Biosolids

Pumpkin seedlings planted out on windrows of composted biosolids

Biosolids is a term created to describe several types of treated sewage sludge that are intended to be used as soil conditioner.

Treated sewage sludge has long been used in agriculture,[1] but there are concerns about offensive odors and disease risks from pathogens and toxic chemicals. This may reduce public acceptance of such reuse activities.

Terminology

Biosolids may be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after suitable sewage sludge treatment processes leading to sludge stabilization such as anaerobic digestion and composting.[2]

Alternatively, the biosolids definition may be restricted by local regulations to wastewater solids only after those solids have completed a specified treatment sequence and/or have concentrations of pathogens and toxic chemicals below specified levels.[3]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) defines the two terms - sewage sludge and biosolids - in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 as follows: Sewage sludge refers to the solids separated during the treatment of municipal wastewater (including domestic septage), while biosolids refers to treated sewage sludge that meets the USEPA pollutant and pathogen requirements for land application and surface disposal.[3] A similar definition has been used internationally, for example in Australia.[4]

Use of the term "biosolids" may officially be subject to government regulations. However, informal use describes a broad range of semi-solid organic products produced from sewage or sewage sludge. This could include any solids, slime solids or liquid slurry residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage including scum and solids removed during primary, secondary or advanced treatment processes.[5] Materials that do not conform to the regulatory definition of "biosolids" can be given alternative terms like "wastewater solids".

Characteristics

Quantities

Testing for human pathogens in cereal crops after the application of biosolids.

Approximately 7.1 million dry tons of biosolids were generated in 2004 at approximately 16,500 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.[6]

In the United States, as of 2013 about 55% of sewage solids are turned into fertilizer.[7] Challenges to increased use of biosolids include capital needed to build anaerobic digesters and the complexity of complying with health regulations. There are also new concerns about micro-pollutions in sewage (e.g. environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants) which make the process of producing high quality biosolids complex. Some municipalities, states or countries have banned the use of biosolids on farmland.

Nutrients

Encouraging agricultural use of biosolids is intended to prevent filling landfills with nutrient-rich organic materials from the treatment of domestic sewage that might be recycled and applied as fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant growth.[6] Biosolids may contain macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur with micronutrients copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, molybdenum and manganese.[4]

Industrial and man-made contaminants

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and others have shown that biosolids can contain measurable levels of synthetic organic compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals.[4][8][9] USEPA has set numeric limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.[6][10]

Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids.[11] Substantial levels of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in biosolids in 2001.[12]

The United States Geological Survey analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.[13]

Pathogens

In the United States the USEPA mandates certain treatment processes designed to significantly decrease levels of certain so-called indicator organisms, in biosolids.[6] These include, "...operational standards for fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova."[14]

However, the US-based Water Environment Research Foundation has shown that some pathogens do survive sewage sludge treatment.[15]

EPA regulations allow only biosolids with no detectable pathogens to be widely applied; those with remaining pathogens are restricted in use.[16]

Classification systems

United States

In the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 governs the management of biosolids. Within that federal regulation biosolids are generally classified differently depending upon the quantity of pollutants they contain and the level of treatment they have been subjected to (the latter of which determines both the level of vector attraction reduction and the level of pathogen reduction). These factors also affect how they may be disseminated (bulk or bagged) and the level of monitoring oversight which, in turn determines where and in what quantity they may be applied.[17]

History

As public concern arose about disposal in the United States of increasing volumes of solids being removed from sewage during sewage treatment mandated by the Clean Water Act, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) sought a new name to distinguish the clean, agriculturally viable product generated by modern wastewater treatment from earlier forms of sewage sludge widely remembered for causing offensive or dangerous conditions. Of three-hundred suggestions, biosolids was attributed to Dr. Bruce Logan of the University of Arizona, and recognized by WEF in 1991.[18]

Examples

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gohil, M.B. (2000). Land Treatment of Waste Water. New Age International. p. 6. ISBN 8122412270.
  2. ↑ Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill, USA. 2003. p. 1449. ISBN 0-07-112250-8.
  3. 1 2 "Sewage Sludge/Biosolids Program". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 "What are biosolids?". Australian Water Association. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Turovskiy, Izrail S. "Biosolids or Sludge? The Semantics of Terminology". Water and Wastes Digest. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids" (PDF). Water Environment Federation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  7. ↑ Cities Turn Sewage Into 'Black Gold' For Local Farms (2013)
  8. ↑ "Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report - Overview | Biosolids | US EPA". water.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  9. ↑ "ISCORS Assessment of Radioactivity in Sewage Sludge: Recommendations on Management of Radioactive Materials in Sewage Sludge and Ash at Publicly Owned Treatment Works" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards. April 2004. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  10. ↑ "Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge | Biosolids | US EPA". water.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  11. ↑ "CWA Analytical Methods: Contaminants of Emerging Concern". epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  12. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html/
  13. ↑ "Land Application of Municipal Biosolids". Environmental Health - Toxic Substances. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  14. ↑ Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices. National Academy of Sciences. 2002. p. 22. ISBN 0-309-08486-5.
  15. ↑ "Assessing the Fate of Emerging Pathogens in Biosolids". Water Environment Research Foundation. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  16. ↑ "Biosolids FAQ, Questions 17-18". water.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  17. ↑ "A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, Chapter 2 "Land Application of Biosolids"" (PDF). water.epa.gov. p. 31. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  18. ↑ "Biosolids: A Short Explanation and Discussion" (PDF). WEF/U.S. EPA Biosolids Fact Sheet Project. Water Environment Federation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "About us". Milorganite/Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "What is Loop?". King County Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  21. ↑ "About TAGRO". City of Tacoma. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  22. ↑ http://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/one.aspx?objectId=16884
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