BrahMos

BrahMos

BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007
Type Cruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Anti-ship missile
Land-attack missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Place of origin India / Russia
Service history
In service November 2006
Used by Indian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force
Production history
Manufacturer BrahMos Aerospace Limited[1]
Unit cost US$2.73 million
Variants Ship-launched
Surface-launched
Submarine-launched
Air-launched
BrahMos-II
Specifications
Weight 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
2,500 kg (5,500 lb) (air-launched)
Length 8.4 m (28 ft)
Diameter 0.6 m (2.0 ft)
Warhead 200 kg (440 lb) conventional semi-armour-piercing and nuclear[2][3]
300 kg (660 lb) (air-launched)
Engine First stage: solid fuel rocket booster
Second stage: liquid-fueled ramjet
Operational
range

450 km (280 mi; 240 nmi) (original/export)[4][5]

To be upgraded to 600 km (370 mi; 320 nmi)[6]
Flight ceiling 14 km (46,000 ft)[3]
Flight altitude Sea skimming, as low as 3–4 meters[3][7]
Speed Mach 2.8–Mach 3 (3,400–3,700 km/h; 2,100–2,300 mph; 0.95–1.0 km/s)[1][8]
Guidance
system
 Mid-course guidance by INS
Terminal guidance by Active radar homing
GPS/GLONASS/Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System/GAGAN satellite guidance using G3OM[9][10][11]
Accuracy 1 m circular error probable [12]
Launch
platform
 Ship, submarine, aircraft (under testing), and land-based mobile launchers.

The BrahMos (Hindi: ब्रह्मोस brahmos, Russian: Брамосl) is a short-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarine, ships, aircraft, or land. It is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace.[13] It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise missile and other similar sea-skimming Russian cruise missile technology. The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. Russia supplies 65% of the BrahMos' components, including its ramjet engine and radar seeker.[14]

It is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation.[15][16][17] The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0.[8] The land-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service, with the air and submarine-launched versions currently in the testing phase.[18] An air-launched variant of BrahMos appeared in 2012. A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability. It is expected to be ready for testing by 2017.[19]

India wanted the BrahMos to be based on a mid range cruise missile like the P-700 Granit. Its propulsion is based on the Russian missile, and missile guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is expected to reach a total order US$13 billion.[20][21]

In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy.[22][23]

Origin

The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia under BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is named after two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Moskva.[24]

Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from a variety of platforms, including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the evasive[25] 'S' maneuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.[26]

Keltec (now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state-owned firm, was acquired by BrahMos Corporation in 2008.[27] Approximately ₹15 billion (US$233.9 million) will be invested in the facility to make BrahMos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy.[28][29][30] Out of a total share capital of approximately $300 million, India's financial contribution has been 50.5%.[31]

Development

Surface to surface variant

INS Rajput firing a BrahMos missile

BrahMos was first test-fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration. On 14 June 2004, another test was conducted at ITR and BrahMos was fired from a mobile launcher.[32] On 5 March 2008, the land attack version of the missile was fired from the destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets.[33][34] The vertical launch of BrahMos was conducted on 18 December 2008 from INS Ranvir.[35] The BrahMos I Block-I for the army was successfully tested with new capabilities in the deserts of Rajasthan, at a test range near Pokharan in December 2004 and March 2007.[36][37] During a user trial on 20 January 2009, BrahMos was tested with a new navigation system but it failed to hit the target. BrahMos Aerospace Corporation's director Dr Sivathanu Pillai said, "The missile performance was absolutely normal until the last phase, but the missile missed the target, though it maintained the direction." and that "The problem was in the software, not hardware".[38][39] The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) said that there were "small hitches" in the last stage of the test firing due to delay in input of satellite navigation input to the Inertial Navigation System, the missile traveled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target.[40] According to BrahMos Corporation, another test of the new missile was to be conducted within one month,[41] but it was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was deemed successful.[42] BrahMos was test-fired again on 29 March 2009. For the test, the missile had to identify a building among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment. BrahMos successfully hit the intended target in two and a half minutes of launch. According to official sources, "The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit our targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology"[43] After the third test, Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj, said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army.[44] The Indian Army confirmed that the test was extremely successful and the army is absolutely satisfied with the missile. This marking the completion of the development phase of BrahMos Block-II, and it was ready for induction.[45][46][47][48]

On 21 March 2010, BrahMos was test-fired and struck a free-floating ship piercing it above the waterline and destroying it completely. The test proved the missile's ability to manoeuvre at supersonic speed before hitting a target.[49] The 5 September 2010 test of BrahMos created a world record for being the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode. The missile was test-fired from the integrated test range launching complex-3 (LC-3) at Chandipur around 11.35 am. With this launch, the army's requirement for land attacks with Block-II advanced seeker software with target discriminating capabilities was met. BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit.[50][51]

The Block III version of the missile was successfully test-fired by India on 2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Orissa coast. Block III had advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude. The steep dive capability of the Block III enables it to hit targets hidden behind a mountain range. It will be deployed in Arunachal Pradesh. It can engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 meters for surgical strikes with out any collateral damage. It is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarines, ships, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL).[52][53][54] On 12 August 2011, it was test-fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters.[55] It was test-fired by an Indian Army unit on 4 March 2012 at the Pokharan range in Rajasthan to operationalise the second regiment of the weapon system in the army.[56] The test was attended by senior Army officials including Vice Chief Lt. Gen. Shri Krishna Singh and Director General Military Operations (DGMO) Lt. Gen. A K Chaudhary. With this test, the second BrahMos unit of the Indian Army became operational.[57]

BrahMos missiles of the Indian Army, mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL).

Another development test was conducted on 29 July 2012 from ITR. This was the 32nd test of the missile. The test was deemed successful from an experimental point of view, but did not meet all mission parameters. This test was done to evaluate more than 25 sub-systems of the missile which were produced by the Indian industry, like the power systems, materials for air frame components, guidance scheme and various electric systems. The test data was sent for analysis and used for large-scale indigenous production of the missile.[58][59][60] The analysis revealed that except for one subsystem, all other subsystems and components had performed as per the requirement. The malfunction of one subsystem resulted in increase in velocity of the missile, which crossed the limit and the mission was aborted. The defect was rectified and further development flight tests were announced to develop self-reliance.[61]

On 7 October 2012, the Indian Navy successfully test-fired BrahMos from the guided missile frigate INS Teg.[62] This new highly manoeuvrable version was fitted with advanced satellite navigation systems turning it into a "super-rocket" capable of hitting targets over 300–500 km from sea, land and air launchers, and capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.[63][64]

On 7 April 2014, one of the army's missile regiments tested a modified and upgraded Block-III missile with steep dive-cum-target discrimination mode suitable for mountain warfare. It is capable of performing deep penetration strikes against hardened targets. This variant will be deployed with the newly raised mountain strike corps at Panagarh in West Bengal under the Eastern Army Command.[65][66]

On 8 July 2014, Brahmos Aerospace conducted the 44th test launch of the missile from the ITR to a target designated 290 km away. It was the first test of the missile in supersonic dive mode against a hidden land target using a new Indian software algorithm and multiple satellite navigation systems for guidance, without the usual homing system.[10][67] On 2 and 3 May 2017, the Indian Army successfully test fired two Block III versions of the missile from a mobile autonomous launcher in top attack configuration from Andaman Nicobar Islands.[68][69][70] The new navigation system uses an Indian chip called G3OM (GPS, GLONASS, GAGAN on a Module). The system weighs around 17 grams, and gives accuracy below five meters using Indian, US and Russian navigation satellites. The system can be used in tandem with and Inertial Navigation System (INS) to provide high-accuracy targeting without using any seeker.[11][71][72]

Submarine-launched variant

The submarine-launched variant of Brahmos was test fired successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon near Visakhapatnam at the coast of Bay of Bengal on 20 March 2013. This was the first vertical launch of a supersonic missile from a submerged platform.[73][74] The missile can be launched from a depth of 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft).[75] In late January 2016, Russia confirmed that future Indian-made submarines would be armed with smaller version of the missile that could fit inside a torpedo tube.[76]

Ship-launched variant

The ship-launched land attack variant was successfully test fired on 21 April 2017 from INS Teg in the Bay of Bengal.[77][78]

Air-launched variant

The air-launched version of BrahMos.

BrahMos-A

The BrahMos-A is a modified air-launched variant of the missile which will arm the Su-30MKI of the air force as a standoff weapon. To reduce the missile's weight to 2.55 tons, many modifications were made like using a smaller booster, adding fins for airborne stability after launch, and relocating the connector. It can be released from the height of 500 to 14,000 meters (1,640 to 46,000 ft). After release, the missile free falls for 100–150 meters, then goes into a cruise phase at 14,000 meters and finally the terminal phase at 15 meters. BrahMos Aerospace planned to deliver the missile to the IAF in 2015, where it is expected to arm at least three squadrons.[13] A Su-30MKI is able to only carry one BrahMos missile.[76]

The missile was also planned to arm the Indian Navy's Ilyushin Il-38 and Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol and anti-submarine aircraft with 6 missiles per aircraft, but this could not be made possible due to insufficient ground clearance of the IL-38, high cost of modifying the Tu-142 and the questionable benefits of modifying an ageing fleet.[13][79]

The air-launched version for the Indian Air Force was ready for testing in 2008.[80] An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force (IAF) had ruled out any structural modifications to the Sukhoi Su-30MKI to carry the missile.[81] On 22 October 2008, A. Sivathanu Pillai, Chief Controller, R&D, DRDO and CEO and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace, announced that trials and tests were to be carried out by 2011, and the IAF would get its own version of BrahMos by 2012.[82]

On 10 January 2009, it was reported that two Indian Air Force Su-30MKI fighter jets were sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to launch the missile.[83] On 8 August 2009, Alexander Leonov, Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Center, said "we are ready for test launches." He also said that a new takeoff engine for launching of the missile in air and at extreme high altitudes had been developed, and the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken from the Su-30 MKI, but did not specify the dates. On 26 February 2012, A. Sivathanu Pillai said that the air-launched version of BrahMos is being developed and will be tested by the end of 2012. This version of the BrahMos missile will use air breathing scramjet propulsion technology and would be more fuel efficient than a traditional rocket-powered missile.[84][85]

The purchase of over 200 air-launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on 19 October 2012, at the cost of ₹60 billion (US$936 million). This would include funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on Su-30MKI of the IAF. As per this plan, the first test of the air-launched version of the missile was to be conducted by December 2012. Two Su-30MKI of the IAF would be modified by the HAL at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile's aerial launcher.[86][87]

Finally, the demonstration flight was carried out at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Nashik on 25 June 2016 as a modified Su-30MKI carrying BrahMos-A underwent a successful trial flight,[88] the first time a heavyweight supersonic cruise missile had been integrated on a long-range fighter aircraft; the project to adapt the weapon for air launch was approved in 2011, but was bogged down with technology transfer and intellectual property rights concerns. To carry the missile, the Su-30MKI undercarriage had to be strengthened, which also required new hard points and structural modifications. The cost of adapting the BrahMos for air launch was "phenomenal," but efforts to downsize the missile were abandoned after an attempt to reduce the size of the ramjet.[89] 40 IAF Su-30s are to be equipped to carry the missile.[90]

Further developments

Extended range

In 2016, India became a member of the MTCR. India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy.[22][23] The upgrade will also be applied to all existing BrahMos missiles.[6]

India conducted the maiden test firing of the extended-range variant of the BrahMos missile on 11 March 2017. The missile was successfully fired from launch complex– III of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur at about 11.30 am.[91]

BrahMos-II

BrahMos-II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and is estimated to have a range of 290 km. Like the BrahMos, the range of BrahMos II has also been limited to 290 km to comply with the MTCR. With a speed of Mach 7, it will have double the speed of the current BrahMos missile, and it will be the fastest hypersonic missile in the world.[92][93] Development could take 7–8 years to complete[94]

BrahMos-NG

Size comparison between BrahMos and the planned BrahMos-M/Brahmos-NG.

BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) is a mini version based on the existing BrahMos, will have same 290 km range and mach 3.5 speed but it will weigh around 1.5 tons, 5 meters in length and 50 cm in diameter, making BrahMos-NG 50 percent lighter and three meters shorter than its predecessor.[1][95] The system is expected to be inducted in the year 2017.[96] BrahMos-NG will have lesser RCS (radar cross section) compared to its predecessor, making it harder for air defense systems to locate and engage the target. BrahMos-NG will have Land, Air, ship-borne and Submarine tube-launched variants. First test flight is expected to take place in 2017–18.[97][98] Initially Brahmos-NG was called as Brahmos-M.

The missile will arm the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mikoyan MiG-29K, HAL Tejas[99] and future inductions such as the Dassault Rafale,[13] Sukhoi Su-57, HAL FGFA and possibly the Mikoyan MiG-35.[100] Submarine launched variant will be capable of being fired from the new P75I class of submarines. A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013, at the 15th anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Corporations. The Sukhoi SU-30MKI would carry three missiles while other combat aircraft would carry one each.[101][102]

UCAV variant

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam asked BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India's lead in the field. He stated:[103] He said that a hypersonic version of BrahMos would be needed that could deliver its payload and return to base.[104][105]

Specifications

BrahMos is the world's fastest cruise missile.

BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 5 meters in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 14000 meters. It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1.7 m.[106] It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km. The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.[15]

The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles, such as the Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile, although it carries only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range, which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical role. Its 2.8 mach speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence systems and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.[15]

Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the BrahMos Block III can also engage land based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360-degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.[15][107] The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier.[106] On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive.[108]

Variants

Surface-launched, Block I
Surface-launched, upgraded variants
Air-launched
Submarine-launched

Production and deployment

Map with BrahMos operators in blue
Model of a frigate with vertical-launched BrahMos
Russia is participating in the P75I submarine deal with the Amur class submarine armed with BrahMos.
Side view of the MAL's missiles

India and Russia intend to make 2,000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years through their joint venture company, and nearly 50% of them are expected to be exported to friendly countries.[106][115] The Brahmos headquarters complex is located at New Delhi and consists of a design center and aerospace knowledge center. The integration complex is located at Hyderabad and a production center is located at Thiruvananthapuram.[116] Another assembly line is being established at Pilani.[117]

India

Indian Navy

By April 2013, Brahmos has been inducted in eight warships of the Indian Navy.[31] The following ship classes of the navy are equipped with BrahMos:

Indian Army

The Brahmos Block I was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007.[36] The Brahmos has been inducted in three regiments of the Indian Army.[128] The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861) of the Mark I and two missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II, numbered 862 and 863. The first regiment with five mobile launcher cost $83 million to set up.[129] Each of the two new regiments would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers (72 missiles per regiment) that can be connected to a mobile command post.[57][130] All these regiments will be part of the army's existing 40th and 41st Artillery Divisions. The operational BrahMos regiments are:[12][131]

Russia

Russian Navy

According to unspecified sources the BrahMos could be fitted to the updated Gorshkov class of frigates which will be entering the Russian Navy soon.[132][133] The defence ministry reported that due to the size and hull specifications of the BrahMos, few if any of its new ships will be able to accommodate it.[134]

Russian Air Force

In September 2016, it was revealed that the Russian Defense Ministry is interested in purchasing the air-launched BrahMos to arm their Su-30SM fighters. Talks could begin in 2017.[135]

Export

Several countries, including the Philippines,[136] Vietnam,[137] South Africa, Egypt, Oman, and Brunei have expressed interest in the missile. In February 2010, a senior executive said that BrahMos was in negotiations with Chile, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia regarding the purchase of the missile.[138] Malaysia is also reported to be considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah class warships[139] and fighter jets.[140] Informal negotiations are ongoing between India and Vietnam for the sale of BrahMos missiles.[141] BrahMos Aerospace has said that several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries have expressed interest in the system, with particular interest in naval and coastal defense versions, and that a "definite list of countries" exists. Industry sources say that interested countries include Vietnam, Indonesia, and Venezuela. The intergovernmental agreement between India and Russia to develop the BrahMos stipulates that both countries would have to approve an export sale.[142] On 20 April 2016, BrahMos Aerospace spokesman Praveen Pathak said that the first export contract on delivering BrahMos to a country in the Asian-Pacific Region will be signed by the end of 2016. The Asian-Pacific nation would be a friendly nation that neither Russia nor India has any conflicts with.[143]

One of the major issues regarding sales of the missile is that the nations looking to buy may have stressful relations with allies and trading partners of Russia. China is one of the main nations that has objections about its neighbours getting these missiles for their navies.[144] In recent years, the export of BrahMos to Vietnam has picked up pace with plans and negotiations reaching a possible conclusion in mid-2016.[145] The only objection could be from China, which sees the selling of these missiles to Vietnam as an act of belligerence and interference in the South China Sea dispute.[146]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "BRAHMOS Supersonic Cruise Missile". BrahMos.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013.
  2. ↑ "BrahMos test-fired off west coast". RiaNovosti----The integration of the navigation systems from Kh-555 will turn BrahMos, a supersonic cruise missile, into a "super-rocket" with almost a sub-strategic capability above its normal tactical range, capable of hitting targets up to 290 km away, from sea, land and air launchers, and capable of being armed with a nuclear warhead, the source said. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 "BrahMos supersonic cruise missile". Brahmos Aerospace. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  4. ↑ https://www.rt.com/news/380323-brahmos-india-cruise-missile/
  5. ↑ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/brahmos-army-navy-missiles-india/1/902591.html
  6. 1 2 http://idrw.org/wink-handshake-india-russia-agrees-double-brahmos-range-existing-inventory/
  7. ↑ "Ship launched Sea skimming BrahMos destroys target". Archived from the original on 3 September 2013.
  8. 1 2 "BrahMos test-fired off west coast". Hinduonnet.com. 16 April 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  9. ↑ "Ship-based Weapon System". Brahmos. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  10. 1 2 "BrahMos Missile Achieves High Accuracy Against Hidden Land Targets". The New Indian Express. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  11. 1 2 "Desi G3OM Makes BrahMos Smarter". The New Indian Express. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  12. 1 2 "Smash Hit". Force. 6 (9): 44–45. May 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "India Unveils Ambitious BrahMos Missile Expansion Plan". Aviation Week. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  14. ↑ http://www.janes.com/article/66415/india-russia-to-increase-brahmos-strike-range
  15. 1 2 3 4 "India places two-billion-dollar order for Russian missiles". Pravda. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  16. ↑ "BRAHMOS- The Record Breaker". BrahMos. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012.
  17. ↑ Diplomat, Franz-Stefan Gady, The. "India Test Fires Supersonic Cruise Missile". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  18. ↑ "armed with brahmos, INS Teg inducted into Indian Navy". BrahMos. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013.
  19. ↑ "Russia, India to test-fly hypersonic missiles by 2017: BrahMos chief". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  20. ↑ Peerzada Abrar,ET Bureau (23 July 2010). "BrahMos order book swells to $13 billion – The Economic Times" (in French). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  21. ↑ Peerzada Abrar (1 September 2010). "BrahMos aims to create $13 billion order book – The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  22. 1 2 "MTCR benefit: India, Russia to develop 600-km range cruise missiles that can cover entire Pakistan". The Economic Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  23. 1 2 "BrahMos missile with higher range: This ‘killer’ India-Russia project will scare Pakistan and China". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  24. ↑ "BrahMos missile cant be intercepted in next 20 years: A Sivathanu Pillai". The Economic Times. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  25. ↑ http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/brahmos-everything-you-need-know-about-indias-mach-28-21657
  26. ↑ "BrahMos cruise missile test fired from naval ship". Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
  27. ↑ "Modernisation and expansion after Keltec-BrahMos merger". Newindpress.com. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  28. ↑ "BrahMos Aerospace (Tvm) goes live with Rs 1000-cr agenda". Financialexpress.com. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  29. ↑ "DNA – India – Kerala gets BrahMos unit – Daily News & Analysis". Dnaindia.com. 2 January 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  30. ↑ "The Russian-Indian BrahMos supersonic cruise missile". En.rian.ru. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  31. 1 2 "Print Release". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  32. ↑ "BrahMos Test Fired". BrahMos.com. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  33. ↑ "BrahMos naval version tested successfully". Pib.nic.in. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  34. ↑ "Brahmos naval version tested successfully". Google webcache. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010.
  35. ↑ "BrahMos-launched successfully". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  36. 1 2 "Indian Army commissions BrahMos cruise missiles". En.rian.ru. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  37. ↑ "Delivery of BrahMos cruise missiles to Indian Army begins". India-defence.com. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  38. ↑ "Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan". Atimes.com. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  39. ↑ "Minor hitches in BrahMos missile test: DRDO". Indian Express. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  40. ↑ "Why BrahMos failed". Frontline India. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  41. ↑ "BrahMos missed the target". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  42. ↑ "New BrahMos test successful". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  43. ↑ "Supersonic BrahMos Successfully Tested in Pokhran". News.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  44. ↑ "Army wanted BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  45. ↑ "Army:Process of inducting new version BrahMos to begin soon". Hinduonnet.com. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  46. ↑ "BrahMos develops Block II for precision strike". India Strategic. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  47. ↑ "BrahMos test-fired, creates world record". The Times of India. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  48. ↑ "Supersonic BrahMos missile test fired successfully". The Times of India. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  49. ↑ "India successfully test-fires BrahMos supersonic cruise missile – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  50. ↑ "BrahMos test-fired, creates world record". Times of India. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  51. ↑ "India test-fires Brahmos cruise missile | Reuters". In.reuters.com. 5 September 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  52. 1 2 "Govt acts on General VK Singh's complaint, fast-tracks acquisition of weapons". The Times of India. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  53. 1 2 "Upgraded-BrahMos-cruise-missile-successfully-test-fired". The-Times-of-India. 2 December 2010.
  54. ↑ "BRAHMOS Block III version successfully test fired". BrahMos.com. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  55. ↑ "Indian BrahMos cruise missile test launch successful | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  56. ↑ "The Hindu news article". Thehindu. Chennai, India. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  57. 1 2 3 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-04/news/31121507_1_tatra-vehicles-and-two-290-km-range-mobile-autonomous-launchers Economic Times News article
  58. ↑ "Supersonic missile BrahMos test-fired". The Times of India. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  59. ↑ "India test-fires BrahMos missile with new systems". DNA India. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  60. ↑ "Supersonic missile BrahMos successfully test-fired". NDTV. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  61. ↑ "Test Failure of Cruise Missile Brahmos". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  62. ↑ "India test-fires BrahMos supersonic cruise missile". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  63. ↑ PTI. "Navy successfully test-fires Brahmos missile off Goa". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  64. ↑ "India Modifies Brahmos Missile With New Nav System". En.rian.ru. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  65. ↑ "BrahMos Ready for Mountain Warfare". The New Indian Express. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  66. ↑ "Army test-fires BrahMos in Pokhran". The Times of India. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  67. ↑ "BrahMos supersonic cruise missile successfully test-fired". Patrika Group. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  68. ↑ "Indian Army successfully test-fires advanced Block-III version of Brahmos cruise missile". The Indian Express. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  69. ↑ "Indian Army test fires advanced BrahMos cruise missile". The Financial Express. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  70. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  71. ↑ "DRDO-Private Industry Collaboration Creates GPS Receiving Module 'G3om' For Military Operations". Defence Now. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  72. ↑ "Small device with big applications". The Hindu. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  73. 1 2 "India test fires submarine-launched version of BrahMos supersonic cruise missile". The Times of India. 20 March 2013.
  74. 1 2 "Sub-Launched Version Of BrahMos Missile Tested". Aviation Week. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  75. ↑ "Submarine-launched variant". Brahmos. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  76. 1 2 Brahmos Missile Small-Size Version can be Launched from Submarine Torpedo Tubes - Navyrecognition.com, 29 January 2016
  77. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  78. ↑ "Navy successfully tests land-attack BrahMos supersonic missile - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  79. ↑ "Upgraded ASW aircraft Tu-142ME was delivered to Indian Navy". Rusnavy.com. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  80. ↑ "India, Russia develop airborne supersonic cruise missile". En.rian.ru. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  81. ↑ "'Su-30 MKI fit to carry Brahmos'". Bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  82. ↑ Express News Service (24 October 2008). "‘IAF will get Brahmos version by 2012’". Express India. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  83. ↑ "IAF Sukhoi-30MKI jets in Russia for BrahMos aerial version retrofit program". Domain-b.com. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  84. ↑ "Russian Embassy article". Rusembassy.in. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  85. ↑ "Times of India News article". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  86. ↑ "Air Variant of BrahMos Test Delayed Until End Of 2013". Aviation Week. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  87. ↑ "Indian cabinet clears Rs 8000 cr plan to fit IAF with BrahMos". Brahmand.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  88. ↑ "First successful test flight of Su-30MKI armed with Brahmos". India Today. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  89. ↑ Brahmos Missile Finally Takes Flight on Indian Sukhoi Fighter - Ainonline.com, 30 June 2016
  90. ↑ PICTURE: Su-30 MKI flies first sortie with BrahMos missile - Flightglobal.com, 27 June 2016
  91. ↑ "India's maiden test of advanced supersonic cruise missile BrahMos successful in Odisha". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  92. ↑ "BrahMos 2 Hypersonic Missile to be ready in five years". The Economic Times. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  93. ↑ "Russian-Indian JV to develop Brahmos-2 hypersonic missile". RIA NOVOSTI. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  94. ↑ BrahMos pushing hypersonic ramjet technology as scramjet stopgap - Flightglobal.com, 27 August 2015
  95. ↑ "BrahMos to showcase a mockup of a new missile at DEFEXPO-2014 held in India - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM".
  96. ↑ Tomas, Alexander (26 September 2013). ""Looking for Project 75-I to have vertical launched BrahMos missiles"- Sivathanu Pillai".
  97. ↑ "BrahMos Mini is now officially Brahmos-NG (Next Generation)".
  98. ↑ "BrahMos Mini is now BrahMos NG (Next generation ) will replace Existing BrahMos in future". March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  99. ↑ "Government open to making BrahMos-NG". sundayguardianlive.com. 21 May 2016.
  100. ↑ "India & Russia to develop BrahMos missile for PAK FA 5th generation fighter jet". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
  101. 1 2 "Smaller version of BrahMos missile being developed for IAF". The Economic Times. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  102. 1 2 "Smaller version of BrahMos missile being developed". Zee News. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  103. ↑ "Kalam for developing BrahMos' hypersonic version". The Hindu. Chennai, India. June 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  104. ↑ "Work on BrahMos’ hypersonic version to begin this year: Russian official". StratPost. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  105. ↑ "Kalam for a hypersonic version of BrahMos missile". Silicon India. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  106. 1 2 3 "BrahMos to increase production of Russian-Indian cruise missiles". RIA NOVOSTI. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  107. ↑ "More Lethal Indian Army As BrahMos Cruise Missile Inducted Today". India-Defence. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  108. ↑ "India's BrahMos missile tested in steep-dive mode". Rian.ru. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  109. ↑ "Army to Have Another BrahMos Missile Regiment". News.outlookindia.com. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  110. ↑ "Anti-aircraft carrier variant of BrahMos successfully test-fired". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  111. ↑ "Indian Military News Headlines ::". Bharat-Rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  112. ↑ "Aerial, sub-surface variants of the BrahMos cruise missile ready for tests". Domain-b.com. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  113. ↑ "Submarine-based version of BrahMos has been designed". Rusnavy.com. 13 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  114. ↑ "Submarine version of BrahMos soon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012.
  115. ↑ "Brahmos Cruise Missile Production To Double in 2008". Aeroindia.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  116. ↑ "BrahMos Work Centres - BrahMos.com". www.brahmos.com. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  117. ↑ "2 state villages chosen by DRDO for setting up radar to track enemy | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  118. 1 2 3 4 "Russia's anti-ship arsenal". Defence Review Asia. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  119. ↑ "India tests BrahMos supersonic missile". The Times of India. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  120. 1 2 "India successfully test-fires BrahMos supersonic cruise missile". The Times of India. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  121. ↑ "Ship-based weapon complex system". Brahmos. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  122. ↑ Hackett, James (2013). The Military Balance 2013, Chapter 6 - Asia. The Military Balance. 113. Oxfordshire: Routledge, IISS. p. 299. ISBN 978-1857436808. doi:10.1080/04597222.2013.757002.
  123. 1 2 Rajat Pandit (18 December 2008). "India tests BrahMos supersonic missile". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  124. ↑ "Russia floats out first frigate for Indian Navy". RIA Novosti. 27 November 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  125. ↑ "Shivalik Class Frigates, India". Naval Technology. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  126. ↑ "Project 15 D Dehli Class Destroyer". Global Security. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  127. ↑ "Project 15A Kolkata Class". Project 15 D Dehli Class Destroyer. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  128. ↑ "India Unveils Ambitious BrahMos Missile Expansion Plan". Aviation Week. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  129. ↑ "Indian Army Demands More Missile Regiments". Brahmos. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  130. ↑ Dutta, Sujan (5 April 2009). "Army on board, navy at sea". Calcutta, India: Telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  131. ↑ "Brahmos test fired off the coast of Orissa". Indian Defence. Retrieved 6 September 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
  132. ↑ Eugene Yanko. "Gorshkov Class". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  133. ↑ "Admiral Gorshkov Class Frigates, Russia". Naval Technology. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  134. ↑ "New Russian frigate may be fitted with BrahMos cruise missiles". En.rian.ru. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  135. ↑ Russian Air Force shows interest for air-launched variant of the BrahMos missile - Airrecognition.com, 9 September 2016
  136. ↑ Sputnik (2015-11-05). "Southeast Asia interested in BrahMos". Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  137. ↑ "India to sell BrahMos missile to Vietnam". Asian Age. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  138. ↑ "BrahMos To Export Cruise Missile Systems: CEO". DefenseNews. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  139. ↑ "India arms jets with BrahMos missiles". United Press International. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  140. ↑ "Malaysia plans to buy 18 Russian fighter jets". RIA NOVOSTI NEWS. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  141. ↑ India to sell BrahMos missile to Vietnam Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  142. ↑ Indian BrahMos cruise missile could be exported to Southeast Asian and Latin American countries - Armyrecognition.com, 4 August 2014
  143. ↑ Sputnik. "First Export Contract for BrahMos Cruise Missiles to Be Signed in 2016". sputniknews.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  144. ↑ Mahapatra, Debidatta Aurobinda (10 November 2014). "BrahMos missile exports a challenging proposition".
  145. ↑ Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. "Vietnam May Purchase India's Deadly Supersonic BrahMos Cruise Missile". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
  146. ↑ "India to overlook Chinese objections, sell BrahMos missiles to Vietnam". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to BrahMos.

Video

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.