Bid-to-cover ratio
Bid-To-Cover Ratio is a ratio used to express the demand for a particular security during offerings and auctions. In general, it is used for shares, bonds, and other securities. It may be computed in two ways: either the number of bids received divided by the number of bids accepted, or the value of bids received divided by the value of bids accepted.[1]
The higher the ratio, the higher the demand. A ratio above 2.0 indicates a successful auction with aggressive bids.[2] A lower reading indicates weak demand and is said to have a long tail (a wide spread between the average and the high yield). It is also a measure of the demand for securities at an offering or auction. It is most commonly used to measure demand at bond auctions. It is the ratio of the value of all bids received to the value of the bids accepted.
Example
For example, suppose debt managers are seeking to raise $10 billion in ten-year notes with a 5.130% coupon, and, in aggregate, they have received seven bids from lenders as follows:
- Bid 1 for $1.00 billion at 5.115%
- Bid 2 for $2.50 billion at 5.120%
- Bid 3 for $3.50 billion at 5.125%
- Bid 4 for $4.50 billion at 5.130%
- Bid 5 for $3.75 billion at 5.135%
- Bid 6 for $2.75 billion at 5.140%
- Bid 7 for $1.50 billion at 5.145%
The total of all bids received is $19.5 billion, and the number of bids accepted would be $10 billion, therefore leading to a bid-to-cover ratio of 1.95 (calculated by the value method). Since the managers are interested in raising the cheapest debt possible, bids 1, 2, 3 will be covered in full ($7 billion). Bid 4 will be partially covered ($3 billion out of $4.5 billion). Bids 5, 6, 7 will be rejected. The final coupon will be fixed at 5.130% (the rate of the last bid accepted) for all the bids covered.