Birmingham Rifles

Birmingham Rifles
Active 20 October 1859 – 1 May 1961
Country United Kingdom United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Army
Role Infantry
Air Defence
Anti-Tank
Garrison/HQ Birmingham
Engagements First World War:
Western Front
Italian Front
Second World War:
Blitz
Burma Campaign
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 William Gell

The Birmingham Rifles, was a volunteer unit of the British Army founded in Birmingham in 1859. As the 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, it served as infantry on the Western Front and in Italy during the First World War. Its successor units served in air defence during the early part of the Second World War, and later as anti-tank gunners in Burma.

Volunteers

The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need.[1] One such unit was the 1st (Birmingham Rifles) Warwickshire RVC, formed on 20 October 1859, with Lt-Col John Sanders, late of the 41st Bengal Native Infantry, in command. In March the following year it absorbed two other Birmingham-based units, the 3rd Warwickshire RVC raised on 8 November 1859, and the 6th raised on 8 February 1860.[2][3][4] Further companies were raised, and the unit soon reached a strength of 12 companies, one recruited from newspaper workers, one from gunmakers, and another from Scots residents in the city. A cadet corps of the battalion existed at King Edward's School from 1864 to 1866, and again from 1883 to 1884. At first the uniform was grey with green facings, then Rifle green with red facings. The headquarters and drill hall was at the Thorp Street drill hall in Birmingham.[3][4][5]

On 14 June 1871, retired Major-General John Hinde, CB, (1814–81) formerly of the 8th Foot, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the Birmingham Rifles.[5][6][7] On 4 March 1882 he was succeeded by Colonel William Jervis, late of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, and one of the founders of Warwickshire County Cricket Club.[5][8][9]

Under the 'Localisation of Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell reforms, the Volunteers in Warwickshire were grouped with the two Regular battalions of the 6th Foot (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) and the two Warwickshire Militia regiments into Sub-District No 28 (County of Warwick), forming Brigade No 28 (Warwickshire).[5]

Following the Childers Reforms, the battalion was designated the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1883. Four new companies were added in 1891, the unit reorganising as a double battalion, the 1st Battalion having 'A' to 'H' Companies, the 2nd 'I' to 'Q' Companies. A cyclist section formed in 1894 had become a full company by 1900, together with 'U' Company formed of staff and students of Birmingham University. New cadet corps were formed at Solihull Grammar School and King Edward's School in 1904 and 1907 respectively.[3][4]

The Stanhope Memorandum of 1888 proposed a Mobilisation Scheme for units of the Volunteer Force, which would assemble by brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime the brigades provided a structure for collective training.[10][11] The Volunteer Battalions of the Royal Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire and Northamptonshire regiments were formed into a South Midland Volunteer Infantry Brigade, which in the event of war was to assemble at Warwick. Later a separate Worcester and Warwickshire Volunteer Infantry Brigade was formed.[5]

Boer War

The Volunteer battalions of the Royal Warwickshires provided volunteer service companies to serve alongside the Regulars during the Second Boer War, earning the battalion its first Battle Honour: South Africa 1900–02.[12]

Territorial Force

When the Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) in 1908 as part of the Haldane Reforms, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Birmingham Rifles became the 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment respectively, while 'U' Company and the cadet corps became part of the Officer Training Corps. The battalion adopted the red uniform with blue facings of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.[3][4] Both the 5th and 6th battalions were in the Warwickshire Brigade of the TF's South Midland Division.[13]

First World War

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the units of the South Midland Division had just set out for annual training when orders recalled them to their home depots for mobilisation. The division then concentrated around Chelmsford where it formed part of Central Force. While the battalions trained for overseas service, so-called 2nd-Line battalions were authorised on 31 August to be formed at the home depots from men who either had not volunteered for overseas service of were unfit, together with the recruits flooding in. Thus the parent battalion at Chelmsford was designated the 1/5th Battalion, that at Thorpe Street was the 2/5th Battalion. Later a 3rd-Line or reserve battalion was also formed to train drafts for the other two.[13][14][15][16][17]

1/5th Royal Warwicks

The South Midland Division was selected to proceed to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) early in 1915, and the 1/5th Warwicks disembarked at Le Havre at the beginning of April. On 12 May the division was designated the 48th (South Midland) Division and the brigade became numbered as the 143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade.[13][14][15][16]

Western Front

The first offensive operation of the 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was on 1 July 1916 at the Battle of the Somme. Together with 1/7th, the battalion held a two-mile stretch of trench adjoining the attack of 31st Division towards Serre. They were not to attack, but made simulated preparations for doing so. The enemy wire was cut, and they released smoke just before zero hour, but no assembly tranches had been dug nor was the British wire cut, and the German defenders were not fooled. 31st Division was dreadfully cut up, as was the rest of 143 Brigade, which had attacked with 4th Division.[18]

During the Battle of Bazentin Ridge the battalion captured Ovillers-la-Boisselle on the night of 15/16 July. The prospects for the attack were unpromising: the troops were exhausted before the attack and were suffering from the effects of lachrymatory gas shells; the men were too closely bunched and the waves too close together; and there was no artillery support. Nevertheless, in the dark a party of the 1/5th Battalion led by Charles Carrington hit on a weak spot in the German defences with no machine gun cover, and captured a trench well behind the German main position without losing a man. Carrington persuaded his superiors not to withdraw his men, and the following morning the cut-off main German position surrendered.[19]

The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following further operations while serving on the Western Front:[13][15]

Italy

On 10 November 1917 the 48th Division received orders to move to Italy. By 1 December the units had finished detraining around Legnago on the Adige. On 1 March 1918 the division relieved 7th Division in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the Asiago Plateau Front. It remained in Italy for the remainder of the war, taking part in the following operations:[13][15]

On 3 November 1918, at Osteria del Termine, the 48th Division surrounded and captured a large force of Austrian troops including the corps commander and three divisional commanders. By 15.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice with Austria came into force, the dission had pushed forward into the Trentino. After the conclusion of hostilities the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter. Demobilisation began in 1919 and was complete by 31 March.[13]

2/5th Royal Warwicks

The 2/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was formed in Birmingham in October 1914, but at first the men lived at home, and little or nothing was available in terms of uniforms, arms or equipment. It was not until the 2nd South Midland Division concentrated at Northampton in January 1915 that the men were issued with .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles with which to train. Here they formed part of First Army of Central Force, but when the 1st South Midland Division went to France, the 2nd took its place at Chelmsford and became part of Third Army of Central Force, with a definite role in Home Defence. The battalions formed their machine gun sections while at Chelmsford, but the strength of the battalions fluctuated widely as they were drawn upon for drafts for their 1st-Line battalions. In August 1915 the division was numbered as the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division and the brigade became the 182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade.[14][16][20][21]

In February and March 1916 the units of 61st Division moved to Salisbury Plain to begin final training for overseas service. Here they were issued with .303 SMLE rifles in place of the Japanese weapons, and Lewis guns in place of dummy guns and antique Maxim guns. Final leave was granted in April and May and the division entrained for France, concentrating at IX Corps' rest area by 28 May.[20][21]

The 2/5th Battalion's first action was the Battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916, a diversionary attack in support of the Somme Offensive. The attack was badly handled and casualties were heavy. The 61st Division was so badly mauled that it was not used offensively again in 1916.[21]

Thereafter, the battalion was involved in the following operations:[20][21]

Due to the manpower shortage being suffered by the BEF, 2/5th Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment was disbanded on 20 February 1918, some of the men being drafted into the 2/6th Bn, the rest into 24th Entrenching Bn.[14][16][20]

3/5th Royal Warwicks

The 3/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment formed in Birmingham in May 1915 and joined the South Midland Reserve Group. It became the 5th (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Warwicks on 8 April 1916, and absorbed the 6th Reserve Battalion on 1 September that year, when the reserve group was entitled the South MIdland Reserve Brigade, TF. It remained in the United Kingdom in a training role for the whole war.[14][16]

Interwar

The 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was reformed in the retitled Territorial Army in 1920. Once again, it formed part of 143rd (Warwickshire) Infantry Brigade in the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division.[22] At this period the battalion had the Five Ways Grammar School Cadet Corps and Birmingham Cadet Corps, Jewish Lads' Brigade attached to it.[5]

In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of Territorial infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE). The 5th Royal Warwickshires was one unit selected for this role, becoming 45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) AA Battalion, RE in 1936. Consisting of HQ and four AA companies (378–381) at Thorpe Street, Birmingham, the unit was subordinated to 32nd (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group (later Brigade) in 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division.[4][23]

In 1937 the 45th AA Battalion formed an additional company at Birmingham, numbered 399. In November 1938 this company was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to provide the cadre for a new 59th (Warwickshire) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery.[4][24][25]

Second World War

Mobilisation

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.[26] In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.[27]

45th Searchlight Regiment

Home Defence

On the outbreak of the Second World War, 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new 54th AA Brigade being formed at Sutton Coldfield near Birmingham, as part of 4th AA Division.[28][29][30]

In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated 45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.[31][32][33]

In a reorganisation of AA Command in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new 11th AA Division.[29][34][35] [36] [37] In 1941 the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.[38]

122nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment

On 2 February 1942 the regiment was reorganised as 122nd (Royal Warwickshire) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, with the batteries renumbered as 400–403 LAA Batteries.[4][31][33][39]

India

Early in 1943, the regiment was selected to go to India with 400, 401 and 402 Btys and arrived on 10 June 1943, moving up to Ranchi to join 7th Indian Infantry Division. On 20 August the regiment moved to Khumbargaon and joined 36th Indian Infantry Division. On 30 November the regiment underwent a major change in organisation and role. Two of its LAA batteries, 400 and the newly formed 'X' Bty, joined 100 (Gordon Highlanders) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, and in exchange received 168 and 321 A/T Btys (the latter being newly formed). The regiment was subsequently redesignated 122 LAA/AT Regiment.[4][31] [33][39][40][41][42]

The division was training for Operation Porpoise, a projected amphibious assault, but the opening of the Japanese offensive in the Arakan in February 1944 changed everything, and elements of the division were employed in mopping up after the attack had been stopped. 122 LAA/AT Rgt moved to Shillong with 36th Indian Division in May 1944 for training. Early in July 1944, infantry units of the division started to fly into Myitkyina airfield in North Burma to reinforce the US-led Northern Combat Area Command, leaving the divisional artillery behind. They saw much bitter fighting in the following campaign, but without their own artillery. The division was recategorised as British on 1 September 1944, becoming 36th British Infantry Division.[42][43]

122nd Anti-Tank Regiment

Burma

Meanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated 122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3-inch mortars. It was commanded by Lt-Col C.D. Oliver.[4][31][42][43][44] Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war. It saw active service during the Mandalay operations of 12 February–21 March, and on the Rangoon Road 1 April–6 May 1945.[42][43]

It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, so in May 1945 the 36th was transferred back to India, where it went into training for Operation Zipper, the proposed amphibious invasion of Malaya. However, the Japanese surrendered before the plan could be put into operation. 36th Division's British units were demobilised in India in 1945–6.[42]

Postwar

When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed at Birmingham as 580 (5th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, reverting to the LAA role in 1950. It formed part of 80 AA Brigade (the former 54 AA Brigade) at Sutton Coldfield.[4][31] [33][45][46][47][48]

When AA Command was disbanded in 1955, there was a reduction in the number of AA units in the TA. 580 LAA Rgt amalgamated with 469 (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) HAA Rgt, 594 (Warwickshire) LAA Regiment and 672 (Worcestershire) HAA Regiment to form 442 LAA Regiment, Royal Artillery. (469 Rgt was the former 6th Battalion, Royal Warwicks, formed from the Birmingham Rifles in 1908, and 594 Regiment was the former 59th Searchlight Regiment formed in 1938 from a cadre provided by the 45th.) The new unit was organised as follows:[4][31][47][49]

In 1961, 442 LAA Regiment was broken up: 'Q' Battery joined 268 (Warwickshire) Field Regiment, 'R' Battery joined 444 (Staffordshire) LAA Regiment. The remainder of the regiment (RHQ and 'P (5/6th Royal Warwicks)' Battery) were absorbed by the 7th Battalion, Royal Warwicks. This battalion had previously absorbed the 8th Battalion, so the lineages of all four TA battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment were merged.[4][31][49][50]

Insignia

From 1947 to 1955 the regiment wore an arm flash in the form of a horizontal scarlet strip.[31]

Honorary Colonel

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the battalion:[4][5]

Prominent members

Battle Honours

The 1st Volunteer Battalion carried the Battle Honour South Africa 1900–02 awarded for providing volunteers for the service companies in the Second Boer War. During the Great War, the battalion contributed to the Honours of the Royal Warwicks. The Royal Artillery does not carry Battle Honours, so none were awarded to the regiment for its service during the Second World War.

Notes

  1. ↑ Beckett.
  2. ↑ Beckett, Appendix VII.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Westlake, pp. 241–2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Army List
  6. ↑ London Gazette, 16 June 1871.
  7. ↑ John Hinde at Nat Gould website
  8. ↑ London Gazette, 3 March 1882.
  9. ↑ W.S. Jervis at Cricket Archive.
  10. ↑ Beckett, pp. 135, 185–6.
  11. ↑ Dunlop, pp. 60–1.
  12. ↑ Leslie
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 77–83.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Royal Warwicks at Long, Long Trail Archived September 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. 1 2 3 4 48 Division at Long, Long Trail
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Royal Warwicks at Warpath
  17. ↑ Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.
  18. ↑ Edmonds, pp. 426–7.
  19. ↑ Griffiths, pp 59–60.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 33–9.
  21. 1 2 3 4 61 Division at Long, Long Trail.
  22. ↑ Titles and Designations, 1927.
  23. ↑ 2nd AA Division 1936 at British Military History
  24. ↑ 594 LAA Rgt at Regiments.org
  25. ↑ Monthly Army List January 1939.
  26. ↑ Routledge, pp. 62–3.
  27. ↑ Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371.
  28. ↑ AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files
  29. 1 2 4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History
  30. ↑ Routledge Table LX, p. 378.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Litchfield, pp. 242–3.
  32. ↑ 45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45. Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Farndale, Annex M, p. 338–9.
  34. ↑ 11 AA Division British Military History
  35. ↑ 11 AA Division at RA 39–45 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Farndale, Annex D, p. 260.
  37. ↑ Routledge Table LXV, p. 396.
  38. ↑ Routledge, p. 399.
  39. 1 2 122 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45. Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ 122 LAA/AT Rgt at RA 39–45.
  41. ↑ Joslen, pp. 526–7.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 36 Indian Division at British Military History
  43. 1 2 3 Joslen, pp. 63–4.
  44. ↑ 122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45.
  45. ↑ Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  46. ↑ Watson, TA 1947' Archived December 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  47. 1 2 564–591 Rgts at British Army 1945 on. Archived January 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ↑ 67–106 A Bdes at British Army 1945 on. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  49. 1 2 414–443 Rgts at British Army 1945 on. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ Royal Warwicks at British Army 1945 on.
  51. ↑ W.C.C. Gell at RAFweb
  52. ↑ Charles Carrington at Firstworldwar.com

References

Online sources

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