Boletales

Boletales
Boletus edulis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
Order: Boletales
E.-J.Gilbert (1931)[1]
Families
Boletaceae
Boletinellaceae
Coniophoraceae
Diplocystaceae
Gasterellaceae
Gastrosporiaceae
Gomphidiaceae
Gyroporaceae
Hygrophoropsidaceae
Paxillaceae
Protogastraceae
Rhizopogonaceae
Sclerodermataceae
Serpulaceae
Suillaceae
Tapinellaceae

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, gasteromycetes, and other fruiting-body types.

Taxonomy

Gomphidius subroseus, family Gomphidiaceae

The order Boletales originally was erected to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been established to belong to this group, as well.[2] The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae, Serpulaceae, Tapinellaceae, Hygrophoropsidaceae, and Paxillaceae, which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia. Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites and later molecular phylogenetic evidence moved several physically dissimilar groups into Boletales, including the Sclerodermataceae (earthballs) and the Rhizopogonaceae (false truffles).

Phylogenetic analyses shows the Sclerodermataceae, Boletinellaceae and Gyroporaceae appear to form a discrete group within the Boletales, and together with the Pisolithaceae, and the Astraceae, are grouped under the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Thus, the boletes of Boletinellus and Phlebopus are more closely related to earthballs of Scleroderma than to Boletus.[3] Similarly, the bolete genus Suillus is more closely related to the agarics and false truffles of Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, and Rhizopogon than to Boletus.[4]

In some older classification systems, a part of the family Boletaceae was separated to form the family Strobilomycetaceae.[5][6] However, more recent molecular genetics studies have found it to be an unnatural grouping.[7] According to the 2008 (10th) edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi, the Boletales comprise 17 families, 96 genera, and 1316 species.[8]

Ecology

B. parasiticus on Scleroderma citrinum

The Boletales are largely ectomycorrhizal fungi, hence are found mainly in or near woodlands. Certain species are parasitic rather than ectomycorrhizal. Members of the family Gomphidiaceae are thought to be parasitic upon members of the family Suillaceae; these relationships are often highly species-specific. Other parasitic boletes included Pseudoboletus parasiticus which grows on Scleroderma citrinum.[9]

Edibility and identification

Paxillus involutus, family Paxillaceae

Boletes are usually identified by having a sponge-like surface under the cap, instead of the usual gills. They occur in a variety of colours, such as red, white, brown and gray. Many of the inedible boletes are either white or red, and these should be avoided during picking.

The genus Boletus contains many edible species, most notably, B. edulis, including B. aereus and B. pinophilus, though many others are eaten, as well, such as B. badius. B. edulis and its relatives are of great commercial importance in Europe and North America. Species of Suillus are considered by many to be slimy and insipid; in Russia, though, they are often pickled and even sold commercially this way. In North America, S. pungens, known also as the "slippery jack," is said by some to be delicious cooked, provided the slimy coat of its cap is removed beforehand. Many boletes, while not toxic, are nonetheless bitter-tasting and inedible.

The Paxillaceae contain a number of species that have been implicated in fatal poisonings. A few boletes are also highly toxic (though generally not deadly), notably the (fortunately fairly conspicuous) Boletus satanas and allies. Still, many mushroom hunters recommend that beginners start with boletes, since deadly mix-ups are far less likely than with agarics.

Genera incertae sedis

There are several genera classified in the Boletales that are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., incertae sedis with respect to familial placement). These include:

See also

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Boletales.

References

  1. ↑ Gilbert J.-E. (1931). Les Livres du Mycologue Tome I-IV, Tom. III: Les Bolets (in French). Paris: Le François. p. 83.
  2. ↑ Binder, M.; Hibbett, D.S. (2006). "Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales". Mycologia. 98 (6): 971–81. PMID 17486973. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971.
  3. ↑ Binder, M.; Bresinsky, A. (2002). "Derivation of polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors". Mycologia. 94 (1): 85–98. PMID 21156480. doi:10.2307/3761848.
  4. ↑ Besl H, Bresinsky A. (1997). Chemosystematics of Suillaceae and Gomphidiaceae (suborder Suillineae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 206:223–242. (abstract)
  5. ↑ McNabb R.F.R. (1967) The Strobilomycetaceae of New Zealand gives a history of this smaller family.
  6. ↑ May, T.W., Milne, J., Wood, A.E., Shingles, S., Jones, R.H. & Neish, P. (2007). Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi. Version 2.0. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra / Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2004-08-15. Retrieved 2007-02-04. [accessed 05 Feb 2007].
  7. ↑ Wu, Gang; Feng, Bang; Xu, Jianping; Zhu, Xue-Tai; Li, Yan-Chun; Zeng, Nian-Kai; Hosen, Md. Iqbal; Yang, Zhu L. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae". Fungal Diversity. 69 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8.
  8. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 96. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
  9. ↑ Robinson R. (2003). Fungi of the South West Forests. Department of Conservation & Land Management, Western Australia. ISBN 0-7307-5528-2.
  10. ↑ Hennings P. (1897). "Fungi camerunenses II". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (in German). 23: 537–58.
  11. ↑ Ginns J. (1976). "Corneromyces kinabalui, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Aphyllophorales, Coniophoraceae)". Mycologia. 68 (5): 970–5. doi:10.2307/3758712.
  12. ↑ States JS, Fogel R (1999). "Marthanella nidulosa, sp. et gen. nov., a hypogeous basidiomycete from northern Arizona, U.S.A.". Mycotaxon. 71: 423–30.
  13. ↑ Patouillard NT. (1900). "Champignons de la Guadeloupe". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 16: 175–88.
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