Beryciformes

Beryciformes
Temporal range: 100.5–0 Ma

Late Cretaceous to Recent

Myripristis jacobus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Beryciformes
Regan, 1909
Families
Synonyms

The Beryciformes are a poorly-understood order of carnivorous ray-finned fishes consisting of 7 families, 30 genera, and 161 species.[1] They feed on small fish and invertebrates. Beyond this, little is known about the biology of most member species because of their nocturnal habits and deepwater habitats.[2] All beryciform species are marine and most live in tropical to temperate, deepwater environments. Most live on the continental shelf and continental slope, with some species being found as deep as 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[3] Some species move closer to the surface at night,[4] while others live entirely in shallow water and are nocturnal, hiding in rock crevices and caves during the day. Several species are mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Beryciformes' bodies are deep and mildly compressed, typically with large eyes that help them see in darker waters. Colors range from red to yellow and brown to black, and sizes range from 8–61 cm (3.1–24.0 in).[3] Member genera include the alfonsinos, squirrelfishes, flashlight fishes, fangtooth fishes, spinyfins, pineconefishes, redfishes, roughies, and slimeheads. A number of member species are caught commercially, including the alfonsino, the splendid alfonsino, and the orange roughy, the latter being much more economically important. Some species have bioluminescent bacteria contained in pockets of skin or in light organs near the eyes, including the anomalopids and monocentrids.[2]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Pseudoberyx syriacus, an extinct beryciform

Beryciforms first appeared during the Late Cretaceous period and have survived to today in relative abundance. They are considered the most primitive order in Acanthopterygii, and as such are split off at the base of the cladogram below from the rest of the member orders. Beryciforms are distinguished by having 18-19 caudal fin rays, as opposed to percomorphs, which have 17. Having fewer caudal fin rays is considered a sign of a more recently evolved species among fish. The whalefishes, beardfishes, gibberfishes, and pricklefishes were once considered members of Beryciformes, but have since been assigned to separate orders.[2]

Phylogeny

A recent pylogeny basd on the work Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017.[5]

Acanthopterygii

Berycimorpha

Beryciformes

Berycoidei


Melamphaidae

Berycidae



Stephanoberycoidei


Cetomimidae


Rondeletiidae


Barbourisiidae

Stephanoberycidae






Trachichthyiformes


Diretmidae


Trachichthyoidea



Monocentridae

Anomalopidae

Trachichthyidae






Holocentrimorpha

Holocentriformes

Holocentridae

Percomorpha




Older classification

The order contains 7 families, 30 genera, and 161 species:[1]


Human interaction

Alfonsinos for sale

The Beryciformes are generally not important to humans, and their trend towards living in deeper waters generally keeps many species away from human activity. Several species are found in the aquarium trade, however. Pineapplefishes are of interest to fishkeepers for their bright colors, while squirrelfishes' shallower reef habitats and bright red colors make them more easily collected. Flashlight fishes are also kept as pets because of the bioluminescent organs underneath their eyes.[2] The alfonsinos and orange roughy are of a different interest to humans, targeted by deepwater commercial fisheries. Increased catches could lead to steep population declines for these species as their extended lifespans make them vulnerable to overfishing. The orange roughy, for example, can live up to 149 years, but takes anywhere from 23-40 years to begin reproducing.[6][7] Despite these risks, most of the species that have been evaluated by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are listed as Least Concern or Data Deficient; only a few are classified as Vulnerable.

Timeline of genera

The Beryciformes first appeared in the Late Cretaceous and still survive today in relative abundance.[8]

Quaternary Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Late Cretaceous Early Cretaceous Scopelogadus Melamphaes Africentrum Myripristis Poromitra Plectrypops Diretmus Pseudholocentrum Digoria Berycomorus Beryx Holocentrites Optivus Gephyroberyx Monocentris Sargocentron Hoplostethus Holocentrus Tenuicentrum Eoholocentrum Berybolcensis Scianenuropsis Paraberyx Naupygus Argilloberyx Centroberyx Tubantia Acrogaster Parospinus Kansius Inocentrus Gnathoberyx Dinopteryx Ctenocephalichthys Alloberyx Caproberyx Erugocentrus Adriacentrus Pycnosteroides Hoplopteryx Trachichythyoides Stichopteryx Stichocentrus Stichoberyx Plesioberyx Pattersonoberyx Lobopterus Lissoberyx Libanoberyx Judeoberyx Cryptoberyx Quaternary Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Late Cretaceous Early Cretaceous

References

  1. 1 2 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Beryciformes" in FishBase. November 2008 version.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Grzimek, Bernhard (2003). Michael Hutchins, ed. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Fishes II. 5 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills: Gale. pp. 113–122. ISBN 978-0787657819.
  3. 1 2 Bray, Dianne J. "Order Beryciformes". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria.
  4. ↑ Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., eds. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 160–163. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  5. ↑ Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; Wiley, E.O.; Arratia, Gloria ; Acero, A.; Bailly, N.; Miya, M.; Lecointre, G.; Ortí, G. (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. BioMed Central. 17 (162). doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.
  6. ↑ Fenton, G.E; Short, S.A.; Ritz, D.A. (June 1991). "Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Pb: 226 Ra disequilibria". Marine Biology. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. 109 (2): 197–202. ISSN 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF01319387. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  7. ↑ Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries: lessons from Orange Roughy
  8. ↑ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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