and Raymond King describes his involvement as an intern with the BYU psychology department's electroshock aversion therapy program in the 1996 short documentary Legacies.[79] The documentary 8: The Mormon Proposition also contains an interview wherein Bruce Barton states that BYU coerced him into vomit aversion therapy, as well as electroshock therapy, which later precipitated his suicide attempt.[80] Jayce Cox also reported his experience with BYU shock therapy and suicidal ideation in articles and an MTV documentary.[81][82][83][84] Scott Burton discusses the burn marks on his wrists he developed when undergoing electroshock therapy from ages 13 to 15 at the hands of a Mormon therapist by request from his Mormon parents.[85]

In 2011 BYU admitted to the past use of electroshock therapy but denies that it had ever used vomit-inducing therapy "in the BYU Counseling Center"[65] (which has been in the Wilkinson Student Center since 1964). However, the students that underwent the treatment have stated that the vomit therapy took place in the basement of the Psychology department's Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center (built in 1957, demolished in 2002).[79][86] One BYU psychologist, Dr. Steven Lars Nielsen, is quoted in a "question and answer" article on the BYU website as stating that aversion therapy may have taken place at BYU while he was an undergraduate student in the late 70's, but it "would have been a rare thing."[87][88]

Conversion therapy at BYU

In 2016, the church's official website states declared that conversion therapy or sexual orientation change efforts are "unethical".[89] Prior to this change in stance BYU ecclesiastical leaders and Honor Code office administrators have encouraged or required students with homosexual feelings to undergo conversion therapy (also known as sexual orientation change efforts), sometimes under threat of expulsion. This therapy focused on diminishing same-sex romantic sometimes happened on campus by church-employed therapists.

For example, National Geographic journalist Andrew Evans[90] has discussed the compulsory year of conversion therapy and "traumatic moments" BYU made him undergo in the late 90s as a student after he was caught kissing a man by his roommate. BYU told him he could be expelled or visit weekly with his bishop, turn in fellow gay students, cut off contact with any gay frineds, and a have frequent visits whith a BYU therapist until he was heterosexual and "safe" for other students to be around. Included in the therapy was weekly dates with women to help reform him.[91]

Similarly, LGBT activist Michael Ferguson also discussed the many years and different modalities of expensive conversion therapy he underwent (including with a BYU psychologist) starting with a 2004 recommendation from his BYU bishop. He was told by local church leaders that many had "overcome" and diminished their same-sex romantic feelings and their "addiction" to those of the same sex. Ferguson believed that through this he could follow church teachings and marry a woman and enter the highest degree of glory in the afterlife. Much of the therapy focused on repairing emotional damage from things deemed to cause homosexuality like an overbearing mother, distant father, and rejection from same-sex peers.[92]

Timeline of BYU LGBT History

A timeline of events, publications, people, and speeches at the intersection of LGBT topics and BYU. Before 1959 there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration.[10]:375,377,394

1950s

1960s

Under BYU president Ernest Wilkinson, any non-straight students were banned from attending the university.

1970s

BYU president Oaks instituted a system of surveillance to identify and expel or cure homosexual students in the '70s.
Cover to the pamphlet containing apostle Boyd Packer's 1978 BYU speech on homosexuality.

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

BYU's first official LGBTQ event in April 2017.

References

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  12. 1 2 Wilkinson, Ernest (23 Sep 1965). Make Honor Your Standard. Brigham Young University. p. 8.
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