Black-faced woodswallow

Black-faced woodswallow
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Artamidae
Genus: Artamus
Species: A. cinereus
Binomial name
Artamus cinereus
Vieillot, 1817

The black-faced woodswallow (Artamus cinereus) is a woodswallow. It is 18–19 cm (7.1–7.5 in) long. It is the most widespread species in the family Artamidae, living in Australia, New Guinea and the Sunda Islands, including Timor.

Description

The black-faced woodswallow is 18–19 cm (7.1–7.5 in) in length, and weighs 32–40 g (1.1–1.4 oz). It has a blue-grey beak with a black tip and a black face mask which extends from the base of the bill up to and around the eyes. It has ash grey plumage, which is lighter around the breast with darker wings, and silver underwings. It has a black tail with a white tip. There are four different subspecies of back faced wood swallows.These are differentiated by black or white colouration of their tail vents. The white-vented subspecies A.c. normani and A.c.dealbatus are found on the Cape York Peninsula and northern Queensland respectively. The black-vented A.c. cinereus occurs in south west Australia, while A.c.melanops occurs in northern Australia and Lesser Sunda Islands, including Timor.[2] The sexes are similar in colouration. The juvenile has a brown body and wing coloration with buff streaks and a pale yellow beak.[2] The voice is soft with chiff, chap and chattering animated calls which can include vocal mimicry.[2]

Distribution and habitat

This species is broadly distributed in Australia, occuping most of the continent except for the eastern margin.It is mainly sedentary, remaining in arid and semi- arid areas even during dry conditions.It can also be partly nomadic. It prefers open eucalypt woodlands, scrub, and spinifex in arid and semi-arid conditions.In tropical savannah, it prefers open woodlands and grasslands.It frequently flocks with finches and at times the golden-shouldered parrot.[3]

Ecology

Feeding

They are mainly insectivorous.They are aerial feeders that can soar, hover and dive to catch insect prey which include moths.They are also often feed on the ground taking ground insects, or insects caught on the wing to be dismembered.On occasion,- they can take flower nectar.[3] They have brush- like tongues for gleaning nectar.[3]

Behaviour

They are communal breeders, with documented feeding of young by numerous birds,[4] probably as an adaptation to an erratic climate in arid and semi-arid conditions.They also exhibit a tendency to flock and cluster roost, during the day and night.[5] Clustering assists with thermoregulation,wind protection,social drive and reduces predation risk.[5] Breeding generally follows periods of rain with abundant insects, generally, they breed once a year between August and September.The sexes look alike, and courtship displays consist of rotating tails and wing waving.The male and female perch a metre apart, then spread their wings while fanning and rotating the tail.The white colouration of the wing tips becomes more conspicuous during the courtship display.[6]

Nests are built in tree hollows, crevices, forks of branches or on top of stumps.[7] The same areas are occupied each year.[3] Nest building takes 4–7 weeks to complete and is composed of twigs, coarse grass and lined with softer grass.[7] The clutch size is 3-4 eggs.There is some seasonal variation of egg size and shape.The eggs are oval in shape, white to dull white in colouration with blotched markings which are red-brown and there is lavender speckling.[7] The eggs are 17–22 mm in size.[8] Incubation takes 14–16 days,and chicks fledge 18 days later.The fledglings are at risk from predators such as hawks,butcher birds and kookaburras,but are kept away by alarm calls and attacking behaviour of the parents.[3][8] Other birds e.g. parrots often feed close to woodswallows thereby reducing their own predation risk.[3] As they are communal breeders, helpers can be seen feeding the young and defending against predators.[4]

Subspecies

There are 4 different subspecies of black-faced woodswallow. The Great Dividing Range, the Gregory Range and the eastern edge of the Carpentarian grasslands separates the range of the two species. To the east of the range are the subspecies with white vents, while to the west are the black vented subspecies.[6] There have been reported hybrid populations, along territory borders with hybrid zones, where genetic exchange, detected phenotypically using the hybrid index score, has occurred.[6] Of note, the black-vented woodswallows are more adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions, while the white-vented are adapted to tropical conditions. Therefore, selection pressure will probably not result in subspecies merging.[6] The role of possible isolation of an ancestral subpopulation with subsequent expansion after glacial factors during the Pleistocene and environmental factors in generating the different plumage patterns has been considered. Molecular phylogeography using mitochondrial DNA in woodswallows was not helpful in determining biogeographical factors.[9] Mt DNA studies revealed random intermixing.[9] There are no current studies using nuclear DNA.This confirms that multiple criteria such as plumage,song, and mtDNA,nDNA and interbreeding determine species and subspecies.[10]

Association with other bird species

On the Cape York Peninsula, the black-faced woodswallows associate with golden-shouldered parrots and finches,which has important consequences for the endangered parrots.[3] The woodswallow nesting sites occur closer to more open areas, on gravel slopes and glimmer grass flats.[3] The adults frequently feed on insects on the ground, but are also efficient at defending their territory against predators, which is also beneficial for parrots feeding nearby.However woodswallows numbers have declined since 1993 in Cape York Peninsular.[3] This loss has been attributed to vegetation thickening as a result of inappropriate fire regimes, which has contributed to increased predation of the golden-shouldered parrot.

Fire management

Although the current conservation status of black-faced woodswallow is least concern, there have been significant regional declines, particularly on the Cape York Peninsula.[3][11] These losses are thought to be due to vegetation thickening.However, a recent change in fire management, specifically storm-burning, has resulted in a cessation of woodswallow decline.Storm-burning has produced a more open vegetation structure, which is beneficial for insect feeding and nesting by the woodswallows.[3] Storm-burning is therefore thought to be essential for persistence of black-faced woodswallow habitat in the Cape York Peninsula.[3] This also assists golden-shouldered parrot conservation by reducing their predation risk.[3][12]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Artamus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Simpson, Ken (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Melbourne,Australia: Penguin Group. p. 253. ISBN 9780670072316.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Crowley, Gabriel; Garnett, Stephen; Shephard, Susan. "Management guidelines for golden-shouldered parrot conservation" (PDF). Queensland Government. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  4. 1 2 Dow, Douglas (16 March 1980). "Communally Breeding Australian Birds with an Analysis of Distribution and Environmental Factors". Emu. 80: 121. doi:10.1071/MU9800121.
  5. 1 2 Stokes, Tony (8 September 1978). "Cluster Roosting in the Black-faced Woodswallow". Emu. 79: 84. doi:10.1071/MU9790084.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Ford, Julian (22 September 1978). "Hybridisation between the white-vented and black-vented forms of the black-faced woodswallow". The Emu.
  7. 1 2 3 Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds their Nests and Eggs. Queensland Australia: G.Beruldsen. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  8. 1 2 Cameron, A.C. (2 January 1932). "Some notes on the Black-faced Wood-Swallow". The Emu.
  9. 1 2 Joseph, Leo (2007). "Lack of phytogeographic structure in three widespread Australian birds reinforces emerging challenges in Australian historical biogeography". Journal of Biogepgraphy.
  10. ↑ Joseph, Leo (2009). "Phylogeography:its development and impact in Australo-Papuan ornithology with special reference to paraphyly in Australian birds". Emu. 109: 1. doi:10.1071/MU08024.
  11. ↑ Perry, J (2011). "Changes in the avifuana of the Cape York Peninsula over a period of 9 years:the relative effects of fire, vegetation type and climate". Emu. 111: 120. doi:10.1071/MU10009.
  12. ↑ Woinarski, J (2013). "The impacts of fire on birds in Australia's tropical savannas". Emu. 113: 319. doi:10.1071/MU12109.
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