Bhaktapur

Bhaktapur
भक्तपुर
Khwopa
Town

Bhaktapur Durbar Square before the 2015 earthquake
Bhaktapur

Location in Nepal

Coordinates: 27°40′20″N 85°25′40″E / 27.67222°N 85.42778°E / 27.67222; 85.42778Coordinates: 27°40′20″N 85°25′40″E / 27.67222°N 85.42778°E / 27.67222; 85.42778
Country Nepal
Zone Bagmati
District Bhaktapur
Area
 • Total 6.89 km2 (2.66 sq mi)
Population (2011)
 • Total 81,728
 • Density 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
 • Religions Hindu, Buddhism
Time zone NST (UTC+5:45)
Postal code 44800
Area code(s) 01
Website http://www.bhaktapur.com/
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Bhaktapur (Nepali: भक्तपुर Bhaktapur  Listen  ), literally translates to Place of devotees. Also known as Bhadgaon or Khwopa (Newari: ख्वप Khwopa), it is an ancient Newar city in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, about 8 miles (13 km) from the capital city, Kathmandu. It is located in Bhaktapur District in the Bagmati Zone. It is administratively divided into 10 wards.

Bhaktapur was the largest of the three Newar kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley and was the capital of Nepal during the great 'Malla Kingdom' until the second half of the 15th century. It has a population of more than 81,728, of which the vast majority are still Newars. Historically more isolated than the other two kingdoms, Kathmandu and Patan, Bhaktapur has a distinctly different form of Nepal Bhasa language.

Bhaktapur has the best-preserved palace courtyards and old city center in Nepal and is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its rich culture, temples, and wood, metal and stone artworks. This is supported by the restoration and preservation efforts of German-funded Bhaktapur Development Project (BDP).

The city is famous for a special type of curd called "Ju Ju(king) dhau(curd). It is experienced by the curd makers that the taste of curd prepared in this location cannot be found elsewhere all over Nepal

Etymology

KHWOPA is the ancient name of Bhaktapur. The term "Bhaktapur" (Sanskrit/Nepali: भक्तपुर) refers to "The City Of Devotees". This Bhaktapur City is also known as "Khwopa" (Nepal Bhasa: ख्वप) or "Bhadgaon" (Nepali:भादगाँउ) or "Ancient Newari Town" throughout the Kathmandu Valley. "Kh0apa" actually refers to the masks which are believed to have been worn by gods and goddesses. Bhaktapur is popular for different forms of mask dances based on lives of different deities and therefore, it was named "Khwapa" which later came to become just "Khwopa," which is also near to meaning masks.

History

It is the home of traditional art and architecture, historical monuments and craft work, magnificent windows, pottery and weaving industries, excellent temples, beautiful ponds, rich local customs, culture, religion, festivals, musical mystic and so on. Bhaktapur is still an untouched as well as preserved ancient city that is itself the world to explore for tourists.

From time immemorial it lay on the trade route between Tibet and India. This position on the main caravan route made the town rich and prosperous.

Demographics

At the time of the 2001 Nepal census it had a population of 72,543.[1] The male inhabitants of this city wear a special type of cap called the Bhadgaunle Topi.

Landmarks

A panoramic view of the Dattatraya Temple and Surroundings.

Layaku (Durbar Square)

Bhaktapur Durbar Square is a conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-style temples, mostly dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses grouped around a 55-window palace of brick and wood. The square is one of the most charming architectural showpieces of the valley as it highlights the ancient arts of Nepal. The golden effigies of the kings perched on the top of stone monoliths, the guardian deities looking out from their sanctuaries, the wood carvings in every place — struts, lintels, uprights, tympanums, gateways and windows — all seem to form a well-orchestrated symphony.[2]

The royal palace was originally situated at Dattaraya square and was only later moved to the Durbar square location. The square in Bhaktapur was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1934 and hence appears more spacious than the ones at Kathmandu and Patan.

Nyatapola Temple

Nyatapola Temple

Nyatapola Temple' is a 5-story pagoda located in Bhaktapur, Nepal. The temple was erected by Nepali King Bhupatindra Malla during a 5-month period from late 1701 into 1702. It is the temple of Siddha Laxmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity.[2]

Bhairab Nath Temple

Bhairavnath temple

This is another pagoda temple of lord Bhairab, the dreadful aspect of Lord Shiva. It stands near the Nyatapola temple and was originally constructed by King Jagat Jyoti Malla on a modest scale. It was later remodelled by King Bhupatindra Malla, a zealous lover of the arts, into what it is now a three-storeyed temple.[2]

Dattatreya Temple

Dattatraya Temple and its premises

The temple of Dattatreya is as old as the Palace of Fifty-five Windows. The three-story pagoda-style Dattatreya Temple, with statues of the Hindu trinity, (Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer), was built during the reign of King Yaksha Malla (1428 A.D. – 1482 A.D.) and was opened to the public around 1486 A.D., only after his demise. The exact date of construction of the Dattatreya temple is still obscure. This temple, according to popular belief, was constructed from a single piece of wood from one tree. At the entrance are two large sculptures of the Jaiput wrestlers, Jaimala and Pata (as in the Nyatapola Temple), a "Chakra", and a gilded metal statue of Garuda, a bird-like divinity. Around the temple are wood carved panels with erotic decorations. It was subsequently repaired and renovated by King Vishwa Malla in 1548 A.D.[2]

Artistic Windows

Just beside temple is a monastery (Math) with exquisitely carved peacock windows. These famous windows were carved during the reign of King Vishwa Malla. The monastery is full of artistic facades of latticed windows and engraved columns.[2]

Changu Narayan

Front face of Changu Narayan temple

Changu Narayan is an ancient Hindu temple located near the village of Changunarayan in the Kathmandu Valley on top of a hill at the eastern end of the valley. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the north of Bhakathapur and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Kathmandu. The temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley and is believed to have been constructed first in the 4th century. Changu Narayan is the name of Vishnu, and the temple is dedicated to him. A stone slab discovered in the vicinity of the temple dates to the 5th century and is the oldest such stone inscription discovered in Nepal. It was rebuilt after the old temple was devastated. Many stone sculptures here date to the Licchavi period. Changu Narayan Temple is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[3][4]

The temple is a double-roofed structure where the idol of Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Narayana is deified. The exquisitely built temple has intricate roof struts showing multi-armed Tantric deities. A kneeling image of Garuda (dated to the 5th century), the vahana or vehicle of Vishnu with a snake around its neck, faces the temple. The gilded door depicts stone lions guarding the temple. Gilded windows also flank the door. A conch and a disc, symbols of Vishnu, are carved on the two pillars at the entrance. Non-Hindus are not allowed inside the temple.[4]

Ta Pukhu (Siddha Pokhari)

Siddha Pokhari

Ta Pukhu (Siddha Pokhari) is a big rectangular water pond near the main city gate. It was built during the reign of King Yakshya Malla in the early 15th century and is associated with a number of myths. From this spot a wide range of snowy peaks are visible on clear days.[2]

Kailashnath Mahadev Statue

Kailashnath Mahadev is the World's Tallest Lord Shiva statue. The height of this statue is 143 feet high and is situated 20 km from Kathmandu, epal.The statues construction work was started in 2004 and was completed in 2012.The statue's inauguration took place on the 21st of June'12. This statue stands on the 32nd position in the list of all statues by height in the whole world. It has been made of copper, cement, zinc, and steel. To make this gigantic structure possible there were many professional workers and statue makers from India.

Festivals

A street view in Bhaktapur.

Bhaktapur is also known as the city of festivals and celebrations. The city celebrates festivals each month starting from new year festival to the Holi puni at the end of the year.

Lingo erected in Bisket Jatra,2015

This ancient annual festival of Bhaktapur takes place at the New Year of the Bikram Sambat calendar. A few days before the New Year, usually at Chaitra 27 or Chaitra 28, if 31 days in month.., the goddess 'bhadrakali' and the god 'bhairab' are enshrined in their raths, or immense chariots,& pulled through the narrow streets of Bhaktapur by crowds of young men.

The chariots rest at certain time-honored places in the city and people come out to throw offerings of flower, rice, coins and red sindur powder. On the last day of the old year a towering wooden pole is known as ' lyesing dha: or lingo 'is erected at the edge of town. Long banners hang from the pole, symbolising snakes...Nag and Nagini.On New Year's Day, the erected pole is brought down symbolizing victory over evil !..People enjoy New year day along with a victory over evils.On Baisakh 5, the chariot is again pulled to the narrow street of Bhaktapur and brought to its origin place, Taumadhi square marking the end of Bisket Jatra.

Before modern piping system, wells and kuwas were the basis for water supply in Bhaktapur. In this auspicious day, people clean wells and worship Naag favouring good fall in monsoon.They celebrate by eating delicious delicacies like bara and chatamari.* *

Gathamaga is made up of straw that symbols a devil.Local make gathamaga in their locality and burn fire to remove devils of their locality.It is also said that mosquito loses its one leg in this day.

The celebration of Gai Jatra Bhaktapur is interesting among Kathmandu and Lalitpur. In this day, Tall bamboo poles wrapped in cloth and topped horn of straw and an umbrella is carried around the town in memory of dead.The photo of the dead is hung in this pole called Ta macha.

Also, A colourful procession known as Ghing tang gishi is the main attraction of this festival.People enjoy and dance in beats of music and play with stick in accordance to the beat. People decorate themselves in mask, paints and even in female outfits.

Gunla is the name of the 10th month of Nepal Era calendar.It is sacred month dedicated to Lord Buddha celebrated in Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur

But In Bhaktapur, Last day of Gunla Panchadan is celebrated differently.The Five Buddhas are brought to Taumadhi square accompanied with Gunla Baja, a special musical instrument played only in Gunla and Buddhas are rounded around Bhaktapur town

The son of Lord of heaven is believed to have been kidnapped by a devil named Maisasur who then tied Indra's son in a pole and killed.Indra was shocked to hear his son's death and sent an elephant, pulukisi to find and kill Maisasur.But legend says Pulukisi couldn't find maisur till date.This Jatra is a play to that legendary story where pulu kisi is rounded around the town to search for Maisasur.

In Bhaktapur, a palanquin with an image of the Hindu goddess Bhagwati is carried in colourful procession through Nyatapol square this day.

In this day Farmers of Kathmandu valley worship to Annapurna, the Goddess of grains.l for good rice harvest and enjoy a feast after all the hard work of the season.Yomari is the chief item on the menu in this day.So is called Yomari Puni.

This festival marks the winter solstice and Newars partake of a feast.The days special. The menu includes butter (ghyu), molasses (chaku) and yam.

In Bhaktapur, On this auspicious day samyak Dan is performed by Buddhist.The shakyas and Bajracharya gather in a samyak ground near Napukhu pond accompanied with panchabuddhas and samyak buddhas. They are offered chaku balls and rice.Bhaktapur is the only one in the valley that conducts samyak Dan once in a year.

People regard this day as a propitious day for starting a new enterprise. Devotee throng Devi shrine to seek blessing.In Bhaktapur, People visit Sashwo:dega in this auspicious day where the idol of Buddhist deity Mahamanjushree is kept.Hindus regard it as Saraswati and worship whereas Buddhist worship it as Manjushree.

Portions of the movie Little Buddha starring Keanu Reeves and Bridget Fonda were filmed in the Bhaktapur Durbar Square.

2015 earthquake

The Magnitude 7.8 2015 Nepal earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 (12 Baisakh 2072 B.S., Saturday, at local time 11:56 am) damaged 116 heritages in the city. Of them, 67 were completely damaged while 49 suffered from partial damages.The quake has badly damaged the Durbar square, a significant heritage site included in the UNESCO world heritage list. The main premises of Taleju Temple here also witnessed damages in the disaster.

The Nepal–Bihar earthquake in 1934 demolished several buildings that were never rebuilt. Chyasilin Mandap has been rebuilt.[5]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ City Population . Retrieved: 9 Dec, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Destination Nepal: Bhaktapur . Retrieved: 9 Dec, 2011.
  3. ↑ "UNESCO".
  4. 1 2 "Introducing Changu Narayan Temple". Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  5. ↑ The Eight Cornered Gift, Oct.15.2014, Kapil Bisht

References

Retrieved: 8 May 2015

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