Plains bison

Plains bison
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bison
Species: B. bison
Subspecies: B. b. bison
Trinomial name
Bison bison bison
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Bison bison montanae

The Plains bison (Bison bison bison) is one of two subspecies/ecotypes of the American bison, the other being the wood bison (B. b. athabascae).[2][3][4][5][6] Furthermore, it has been suggested that the Plains bison consists of a northern (B. b. montanae) and a southern subspecies, bringing the total to three.[7][8] However, this is generally not supported. A natural population of Plains bison survives in Yellowstone National Park (the Yellowstone Park bison herd consisting of about 3,000 bison) and multiple smaller reintroduced herds of bison in many places in Canada and the United States.

Near-extinction and reintroduction of herds

At one time, at least 25 million American bison were spread across the United States and Canada. However, by the late 1880s, the total number of bison in the United States had been reduced to fewer than 600 individuals. Most of these were collected onto various private ranches, and the last known free-roaming population of bison consisted of less than 30 in the area which later became Yellowstone National Park. Though it was the official policy of the United States government to minimize or eliminate the bison, and most farmers and ranchers considered bison to be a pest or nuisance, some people were concerned about the demise of this North American icon, so individual landowners took steps to protect a few. Some people saved bison with the express purpose of ranching or hunting them (see Antelope Island bison herd), but some groups such as the American Bison Society were also formed with the idea of saving the species and reintroducing them to at least part of their previous natural range. Plains bison have since been reintroduced into a number of locations around North America. Five main foundation herds of American bison supplied animals intended to save them from extinction.[9] The northernmost introduction occurred in 1928 when the Alaska Game Commission brought bison to the area of present-day Delta Junction. Bison taken from this transplant were also introduced to other Alaska locations, including Farewell and Chitina.[10] The Delta Junction herd prospered the most, with a population of several hundred throughout the late 20th century. This herd is popular with hunters interested in hundreds of pounds of high-quality meat, but has been a problem for farming operations in the area. Though American bison generally prefer grasslands and plains habitats, they are quite adaptable and live in conditions ranging from desert, as in the case of the Henry Mountains bison herd, to forested areas, such as those of the Yellowstone Park bison herd; yet, they are all of the same subspecies Bison bison bison. Currently, over 500,000 bison are spread over the United States and Canada. However, most of these are on private ranches, and some of them have small amounts of hybridized cattle genes.[11] Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park, the Henry Mountains, the Wind Cave, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herds and subsidiary herds descended from it in Canada.

Park officials transferred Plains bison from Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge to Theodore Roosevelt National Park's South Unit in 1956 and its North Unit in 1962 for population increase.

In 1969, Plains bison from Elk Island National Park were released into Prince Albert National Park in Saskatchewan, creating the Sturgeon River bison herd. At a population around 300 animals, they form a free herd able to wander where they please. The bison are spread throughout Prince Albert National Park's southwestern corner, as well as some crown and private land in the area.[12]

In 2006, Plains bison from Elk Island National Park in Alberta were released into Saskatchewan's Grasslands National Park. This marks the first time Plains bison have wandered the shortgrass prairies of Canada since their near-extinction at the turn of the 20th century. According to the national agency Parks Canada, the entire breeding population of these wild and "semiwild" bison are the descendents of just eight individuals that survived the period of near-extinction, due to overhunting and tuberculosis infecting the herd that the government belatedly attempted to conserve.[13]

A herd of about 650 of these animals lives in, and can be seen at, the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge near Lawton, Oklahoma. The herd was started in 1907 with stock from the New York Zoological Park, now known as the Bronx Zoo and located in the Bronx Park. Fifteen animals were shipped to Oklahoma, where bison had already become extinct due to excessive hunting and overharvesting by non-native commercial buffalo hunters from 1874 to 1878.[14] Some of these specimens have been released in other areas of the United States, such as Paynes Prairie in Florida.

Only one Southern Plains bison herd was established in Texas. A remnant of the last of this relict herd had been saved in 1876. "Molly" Goodnight had encouraged her rancher husband, Charles Goodnight, to save some of the last bison which were taking refuge in the Texas Panhandle. By saving these few Plains bison, she was able to establish a buffalo herd near the Palo Duro Canyon. This herd peaked at 250 in 1933.[15] Bison of this herd were introduced into the Yellowstone National Park in 1902 and into the larger zoos and ranches throughout the nation. A herd of around 80 of these animals lives in the Caprock Canyons State Park near Quitaque, Texas, located about 50 miles northeast of Plainview, Texas.[9]

In 2013, bison were reintroduced to Fort Belknap Indian Reservation from Yellowstone National Park.[16]

A herd of Plains bison were successfully reintroduced to Banff National Park in Alberta in early 2017. The bison are to be kept under observation in an enclosed pasture of the park until the summer of 2018, according to Parks Canada.[17]

Uses

Besides using the meat, fat, and organs for food, Plains tribes have traditionally created a wide variety of tools and items from bison. These include arrow points, awls, beads, berry pounders, hide scrapers, hoes, needles from bones, spoons from the horns, bow strings and thread from the sinew, waterproof containers from the bladder, paint brushes from the tail and bones with intact marrow, and cooking oil from tallow.[18] Skulls can be used ceremonially as altars. Rawhide is used for parfleches, shield covers, and moccasin soles. Hides with the fur are used for blankets, wraps, and warm clothing. Tanned hides, the finest of which are tanned with the animal's brains and then smoked, are used in clothing, moccasins, tipi covers, calendars, and artwork.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gates, C. & Aune, K. 2008. Bison bison. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Geist V. (1991). "Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, Bison bison "athabascae" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype.". Arctic. 44 (4): 283–300. doi:10.14430/arctic1552.
  3. ↑ Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). "Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence" (PDF). Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society, Inc. pp. 143–151. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  4. ↑ Bork, A. M., C. M. Strobeck, F. C. Yeh, R. J. Hudson, & R. K. Salmon (1991). "Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms" (PDF). Can J Zool. 69 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1139/z91-007.
  5. ↑ Wilson, G. A., & C. Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations". Genome. 42 (3): 483–496. PMID 10382295. doi:10.1139/gen-42-3-483.
  6. ↑ Boyd, Delaney P. (2003). Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations (MS thesis). University of Calgary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-17. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  7. ↑ Halbert, Natalie D., Terje Raudsepp, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, & James N. Derr (2004). "Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (5): 924–931. doi:10.1644/BER-029.
  8. ↑ TPWD: News Release
  9. 1 2 Texas Parks and Wildlife
  10. ↑ "Alaska Hunting and Trapping Information, Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Wc.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  11. ↑ Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007. Retrieved on September 16, 2011.
  12. ↑
    //www.paherald.sk.ca/News/Local/2013-09-17/article-3393912/Sturgeon-River-plains-bison-population-stabilizing/1/
  13. ↑ Parks Canada pamphlet titled Parks Canada and Plains Bison, no date, no stated author, available online,
  14. ↑ , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Accessed April 21, 2012
  15. ↑ John Cornyn, The Winkler Post, Molly Goodnight
  16. ↑ Indian Country today 23 August 2013
  17. ↑ Bison return to Banff national park in Canada
  18. ↑ Hunt, David. Native Indian Wild Game, Fish, and Wild Foods Cookbook. Lancaster, PA: Fox Chapel Publishing, 1992: 41. ISBN 1-56523-008-6.
  19. ↑ "What Can You Make from a Buffalo?". Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  20. ↑ "American Bison and American Indian Nations". Smithsonian National Zoological Park Conservation Biology Institute. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
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