Blue-faced honeyeater

Blue-faced honeyeater
A medium-sized songbird with a prominent blue eye-patch sits on pebbled concrete.
Subspecies cyanotis, Canungra, Queensland
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Meliphagidae
Genus: Entomyzon
Swainson, 1825
Species: E. cyanotis
Binomial name
Entomyzon cyanotis
(Latham, 1801)
map of Australia showing multicolored area across north and east of the country, and New Guinea
Range
subspecies indicated

  cyanotis   griseigularis

  intergrade zone   albipennis

Synonyms

Melithreptus cyanotis
Gracula cyanotis
Turdus cyanous
Merops cyanops

The blue-faced honeyeater (Entomyzon cyanotis), also colloquially known as the bananabird, is a passerine bird of the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae.

It is the only member of its genus, and it is most closely related to honeyeaters of the genus Melithreptus. Three subspecies are recognised. At around 29.5 cm (11.6 in) in length, the blue-faced species is large for a honeyeater. Its plumage is distinctive, with olive upperparts, white underparts, and a black head and throat with white nape and cheeks. Males and females are similar in external appearance. Adults have a blue area of bare skin on each side of the face readily distinguishing them from juveniles, which have yellow or green patches of bare skin.

Blue-faced honeyeater - Canungra - Queensland - Australia

Found in open woodland, parks and gardens, the blue-faced honeyeater is common in northern and eastern Australia and southern New Guinea. It appears to be sedentary in parts of its range and locally nomadic in other parts; however, the species has been little studied. Its diet is mostly composed of invertebrates, supplemented with nectar and fruit. They often take over and renovate old babbler nests, in which the female lays and incubates two or rarely three eggs.

Taxonomy and naming

The blue-faced honeyeater was first described by ornithologist John Latham in his 1801 work Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, sive Systematis Ornithologiae. However, he described it as three separate species, seemingly not knowing it was the same bird in each case: The blue-eared grackle (Gracula cyanotis), the blue-cheeked bee-eater (Merops cyanops), and as the blue-cheeked thrush (Turdus cyanous).[2][3] It was as the blue-cheeked bee-eater that it was painted between 1788 and 1797 by Thomas Watling, one of a group known collectively as the Port Jackson Painter.[4]

Blue-faced honeyeater (Intermediate) - Fogg Dam - Middle Point - Northern Territory - Australia

It was reclassified in the genus Entomyzon, which was erected by William Swainson in 1825, who observed the "Blue-faced Grakle" as the only insectivorous member of the genus and posited it was a link between the smaller honeyeaters and the riflebirds of the genus Ptiloris.[5] The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek ento-/εντο- ("inside") and myzein/μυζειν "to drink" or "suck". The specific epithet, cyanotis, means "blue-eared" and combines cyano-/κυανο- "blue" with otis, a Latinised form of ωτος, the Greek genitive of ous/ους "ear".[6] Swainson spelt it Entomiza in an 1837 publication,[7] and George Gray wrote Entomyza in 1840.[8]

The blue-faced honeyeater is generally held to be the only member of the genus, although its plumage suggests an affinity with honeyeaters of the genus Melithreptus. It has been classified in that genus by Glen Storr,[9][10] although others felt it more closely related to wattlebirds (Anthochaera) or miners (Manorina).[11] A 2004 molecular study has resolved it as close to Melithreptus after all.[12] Molecular clock estimates indicate the blue-faced honeyeater diverged from the Melithreptus honeyeaters somewhere between 12.8 and 6.4 million years ago, in the Miocene epoch. It differs from them in its much larger size, brighter plumage, more gregarious nature and larger patch of bare facial skin.[13]

Molecular analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in a large Meliphagoidea superfamily.[14]

Early naturalist George Shaw had called it the blue-faced honey-sucker in 1826.[15] Other common names include white-quilled honeyeater, and blue-eye.[16] Its propensity for feeding on the flowers and fruit of bananas in north Queensland has given it the common name of banana-bird.[16] A local name from Mackay in central Queensland is pandanus-bird, as it is always found around Pandanus palms there.[17] It is called morning-bird from its dawn calls before other birds of the bush. Gympie is a Queensland bushman's term.[18] Thomas Watling noted a local indigenous name was der-ro-gang.[3] John Hunter recorded the term gugurruk (pron. "co-gurrock"), but the term was also applied to the black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris).[19] It is called (minha) yeewi, where minha is a qualifier meaning 'meat' or 'animal', in Pakanh and (inh-)ewelmb in Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola, where inh- is a qualifier meaning 'meat' or 'animal', in three aboriginal languages of central Cape York Peninsula.[20]

Three subspecies are recognised:

Description

A medium-sized songbird with a khaki eye-patch sits on a fencepost with trees in the background.
Subspecies cyanotis, juvenile, near Eumundi, Queensland

A large honeyeater ranging from 26 to 32 cm (10 to 12.5 in) and averaging 29.5 cm (11.6 in) in length, the adult blue-faced honeyeater has a wingspan of 44 cm (17.5 in) and weighs around 105 g (3.7 oz).[16] In general shape, it has broad wings with rounded tips and a medium squarish tail. The sturdy slightly downcurved bill is shorter than the skull, and measures 3 to 3.5 cm (1.2 to 1.4 in) in length.[23] It is easily recognised by the bare blue skin around its eyes. The head and throat are otherwise predominantly blackish with a white stripe around the nape and another from the cheek. The upperparts, including mantle, back and wings, are a golden-olive colour, and the margins of the primary and secondary coverts a darker olive-brown, while the underparts are white. Juveniles that have just fledged have grey head, chin and central parts of their breasts, and brown upperparts, and otherwise white underparts. After their next moult, they more closely resemble adults and have similar plumage, but are distinguished by their facial patches.[25] The bare facial skin of birds just fledged is yellow, sometimes with a small patch of blue in front of the eyes, while the skin of birds six months and older has usually become more greenish, and turn darker blue beneath the eye, before assuming the adult blue facial patch by around 16 months of age.[23] The blue-faced honeyeater begins its moult in October or November, starting with its primary flight feathers, replacing them by February. It replaces its body feathers anywhere from December to June, and tail feathers between December and July.[25] 422 blue-faced honeyeaters have been banded between 1953 and 1997 to monitor movements and longevity. Of these, 109 were eventually recovered, 107 of which were within 10 km (6.2 mi) of their point of banding.[26] The record for longevity was a bird banded in May 1990 in Kingaroy in central Queensland which was found dead on a road after 8 years and 3.5 months in September 1998, around 2 km (1.2 mi) away.[27]

The blue-faced honeyeater produces a variety of calls, including a piping call around half an hour before dawn, variously described as ki-owt,[28] woik, queet, peet, or weet. Through the day, it makes squeaking noises while flying, and harsh squawks when mobbing. Its calls have been likened to those of the yellow-throated miner (Manorina flavigula), but are deeper. Blue-faced honeyeaters make a soft chirping around nestlings and family members.[29]

A distinctive bird, the blue-faced honeyeater differs in coloration from the duller-plumaged friarbirds, miners and wattlebirds, and it is much larger than the similarly coloured Melithreptus honeyeaters. Subspecies albipennis with its white wing patch has been likened to a khaki-backed butcherbird in flight.[16]

Distribution and habitat

A medium-sized songbird with a prominent blue eye-patch sits on the ground looking up.
Subspecies albipennis, Katherine, Northern Territory

The blue-faced honeyeater is found from the Kimberleys in northwestern Australia eastwards across the Top End and into Queensland, where it is found from Cape York south across the eastern and central parts of the state, roughly east of a line connecting Karumba, Blackall, Cunnamulla and Currawinya National Park.[30] It has a patchy distribution in New South Wales, occurring in the Northern Rivers and Northern Tablelands regions, and along the coast south to Nambucca Heads. To the south it is generally absent from the Central and South Coast, and is instead found west of the Great Divide across South West Slopes and Riverina and to the Murray River. It is common in northern Victoria and reaches Bordertown in southeastern South Australia, its range continuing along the Murray. It is also found in the Grampians region, particularly in the vicinity of Stawell, Ararat and St Arnaud, with rare reports from southwestern Victoria. The species occasionally reaches Adelaide, and there is a single record from the Eyre Peninsula.[31] The altitude ranges from sea level to around 850 m (2,790 ft), or rarely 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[30]

In New Guinea, it is found from Merauke in the far southeast of Indonesia's Papua province and east across the Trans-Fly region of southwestern Papua New Guinea.[30] It has also been recorded from the Aru Islands.[32]

The blue-faced honeyeater appears to be generally sedentary within its range, especially in much of the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales. However, in many places (generally south of the Tropic of Capricorn), populations may be present or absent at different times of the year, although this appears to result from nomadic rather than seasonal migratory movements.[26] Around Wellington in central New South Wales, birds were recorded over winter months,[33] and were more common in autumn around the Talbragar River.[34] Birds were present all year round near Inverell in northern New South Wales, but noted to be flying eastwards from January to May, and westwards in June and July.[35] In Jandowae in southeastern Queensland, birds were regularly recorded flying north and east from March to June, and returning south and west in July and August, and were absent from the area in spring and summer.[36]

They live throughout rainforest, dry sclerophyll (Eucalyptus) forest, open woodland, Pandanus thickets, paperbarks, mangroves, watercourses, and wetter areas of semi-arid regions, as well as parks, gardens, and golf courses in urban areas.[16] The understory in eucalypt-dominated woodland where the blue-faced honeyeater is found is most commonly composed of grasses such as Triodia, but sometimes it is made up of shrubs or small trees such as grevilleas, paperbarks, wattles, Cooktown ironwood (Erythrophleum chlorostachys) or billygoat plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana).[30] One study in Kakadu National Park found that blue-faced honeyeaters inhabited mixed stands of eucalypts and Pandanus but were missing from pure stands of either plant.[37]

Behaviour

The social organisation of the blue-faced honeyeater has been little studied to date. Encountered in pairs, family groups or small flocks, blue-faced honeyeaters sometimes associate with groups of yellow-throated miners (Manorina flavigula). They mob potential threats such as goshawks (Accipiter spp.), rufous owls (Ninox rufa), and Pacific koels (Eudynamys orientalis). There is some evidence of cooperative breeding, with some breeding pairs recorded with one or more helper birds. Parents will dive at and harass intruders to drive them away from nest sites, including dogs, owls, goannas,[29] and even a nankeen night heron (Nycticorax caledonicus).[38] A study published in 2004 of remnant patches of forest in central Queensland, an area largely cleared for agriculture, showed a reduced avian species diversity in areas frequented by blue-faced honeyeaters or noisy miners.

Blue-faced honeyeater at Edinburgh Zoo

This effect was more marked in smaller patches. The study concluded that conserved patches of woodland containing the two aggressive species should be larger than 20 ha (44 acres) to preserve diversity.[39]

Social birds, blue-faced honeyeaters can be noisy when they congregate.[29] When feeding in groups, birds seem to keep in contact with each other by soft chirping calls.[29] In Mackay, a bird would fly up 10 or 12 metres (33 or 39 ft) above the treetops calling excitedly to its flock, who would follow and fly around in what was likened to an aerial corroboree, seemingly at play.[17] A single bird was recorded aping and playing with an immature Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen) in Proserpine, Queensland.[29] The blue-faced honeyeater has been reported to be fond of bathing;[40] a flock of 15–20 birds were observed diving into pools one bird at a time, while others were perched in surrounding treetops preening.[41]

The parasite Anoncotaenia globata (a worldwide species not otherwise recorded from Australia) was isolated from a blue-faced honeyeater collected in North Queensland in 1916.[42] The habroneme nematode Cyrnea (Procyrnea) spirali has also been isolated from this among other honeyeater species.[43] The nasal mite Ptilonyssus philemoni has been isolated from the noisy friarbird (Philemon corniculatus) and blue-faced honeyeater.[44]

Feeding

The blue-faced honeyeater generally forages in the branches and foliage of trees, in small groups of up to seven birds. Occasionally larger flocks of up to 30 individuals have been reported,[40] and the species has been encountered in a mixed-species foraging flock with the little friarbird (Philemon citreogularis).[38] The bulk of their diet consists of insects, including cockroaches, termites, grasshoppers, bugs such as lerps, scale (Coccidae) and shield bugs (Pentatomidae), beetles such as bark beetles, chafers (subfamily Melolonthinae), click beetles (genus Xanthophaea), darkling beetles (genera Chalcopteroides and Homotrysis), leaf beetles (genus Paropsis), ladybirds of the genus Scymnus, weevils such as the pinhole borer (Platypus australis), and members of the genera Mandalotus, Polyphrades and Prypnus, as well as flies, moths, bees, ants and spiders.[45] Birds have been reported preying on small lizards.[46] Prey are caught mostly by sallying, although birds also probe and glean.[46] In Kakadu National Park, birds prefer to hunt prey between the leaf bases of the screw palm Pandanus spiralis.[37]

A medium-sized songbird with a prominent blue eye-patch stands on the ground with some sort of grub in its beak.
Subspecies cyanotis feeding, south-eastern Australia

The remainder of their diet is made up of plant material such as pollen, berries, nectar, from such species as grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea) and scarlet gum (Eucalyptus phoenicea), and cultivated crops such as bananas or particularly grapes.[45] In general, birds prefer feeding at cup-shaped sources such as flowers of the Darwin woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata), Darwin stringybark (E. tetrodonta) and long-fruited bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa), followed by brush-shaped inflorescences, such as banksias or melaleucas, gullet-shaped inflorescences such as grevilleas, with others less often picked.[46]

Usually very inquisitive and friendly birds, they will often invade a campsite, searching for edible items, including fruit, insects, and remnants from containers of jam or honey, and milk is particularly favoured.[18] Parent birds feed the young on insects, fruit and nectar, and have been recorded regurgitating milk to them as well.[18]

Breeding

The blue-faced honeyeater probably breeds throughout its range.[31] The breeding season is from June to January, with one or two broods raised during this time. The nest is an untidy deep bowl of sticks and bits of bark in the fork of a tree, Staghorn or bird's nest ferns,[47] or grasstree.[29] Pandanus palms are a popular nest site in Mackay.[17] They often renovate and use the old nests of other species, most commonly the grey-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis), but also the chestnut-crowned babbler (P. ruficeps), other honeyeaters including noisy (Philemon corniculatus), little and silver-crowned friarbirds (P. argenticeps), the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) and the red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), and artamids such as the Australian magpie and butcherbird species, and even the magpie-lark.[29] In Coen, an old babbler nest in a paperbark (Melaleuca) which had been lined with messmate bark had been occupied by blue-faced honeyeaters and re-lined with strips of paperbark.[48] Two or rarely three eggs are laid, 22 × 32 mm (1 × 1⅓ in) and buff-pink splotched with red-brown or purplish colours.[47] The female alone incubates the eggs, over a period of 16 or 17 days.[49]

Like those of all passerines, the chicks are altricial; they are born blind and covered only by sparse tufts of brown down on their backs, shoulders and parts of wings. By four days they open their eyes, and pin feathers emerge from their wings on day six, and the rest of the body on days seven and eight.[49] Both parents feed the young, and are sometimes assisted by helper birds.[29] The Pacific koel and pallid cuckoo (Cuculus pallidus) have been recorded as brood parasites of the blue-faced honeyeater, and the laughing kookaburra recorded as preying on broods.[50]

Aviculture

Keeping blue-faced honeyeaters in an aviary in New South Wales requires a Class 2 Licence. Applicants must show they have appropriate housing, and at least two years' experience of keeping birds.[51] Blue-faced honeyeaters are exhibited at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago,[52] Philadelphia Zoo,[53] and Birmingham Zoo (Alabama) in the United States,[54] Chessington Zoo in England,[55] Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland and Taronga Zoo in Sydney, Australia.[56]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Entomyzon cyanotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, sive Systematis Ornithologiae (in Latin). London: G. Leigh, J. & S. Sotheby. pp. 29, 34, 42.
  3. 1 2 Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1904). The history of the collections contained in the natural history departments of the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 126. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  4. ↑ The Natural History Museum, London (2007). "Blue-cheeked Bee Eater", native name "Der-ro-gang". First Fleet Artwork Collection. The Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  5. ↑ Swainson, William (1825). "Art. LX. On The Characters and Natural Affinities of several New Birds from Australasia, including some Observations of the Columbidae". Zoological Journal. 1: 463–484.
  6. ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980) [1871]. A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 397, 507. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  7. ↑ Swainson, William (1837). "On the Natural History and Classification of Birds". In Lardner, D. The Cabinet Cyclopaedia. 2. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman and John Taylor. p. 328. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  8. ↑ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London: R. & J.E. Taylor. p. 21. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  9. ↑ Storr, Glen Milton (1977). Birds of the Northern Territory. Fremantle, Western Australia: Western Australian Museum Special Publication No. 7. ISBN 0-7244-6281-3.
  10. ↑ Storr, Glen Milton (1984). Revised List of Queensland birds. Perth, Western Australia: Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 19. ISBN 0-7244-8765-4.
  11. ↑ Schodde, Richard; Mason, Ian J. (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A taxonomic and zoogeographic atlas of the biodiversity of birds of Australia and its territories. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 273–75. ISBN 0-643-06456-7.
  12. ↑ Driskell, Amy C.; Christidis, Les (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of the Australo-Papuan honeyeaters (Passeriformes, Meliphagidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (3): 943–60. PMID 15120392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.017.
  13. 1 2 3 Toon, Alicia; Hughes, Jane M.; Joseph, Leo (2010). "Multilocus analysis of honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) highlights spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the influence of biogeographic barriers in the Australian monsoonal zone". Molecular Ecology. 19 (14): 2980–94. PMID 20609078. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04730.x.
  14. ↑ Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter; Feinstein, Julie; Cracraft, Joel (2004). "Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (30): 11040–45. PMC 503738 Freely accessible. PMID 15263073. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401892101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  15. ↑ Shaw, George; Stephens, James Francis (1826). General zoology: or Systematic natural history, Volume 14, Part 1. G. Kearsley. p. 260. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Higgins, p. 598.
  17. 1 2 3 Harvey, William G.; Harvey, Robert C. (1919). "Bird Notes from Mackay, Queensland". Emu. 19 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1071/MU919034.
  18. 1 2 3 Lord, E. A. R. (1950). "Notes on the Blue-faced Honeyeater". Emu. 50 (2): 100–01. doi:10.1071/MU950100.
  19. ↑ Troy, Jakelin (1993). The Sydney language. Canberra: Jakelin Troy. p. 53. ISBN 0-646-11015-2.
  20. ↑ Hamilton, Philip (1997). "blue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  21. ↑ Gould, John (1841). "Entomyza albipennis". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (8): 169. Issue is inscribed 1840 but published in 1841.
  22. 1 2 Higgins, p. 608.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Higgins, p. 607.
  24. ↑ Van Oort; Eduard D. (1909). "Birds from south western and southern New Guinea". Nova Guinea: Résultats de l'expédition scientifique Néerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinée. 9: 51–107 [97].
  25. 1 2 Higgins, p. 606.
  26. 1 2 Higgins, p. 601.
  27. ↑ "ABBBS Database Search: Entomyzon cyanotis (Blue-faced Honeyeater)". Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS). Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  28. ↑ Simpson, Ken; Day, Nicolas; Trusler, Peter (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil. p. 392. ISBN 0-670-90478-3.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Higgins, p. 604.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Higgins, p. 599.
  31. 1 2 Higgins, p. 600.
  32. ↑ Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe (1962). "Distribution of Australian Honeyeaters". Emu. 62 (3): 145–66. doi:10.1071/MU962145.
  33. ↑ Althofer, George W. (1934). "Birds of Wellington District". Emu. 34 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1071/MU934105b.
  34. ↑ Austin, Thomas B. (1907). "Notes on Birds from Talbragar River, New South Wales". Emu. 7 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1071/MU907028.
  35. ↑ Baldwin, Merle (1975). "Birds of Inverell District". Emu. 75 (2): 113–20. doi:10.1071/MU9750113.
  36. ↑ Nielsen, Lloyd (1966). "Migration of the Blue-faced Honeyeater". Emu. 65 (4): 305–09. doi:10.1071/MU965305.
  37. 1 2 Verbeek, Nicholas A.M.; Braithwaite, Richard W; Boasson, Rosalinda (1993). "The Importance of Pandanus spiralis to Birds". Emu. 93 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1071/MU9930053.
  38. 1 2 Wolstenholme, H. (1925). "Notes on the Birds observed during the Queensland Congress and Camp-out, 1924: Pt II". Emu. 24 (4): 243–251. doi:10.1071/MU924243.
  39. ↑ Chan, Ken (2004). "Effect of patch size and bird aggression on bird species richness: A community-based project in tropical/subtropical eucalypt woodland". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 111: 1–11. ISSN 0080-469X.
  40. 1 2 Longmore, N. Wayne (1978). "Avifauna of the Rockhampton area, Queensland". Sunbird. 9: 25–53.
  41. ↑ Rix, Cecil E. (1970). "Birds of the Northern Territory". South Australian Ornithologist. 25: 147–91.
  42. ↑ Schmidt, Gerald D. (1972). "Cyclophyllidean Cestodes of Australian Birds, with Three New Species". The Journal of Parasitology. 58 (6): 1085–94. JSTOR 3278142. PMID 4641876. doi:10.2307/3278142.
  43. ↑ Mawson, Patricia M. (1968). "Habronematidae (Nematoda – Spiruridae) from Australian Birds, with Three New Species". Parasitology. 58 (4): 745–67. doi:10.1017/S0031182000069559.
  44. ↑ Domrow, Robert (1964). "Fourteen species of Ptilonyssus from Australian birds (Acarina, Laelapidae)". Acarologia. 6: 595–623.
  45. 1 2 Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: Volume 2 – Passerines. Melbourne University Press. pp. 195–96. ISBN 0-643-05006-X.
  46. 1 2 3 Higgins, p. 602.
  47. 1 2 Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 314. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  48. ↑ White, Henry J. (1922). "An abnormal clutch of Blue-face Honey Eater's eggs (Entomyza cyanotis harterti)". Emu. 22 (1): 3. doi:10.1071/mu922003.
  49. 1 2 Atchison, N. (1992). "Breeding blue-faced honeyeaters at Taronga Zoo". Australian Aviculture. 46: 29–35.
  50. ↑ Higgins, p. 605.
  51. ↑ Wildlife Licensing Section; Biodiversity Management Unit (October 2003). "New South Wales Bird Keeping Licence: Species Lists (October 2003)" (PDF). National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  52. ↑ "Blue-faced Honeyeater". Lincoln Park Zoo website. Chicago, Illinois: Lincoln Park Zoo. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  53. ↑ "McNeil Avian Center". Philadelphia Zoo website. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Zoo. 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  54. ↑ "List of Animals". Birmingham Zoo website. Birmingham Zoo, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  55. ↑ "Full zoo listing". Chessington Zoo website. Merlin Entertainments Group. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  56. ↑ "Animals at Taronga Zoo". Taronga Zoo website. Mosman, New South Wales. 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.

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