Brantford

Brantford
City (single-tier)
City of Brantford

Logo
Brantford
Coordinates: 43°10′N 80°15′W / 43.167°N 80.250°W / 43.167; -80.250Coordinates: 43°10′N 80°15′W / 43.167°N 80.250°W / 43.167; -80.250
Country  Canada
Province  Ontario
County Brant (independent)
Established May 31, 1877
Government
 • Mayor Chris Friel
 • Governing Body Brantford City Council
 • MP Phil McColeman (Conservative)
 • MPP Dave Levac (Liberal)
Area[1][2]
 • Land 72.44 km2 (27.97 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,073.15 km2 (414.35 sq mi)
Elevation 248 m (814 ft)
Population (2016)[1][2]
 • City (single-tier) 97,496 (56th)
 • Density 1,345.9/km2 (3,486/sq mi)
 • Metro 134,203 (30th)
 • Metro density 125.1/km2 (324/sq mi)
Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC−5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC−4)
Forward sortation area N3P to N3V
Area code(s) 519/226/548
Website www.brantford.ca

Brantford (2016 population 97,496;[1] CMA population 134,203[2]) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River. It is surrounded by Brant County, but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county's municipal government.[3][4][5]

Brantford is often known as the "Telephone City". Former city resident Alexander Graham Bell invented the device at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead.

Brantford is also the birthplace of hockey player Wayne Gretzky, comedian Phil Hartman, as well as Group of Seven member Lawren Harris. Brantford is named after Joseph Brant, an important Mohawk chief during the American Revolutionary War and later, who led his people in their first decades in Upper Canada. Many of his descendents, and other First Nations citizens, live on the nearby Reserve of Six Nations of the Grand River, 20 kilometers from Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada.

History

Brant County Courthouse in Brantford

The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as the Neutral Nation, lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of the chief, Kandoucho, was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the Grand River where present-day Brantford developed. This community, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated the Neutral nation.[6]

In 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a large land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract, on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing of the river gave the original name to the area: Brant's ford.

The area began to grow from a small settlement in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved. In 1846, the township called Brantford was primarily agricultural or heavily treed. There were six grist mills and six saw mills; the population was 5199.[7]

By 1847, Europeans began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford.[8] The population increased after 1848 when river navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford.

The population in 1869 was 700 and there were several manufacturing companies including Brantford Engine Works, Victoria Foundry and Britannia Foundry.[9] Several major farm implements manufacturers, starting with Cockshutt and Harris, opened for business in the 1870s.

The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand.[10]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both the United States and Canadian governments encouraged education of First Nations children at Indian boarding schools, which were intended to teach them English and European-American ways and assimilate them to the majority cultures. These institutions in Western New York and Canada included the Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School) in Brantford, Southern Ontario, Haudenosaunee boarding school, and the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include: the film Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors,[11] Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears,[12] and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".[13]

Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council took the controversial step of expropriating and demolishing 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. These buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada. Included in the list of demolitions were one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada, now Bell Canada. This decision was highly controversial and was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community.[14][15]

Historic plaques and memorials

Plaques and monuments erected by the provincial and federal governments provide additional glimpses into the early history of the area around Brantford.[16]

The famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) led his people from the Mohawk Valley of New York State to Upper Canada after being allied with the British during the American Revolution where they lost their land holdings. A group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which would later become Brantford.[16] Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.[17]

The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River) was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution.[16] In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.[18]

Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) was one of the sons of Joseph Brant.[19] He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and was the improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and from 1828 served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations.[16] Chief Brant was elected to Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830and and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.[20]

The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed court rooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.[16]

Among the most famed residents were Alexander Graham Bell and his family, who arrived in mid 1870 from Scotland while Bell was suffering from tuberculosis. They lived with Bell's father and mother who had settled in a farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe of the area[21] and later absorbed into Brantford.) Then called Melville House, it is now a museum, the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. This was the site of the invention of the telephone in 1874 and ongoing trials in 1876. The Bell Memorial, also known as the Bell Monument, was commissioned to commemorate Bell's invention of the telephone in Brantford; it is also one of the National Historic Sites of Canada.

A majestic, broad monument with figures mounted on pedestals to its left and right sides. Along the main portion of the monument are five figures mounted on a broad casting, including a man reclining, plus four floating female figures representing Inspiration, Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow.
The Bell Memorial, commemorating the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by W.S. Allward, was dedicated by the Governor General of Canada, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire with Dr. Bell in The Telephone City's Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917. Included on the main tableau are figures representing "Man, the Inventor," "Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space," as well as "Knowledge, Joy, Sorrow." Courtesy: Brantford Heritage Inventory

Invention of the telephone

Some articles suggest that the telephone was invented in Boston where Alexander Graham Bell did a great deal of work on the development of the device.[22] However, Bell confirmed Brantford as the birthplace of the device in a 1906 speech: "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home".[23] At the unveiling of the Bell Memorial on 24 October 1917, Bell reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875" and that "the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris" (on 3 August 1876).[24][25] As well, the second successful voice transmission (over a distance of 6km) was also made in the area, on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires.[26][27]

Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd, was located in Brantford and operated from about 1879 until Cowherd's death in 1881.[28][29] The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was located in what is now Brantford.[16] The combination of events has led to Brantford calling itself "The Telephone City".

Political organization

Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from the County.[3][4][5] Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes".[30] Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services.[31]

At the federal and provincial levels of government, Brantford is part of the Brant riding.

The current Brantford City Council was elected in the 2014 municipal election[32] and is headed by Mayor Chris Friel, who had previously served as mayor from 1994 to 2003 and was re-elected in 2010. The council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Richard Carpenter and Cheryl Antoski (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5).[33]

Economy

The electric telephone was invented here, leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of cash-value of manufactured goods exported.

The city developed at the deepest navigable point of the Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs, based on the agriculture implement industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the Cockshutt Plow Company. This industry, more than any other, provided the well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century.

By the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of Brantford was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as White Farm Equipment, Massey-Ferguson (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of the businesses left thousands of people unemployed and created one of the most economically depressed areas in the country. It took a long time for the economy to recover and rebuild in new directions. In the early 21st century, an influx of new companies moving to the area has brought the unemployment rate down to 7.4%, which is below the national rate.[34]

The Brantford-to-Ancaster section of Highway 403 was completed in 1997, in part to create an increased incentive for businesses to locate in Brantford because of easy access to Hamilton and Toronto. This was along the quickest route through southern Ontario between Detroit and Buffalo. In 2004 Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA chose to locate in the city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed their local foundry, their corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. SC Johnson Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford, was added to the Greater Golden Horseshoe along with Haldimand and Northumberland counties.

In December 2016, Brantford's unemployment rate stood at 4.7% – the 2nd lowest in Ontario.[35]

Climate

Demographics

Brantford's 2011 population was 93,650 people according to the 2011 census.[37]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18412,000—    
18718,107+305.3%
18819,616+18.6%
189112,753+32.6%
190116,619+30.3%
191123,132+39.2%
192129,440+27.3%
193130,107+2.3%
194131,622+5.0%
195136,727+16.1%
196155,201+50.3%
197164,421+16.7%
198174,315+15.4%
199181,997+10.3%
199684,764+3.4%
200186,417+2.0%
200690,192+4.4%
201193,650+3.8%
201697,496+4.1%
[38]
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2011 Census)
Population group Population % of total population
White 81,035 88.1%
Visible minority group
Source:[39]		 South Asian 1,640 1.8%
Chinese 710 0.8%
Black 1,550 1.7%
Filipino 450 0.5%
Latin American 365 0.4%
Arab 575 0.6%
Southeast Asian 740 0.8%
West Asian 80 0.1%
Korean 285 0.3%
Japanese 95 0.1%
Visible minority, n.i.e. 100 0.1%
Multiple visible minority 255 0.3%
Total visible minority population 6,850 7.4%
Aboriginal group
Source:[40] 		First Nations 3,565 3.9%
Métis 355 0.4%
Inuit 0 0%
Aboriginal, n.i.e. 95 0.1%
Multiple Aboriginal identity 55 0.1%
Total Aboriginal population 4,090 4.4%
Total population in private households 91,975 100%

Film and television

Brantford has been used as a filming location for TV and films.

Education

Statistics from the Federal 2006 Census indicated that 72% of Brantford's adult residents had earned either a certificate, diploma, or university degree.[44]

Universities and colleges

Brantford campus of Nipissing University

Several post-secondary institutions have facilities in Brantford.

Secondary schools

Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board.

Elementary schools

Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board and the Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud.

Other

Media

Print

The Brantford Expositor, started in 1852, is published six days per week (excluding Sundays) by Sun Media Corp.

The Brant News is a weekly paper (delivered Thursday); it publishes breaking news online at their website,[51] and is published by Metroland Media Group.

The Two Row Times, a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website,[52] published by Garlow Media.

BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website.[53] Independently published.

Radio

Television

Brantford's only local television service comes from Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from Toronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.

Transportation

Air

Brantford Municipal Airport is located west of the city. It hosts an annual air show, featuring the Snowbirds. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is located about 35 km east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is located in Mississauga, about 100 km northeast of Brantford.

Rail

The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. Via Rail has daily passenger trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Trains also stop at Union Station in Toronto.

Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893 this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936 it began to replace the electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939 the change-over was complete.[54]

Bus

Provincial highways

Culture and entertainment

The Armoury

Local museums include the Bell Homestead, Brant Museum and Archives,[55] Canadian Military Heritage Museum[56] and the Personal Computer Museum.

Annual events include the "Brantford International Villages Festival" in July;[57] the "Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest" in August;[58] the "Chili Willy Cook-Off" in February; the "Frosty Fest", a Church festival held in winter;[59]

The Bell Summer Theatre Festival,[60] takes place from Canada Day to Labour Day at the Bell Homestead

Brantford is the home of several theatre groups including Brant Theatre Workshops,[61] Dufferin Players, His Majesty's players, ICHTHYS Theatre, Stage 88, Theatre Brantford and Whimsical Players.

Brantford has a casino, Brantford OLG Casino. The Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts is a local performance venue.[62]

Brantford Public Library

The main entrance to the Brantford Public Library

Brantford Public Library's central branch is located downtown on Colborne Street. It has an additional branch on St. Paul Avenue.[63] It has been automated since 1984.[64] In 2000, the library was the first in North America to join the UNESCO model library network.[64]

Sports teams and tournaments

Current intercounty or major teams

Defunct teams

Events

Notable people

Municipal twinning

Brantford is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Brantford, City Ontario (Census Subdivision)". Census Profile, Canada 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  2. 1 2 3 "Brantford Ontario (Census metropolitan area)". Census Profile, Canada 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  3. 1 2 http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/Proposed-Boundary-Adjustment.asp
  4. 1 2 http://www.brantford.ca/govt/council/members/Pages/default.aspx
  5. 1 2 http://www.brant.ca/en/county-government/councillors-and-wards.asp
  6. ↑ Reville, F. Douglas. The History of the County of Brant, Brantford: Hurley Printing Company, vol. 1, pp. 15–20, 1920.
  7. ↑ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST: (PDF). Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 19.
  8. ↑ "Brantford Facts". City of Brantford Website. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  9. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/provinceontario00mcevgoog#page/n82/mode/2up, page 69
  10. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=4BVGImuSa_oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=at+the+forks+of+the+Grand&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=at%20the%20forks%20of%20the%20Grand&f=false
  11. ↑ ICTMN Staff (December 2, 2010). "Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors". Indian Country Today Media Network.
  12. ↑ Douglas, Ronald James (2010). "Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating unseen tears (AAT 1482210)".
  13. ↑ Legacy of Hope Foundation. "Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools". Where are the Children?.
  14. ↑ Blaze Carlson, Katherine (June 8, 2010). "Ontario city to demolish historic street, despite Ottawa's objection". National Post. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  15. ↑ Wilkes, Jim (June 8, 2010). "Demolition of historic buildings begins in Brantford". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://www.waynecook.com/abrant.html
  17. ↑ http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Brant19.html
  18. ↑ "History". Mohawk Chapel. 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  19. ↑ http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/104
  20. ↑ http://vitacollections.ca/sixnationsarchive/2687515/data
  21. ↑ Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. Pioneering The Telephone In Canada, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926, pg.7. (Note: Patten's full name as published is William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as stated at Google Books)
  22. ↑ http://www.telecommunications.ca/alexander-graham-bell-invention-telephone.htm
  23. ↑ Reville, F. Douglas (1920). History of the County of Brant (PDF). Brantford, Ontario: Hurley. p. 315. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  24. ↑ http://brantford.library.on.ca/files/pdfs/localhistory/bellmemorial.pdf
  25. ↑ Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant Vol. 1. Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920/. PDF pp. 187–197, or document pp. 308–322. (PDF)
  26. ↑ http://www.brantford.ca/residents/WorkingLearning/Learning/BrantfordHistory/Pages/AlexanderGrahamBellBrantford.aspx
  27. ↑ MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999). Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Toronto, Ontario: Kids Can Press. p. 14 to 19. ISBN 1-55074-456-9
  28. ↑ http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=story_line&lg=English&fl=0&ex=00000267&sl=7681&pos=1
  29. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=QNJGAFkdY40C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=canada%27s+first+telephone+factory+brantford+cowherd&source=bl&ots=g6u3FllQHs&sig=dYBkS6pUBr1SnURtV1NzVg88Mzc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPo5Kz7pDTAhWC24MKHQyZBzEQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=canada's%20first%20telephone%20factory%20brantford%20cowherd&f=false |page=49 |The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ , City of Brantford website.
  32. ↑ http://www.brantford.ca/govt/elections/Pages/ElectionResults.aspx
  33. ↑ Brantford Council Members, City of Brantford website.
  34. ↑ Brantford Expositor article
  35. ↑ CANSIM - 282-0135 - Labour force survey estimates (LFS), by census metropolitan area based on 2011 Census boundaries, 3-month moving average, seasonally adjusted and unadjusted
  36. ↑ "Brantford MOE". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  37. ↑ "Brantford (City) community profile". 20011 Census data. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
  38. ↑ , 1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles
  39. ↑ , Community Profiles from the 2011 Census, Statistics Canada - National Household Survey Profile: Visible Minority Population
  40. ↑ , Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2011 Census, Statistics Canada - National Household Survey Profile: Aboriginal Population
  41. 1 2 Ruby, Michelle (August 28, 2012). "Murdoch Mysteries filming in Brantford". The Expositor. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  42. 1 2 Ruby, Michelle (October 1, 2013). "No mystery Murdoch is popular". The Expositor. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  43. ↑ "A Walk On The South Side", Brantford Expositor, 10 June 2010
  44. ↑ "Brantford (City) community profile". 2006 Census data. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ "Mohawk College to expand Hamilton programs for Brantford students", Mohawk Matters
  49. ↑ "Schools | Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board". www.bhncdsb.ca. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  50. ↑ "Elementary Schools". www.granderie.ca. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  51. ↑ BrantNews
  52. ↑ Two Row Times website
  53. ↑ BScene website
  54. ↑ Brantford, Ontario Principal System, Canadian Street Railways. 31-Mar-2011.
  55. ↑ http://www.brantmuseum.ca
  56. ↑ "The Canadian Military Museum". Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  57. ↑ http://www.brantfordvillages.ca/
  58. ↑ http://www.brantfordribfest.ca/
  59. ↑ "Frosty Fest celebrates winter". Brantford Expositor. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  60. ↑ http://branttheatre.com/bell-summer-theatre-festival/
  61. ↑ http://branttheatre.com/
  62. ↑
  63. ↑ "Contact us". Brantford Public Library. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  64. 1 2 Kirk, Denise (2000). "History of the Brantford Public Library". Brantford Public Library. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  65. ↑ Brantford Minor Hockey Association - Wayne Gretzky Tournament
  66. ↑ Gamble, Susan (21 June 2015). "Walter Gretzky Street Hockey Tournament: Look for 'big things' for 10th anniversary". Brantford Expositor. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  67. ↑ "Brantford Blast 2008 Allan Cup Champions". Allan Cup 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  68. ↑ "Pittsburgh Penguins Start With Many Goalies On Team". Observer-Reporter. 13 September 1967. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  69. ↑ Ball, Vincent (30 May 2009). "City gets a twin". Brantford Expositor. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
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