Brazos River

Brazos River
Texas
Brazos River downstream of Possum Kingdom Lake (Palo Pinto County, Texas)
Country	United States
State	Texas
Source	Llano Estacado
Source confluence	Stonewall County, Texas
- elevation	453 m (1,486 ft)
- coordinates	33°16′07″N 100°0′37″W / 33.26861°N 100.01028°W / 33.26861; -100.01028 [1]
Mouth	Gulf of Mexico
- location	Brazoria County, Texas
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates	28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833Coordinates: 28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833 [1]
Length	1,352 km (840 mi)
Basin	116,000 km2 (44,788 sq mi)
Discharge	for Rosharon, TX
- average	237.5 m3/s (8,387 cu ft/s)
- max	2,390 m3/s (84,402 cu ft/s)
- min	0.76 m3/s (27 cu ft/s)
Brazos River watershed
Website: Handbook of Texas: Brazos River

The Brazos River (/ˈbræzəs/ BRAZZ-əs), called the Rio de los Brazos de Dios (translated as "The River of the Arms of God") by early Spanish explorers, is the 11th-longest river in the United States of America at 1,280 miles (2,060 km) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico^[2] to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000-square-mile (116,000 km²) drainage basin.^[3] It sometimes is used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas.

Geography

The Brazos proper begins at the confluence of the Salt Fork and Double Mountain Fork, two tributaries of the Upper Brazos that rise on the high plains of the Llano Estacado, flowing 840 miles (1,350 km) through the center of Texas. Another major tributary of the Upper Brazos is the Clear Fork Brazos River, which passes by Abilene and joins the main river near Graham. Important tributaries of the Lower Brazos include the Paluxy River, the Bosque River, the Little River, Yegua Creek, Nolan River, the Leon River, the San Gabriel River, the Lampasas River and the Navasota River.^[4]

Initially running east towards Dallas-Fort Worth, the Brazos turns south, passing through Waco and the Baylor University campus, further south to near Calvert, Texas then past Bryan and College Station, then through Richmond, Texas in Fort Bend County, and into the Gulf of Mexico in the marshes just south of Freeport.^[3]

The main stem of the Brazos is dammed in three places, all north of Waco, forming Possum Kingdom Lake, Lake Granbury, and Lake Whitney. Of these three, Granbury was the last to be completed, in 1969. When its construction was proposed in the mid-1950s, John Graves wrote the book, Goodbye to a River. A small municipal dam (Lake Brazos Dam) is near the downstream city limit of Waco at the end of the Baylor campus; it raises the level of the river through the city to form a town lake. This impoundment of the Brazos through Waco is locally called Lake Brazos. A total of nineteen major reservoirs are located along the Brazos.^[5]

• 
  North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the edge of the Llano Estacado.
• 
  Salt Fork Brazos River in Kent County, Texas.
• 
  Double Mountain Fork Brazos River north of Rotan, Texas.
• 
  Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the site of former Rath City, Texas.
• 
  The Brazos in north Central Texas.
• 
  The Brazos in southeast Central Texas west of Bryan, Texas.

History

It is unclear when it was first named by European explorers, since it was often confused with the Colorado River not far to the south, but it was certainly seen by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. Later Spanish accounts call it Los Brazos de Dios (the arms of God), for which name there were several different explanations, all involving it being the first water to be found by desperately thirsty parties. In 1842, native Indian commissioner of Texas, Ethan Stroud established a trading post on this river.

Brazos River was the scene of a battle between the Texas Navy and Mexican Navy during the Texas Revolution. Texas Navy ship Independence was defeated by one Mexican vessel.

The river was important for navigation before and after the American Civil War, and steam boats sailed as far up the river as Washington-on-the-Brazos. While attempts to improve commercial navigation on the river continued, railroads proved more reliable. The Brazos River also flooded, often seriously, on a regular basis before a piecemeal levee system was replaced, notably in 1913 when a massive flood affected the course of the river. The river is primarily important today as a source of water for power, irrigation, and recreation. The water is administered by the Brazos River Authority.^[4]

The river also features prominently in a number of prison songs, because at one time nearly every prison in Texas was near the Brazos.

The 2000 book, Sandbars and Sternwheelers: Steam Navigation on the Brazos by Pamela A. Puryear and Nath Winfield, Jr., with introduction by J. Milton Nance, examines the early vessels that attempted to navigate the Brazos.^[6]

On June 2, 2016, the rising of the river required evacuations for portions of Brazoria County.^[7]

Brazos watershed

The Brazos River watershed covers a total area of 119,174 square kilometers.^[8] Within the watershed lie 42 lakes and rivers which have a combined storage capacity of 2.5 million acre-feet.^[9] The Brazos watershed also has an estimated ground water availability of 119,275 acre-feet per year.^[10] Approximately 31% of the land use within the watershed is cropland. Approximately 61% is grassland (30%) shrubland (19.8%) and forest (11%) while urban use only makes up 4.6%. The population density within the watershed is 19.5 people per square kilometer.^[8]

Water quality concerns

The main water quality issues within the Brazos Watershed are high nutrient loads, high bacterial and salinity levels and low dissolved oxygen. These water quality issues can be attributed to livestock, fertilizer and chemical run off. Sources of run off are croplands, pastures, and industrial sites among others.^[11] Fracking is also cause for concern regarding water quality within the Brazos Watershed. The Barnett Shale lies partially within the watershed which is the second largest source of natural gas in the US.^[12] Studies have shown that the watershed receiving the most toxic pollution is the lower Brazos river which received 33.4 million pounds of toxic waste in 2012.^[13]

Recreation

Canoeing is a very popular recreational activity on the Brazos River with many locations favorable for launching and recovery. The best paddling can be found immediately below Possum Kingdom Lake and Lake Granbury.^[14]

Sandbar Camping is also permitted since the entire streambed of the river is considered to be state-owned public property. Fishing, camping, and picnicking are legal here, including on the sandbars.^[15] Several scout camps are located along the Brazos River and they support a wide range of water and shoreline activities for scouts, youth groups and family groups.^[16]

The Brazos River Authority maintains several public campsites along the river and at the lakes. Hunting and fishing are also permitted at select locations along the river.

Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy the opportunity to find beautiful scenery and abundant wildlife on the river. Fly fishing and river fishing for largemouth bass are popular.^[17]

Cultural references

• In the Alan Le May novel The Searchers, and the 1956 film based on it, the Brazos is a. Mose Harper identifies the location of the camp of Chief Scar, who is holding the captive child Debbie, as Seven Fingers, which a group of Texas Rangers identify as Seven Fingers of the Brazos.
• John Graves' travel narrative Goodbye to a River takes place on the Brazos River.
• The Brazos is the setting of the American folk song "Ain't No More Cane".

See also

Footnotes

Further reading

• Archer, Kenna Lang, “A Defiant River, A Technocratic Ideal: Big Dams and Even Bigger Hopes along the Brazos River, 1929–1958,” East Texas Historical Journal, 53 (Fall 2015), 67–87.
• Archer, Kenna Lang. Unruly Waters: A Social and Environmental History of the Brazos River. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2015.
• Hendrickson, Jr., Kenneth E. The Waters of the Brazos: A History of the Brazos River Authority 1929-1979. Waco, TX: The Texian Press, 1981.
• Kimmel, Jim. 2011. Exploring the Brazos River: from beginning to end. Texas A&M Press. College Station, TX.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brazos River.

External links

• Brazos River from the Handbook of Texas Online
• U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Brazos River
• Brazos River Authority
• Public domain photos of the Upper Brazos
• Historic photos of Army Corps of Engineers lock and dam projects on the Brazos River, 1910-20s, from the Portal to Texas History
• 1858 map titled Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River, Texas from a trigonometrical survey under the direction of A. Bache ; triangulation by J.S. Williams ; topography by J.M. Wampler ; hydrography by the parties under the command of E.J. De Haven & J.K. Duer., hosted by the Portal to Texas History.