Veria

Veria
Βέροια

Panoramic view

Seal
Veria

Coordinates: 40°31′N 22°12′E / 40.517°N 22.200°E / 40.517; 22.200Coordinates: 40°31′N 22°12′E / 40.517°N 22.200°E / 40.517; 22.200
Country Greece
Administrative region Central Macedonia
Regional unit Imathia
Government
 • Mayor Konstantinos Vorgiazidis
Area
 • Municipality 796.5 km2 (307.5 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 359.1 km2 (138.6 sq mi)
Elevation 128 m (420 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipality 66,547
 • Municipality density 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 48,306
 • Municipal unit density 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 591 31, 591 32
Area code(s) 2331
Vehicle registration ΗΜ
Website www.veria.gr

Veria (Greek: Βέροια or Βέρροια), officially transliterated Veroia, historically also spelled Berea, is a city in Macedonia, northern Greece, located 511 kilometres (318 miles) north-northwest of the capital Athens and 73 km (45 mi) west-southwest of Thessalonica.

Even by the standards of Greece, Veria is an old city; first mentioned in the writings of Thucydides in 432 BC, there is evidence that it was populated as early as 1000 BC.[2] Veria was an important possession for Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great) and later for the Romans. Apostle Paul famously preached in the city, and its inhabitants were among the first Christians in the Empire. Later, under the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, Veria was a center of Greek culture and learning. Today Veria is a commercial center of Central Macedonia, the capital of the regional unit of Imathia and the seat of a Church of Greece Metropolitan bishop in the Ecumenical Patriarchate as well as a Latin Catholic titular see.

The extensive archaeological site of Vergina (ancient Aegae, the summer capital of Macedon), a UNESCO World Heritage Site containing the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, lies 12 km (7 mi) south-east of the city center of Veria.

History

Classical and Roman Veria

The Jewish synagogue. Veria had a significant Jewish community until World War II

The city is reputed to have been named by its mythical creator Beres (also spelled Pheres) or from the daughter of the king of Berroia who was thought to be the son of Macedon. Veria enjoyed great prosperity under the kings of the Argead Dynasty (whose most famous member was Alexander the Great) who made it their second most important city after Pella; the city reached the height of its glory and influence in the Hellenistic period, during the reign of the Antigonid Dynasty. During this time, Veria became the seat of the Koinon of Macedonians (Κοινόν Μακεδόνων), minted its own coinage and held sports games named Alexandreia, in honor of Alexander the Great, with athletes from all over Greece competing in them.[3]

Veria surrendered to Rome in 168 BC. During the Roman empire, Veria became a place of worship for the Romans. Diocletian made the large and populous city one of two capitals of the Roman province of Macedonia, eponymous in the civil Diocese of Macedonia. Within the city there was a Jewish settlement where the Apostle Paul,[4] after leaving Thessalonica, and his companion Silas preached to the Jewish and Greek communities of the city in AD 50/51 or 54/55. The Bible records:

As soon as it was night, the brothers sent Paul and Silas away to Berea. On arriving there, they went to the Jewish synagogue. Now the Bereans were of more noble character than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true. Many of the Jews believed, as did also a number of prominent Greek women and many Greek men. When the Jews in Thessalonica learned that Paul was preaching the word of God at Berea, they went there too, agitating the crowds and stirring them up. The brothers immediately sent Paul to the coast, but Silas and Timothy stayed at Berea. The men who escorted Paul brought him to Athens and then left with instructions for Silas and Timothy to join him as soon as possible.
— Acts 17:10-15

Byzantine Veria

"Resurrection of Christ" Byzantine church
Crucifixion fresco (1315) by Georgios Kalliergis in the "Resurrection of Christ" church
Saint Patapius

Under the Byzantine Empire Berrhoea continued to grow and prosper, developing a large and well-educated commercial class (Greek and Jewish) and becoming a center of medieval Greek learning; signs of this prosperity are reflected in the many Byzantine churches that were built at this time, during which it was a Christian bishopric (see below).

Byzantine museum

In the 7th century, the Slavic tribe of the Drougoubitai raided the lowlands below the city, while in the late 8th century Empress Irene of Athens is said to have rebuilt and expanded the city and named it Irenopolis (Ειρηνούπολις) after herself, although some sources place this Berrhoea-Irenopolis further east, towards Thrace.[5]

The city was apparently held by the Bulgarian Empire at some point in the late 9th century. The 11th century Greek bishop Theophylact of Ohrid wrote that during the brief period of Bulgarian dominance, Tsar Boris I built there one of the seven cathedral churches built by him and refers to it as "one of the beautiful Bulgarian churches".[6] In the Escorial Taktikon of ca. 975, the city is mentioned as the seat of a strategos, and it apparently was the capital of a theme in the 11th century.[5] The city briefly fell to Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria at the end of the 10th century, but the Byzantine emperor Basil II quickly regained it in 1001 since its Bulgarian governor, Dobromir, surrendered the city without a fight.[5] The city is not mentioned again until the late 12th century, when it was briefly held by the Normans (1185) during their invasion of the Byzantine Empire.[5] After the Fourth Crusade (1204), it briefly became part of Boniface of Montferrat's Kingdom of Thessalonica, until the latter was conquered by the Despotate of Epirus in 1224. It changed hands again in 1246, being taken by the Emperor of Nicaea John III Doukas Vatatzes, and formed part of the restored Byzantine Empire after 1261.[5]

The 14th century was tumultuous: captured by the Serbian ruler Stephen Dushan in 1343/4, it became part of his Serbian Empire. It was recovered for Byzantium by John VI Kantakouzenos in 1350, but lost again to the Serbians soon after, becoming the domain of Radoslav Hlapen after 1358.[5] With the disintegration of the Serbian Empire, it passed once more to Byzantium by ca. 1375, but was henceforth menaced by the rising power of the Ottoman Turks. The city changed hands several times over the next decades, until the final Turkish conquest around 1430.[5]

Ottoman Veria

Ottoman Twin Hamam

The Ottomans called Veria Karaferye (lit. 'black Veria'), because of its characteristic morning mist during the humid winter seasons.[7] There is a tradition claiming that the children of the Seljuk sultan Kaykaus II had earlier settled in Veria, and that one of their descendants converted to Christianity, explaining the presence of Gagauz people in Veria. Under Ottoman rule, Veria was the seat of a kaza within the Sanjak of Salonica; by 1885, the kaza included 46 villages and chiftliks. Evliya Çelebi (17th century) reports that the city was peaceful, without walls or garrison; it had 4000 houses, 16 Muslim quarters, 15 Christian quarters, and 2 Jewish congregations. The city was a prosperous center of rice production.[8]

Under Ottoman rule, Veria continued to be a regional center of Greek commerce and learning, and counted many important Greek scholars as its natives (e.g. Ioannis Kottounios)

Veria in the Greek War of Independence

The presence of a large, prosperous and educated bourgeoisie made Veria one of the centers of Greek nationalism in the region of Macedonia, and the city's inhabitants had an active part in the Greek War of Independence; important military leaders during the uprising included Athanasios Syropoulos, Georgios Syropoulos, Dimitrios Kolemis and Georgios Kolemis, among others;[9] however, as was the case with the rest of Northern Greece, eventually the uprising was defeated, and Veria only became part of modern Greece in 1912 during the Balkan Wars, when it was taken by the Hellenic Army in October 16, 1912 (October 16 is an official holiday in Veria, commemorating the city's incorporation to Greece), and was officially annexed to Greece following the signing of the Treaty of Athens in November 1913.[8]

World War II: Veria in the Resistance

During World War II, Veria was under Nazi occupation between 1941 and 1944. An important resistance movement developed in the city, with the left-wing EAM gaining the sympathy of the inhabitants; the people of Veria took part in resistance activities, such as sabotaging the railway, assassinating SS members, and burning Nazi war material. The town asked Prokopis Kambitoglou to become the Mayor of Veria during the occupation. His role in attempting to mitigate the oppression of the Germans was rewarded after the war by the award of the Order of the Phoenix in recognition of his efforts.

Postwar

Postwar Veria saw a significant rise in population, and a greatly improved standard of living. The 1980s and 1990s in particular were a period of prosperity, with the agricultural businesses and cooperatives in the fertile plains around Veria successfully exporting their products in Europe, the US and Asia. The discovery of the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in the nearby archaeological site of Vergina (ancient Aegae, the summer capital of the Argead Dynasty of Macedon, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site), also made Veria a tourist destination.

Veria has a significant immigrant population, mainly from countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Ecclesiastical history

Berrhoea was a suffragan diocese of the Archdbishopric of Thessalonica, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The names of five of its bishops appear in extant contemporary documents:

The Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos promoted the local see to an archbishopric after 1261, and it advanced further to the rank of a metropolitan see by 1300.[5]

Latin titular see

The diocese of Berrhoea was nominally restored in 1933 by the Catholic Church as the titular bishopric of Berrhœa (Latin) / Berrea (Curiate Italian).[12]

Its is vacant since decades, having the following incumbents:

Local government — municipality

The municipality Veria was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[13]

The municipality has an area of 796.494 km2, the municipal unit 359.146 km2.[14]

Geography

River across the city

Geology

Veria is located at 40º31' North, 22º12' East, at the eastern foot of the Vermio Mountains. It lies on a plateau at the western edge of the Central Macedonia plain, north of the Haliacmon River. The town straddles the Tripotamos (river), a Haliacmon tributary that provides hydroelectric power to the national electric power transmission network and irrigation water to agricultural customers of the Veria plain.

Climate

Veria has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) that borders on a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Since the city lies in a transitional climatic zone, its climate displays characteristics of continental, semi-arid and subtropical/Mediterranean climates. Summers (from April to October) are hot (often exceptionally hot) and dry (or mildly humid, with rainfalls that occur during thunderstorms), and winters (from mid-October to March) are wet and cool, but temperatures remain above or well above freezing (meteorological phenomenon of Alkyonides). Snow typically falls once or twice a season. Major temperature swings between day and night are seldom.

Climate data for Veria
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8)		 24.0
(75.2)		 25.4
(77.7)		 31.0
(87.8)		 35.0
(95)		 39.0
(102.2)		 41.0
(105.8)		 42.1
(107.8)		 35.9
(96.6)		 33.5
(92.3)		 27.0
(80.6)		 25.6
(78.1)		 42.1
(107.8)
Average high °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)		 10.8
(51.4)		 14.5
(58.1)		 19.4
(66.9)		 25.1
(77.2)		 29.5
(85.1)		 31.3
(88.3)		 30.9
(87.6)		 27.8
(82)		 21.6
(70.9)		 14.3
(57.7)		 10.1
(50.2)		 20.4
(68.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3)		 5.9
(42.6)		 9.4
(48.9)		 14.1
(57.4)		 19.6
(67.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 24.7
(76.5)		 21.1
(70)		 15.6
(60.1)		 9.5
(49.1)		 5.7
(42.3)		 15
(59.02)
Average low °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1)		 1.4
(34.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 8.2
(46.8)		 12.8
(55)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.0
(64.4)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 9.9
(49.8)		 5.3
(41.5)		 1.8
(35.2)		 9.2
(48.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4)		 −11.0
(12.2)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 7.7
(45.9)		 14.6
(58.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 13.5
(56.3)		 7.1
(44.8)		 1.1
(34)		 −3
(27)		 −5
(23)		 −12
(10.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.5
(1.752)		 49.0
(1.929)		 56.4
(2.22)		 45.0
(1.772)		 42.0
(1.654)		 29.7
(1.169)		 14.1
(0.555)		 16.2
(0.638)		 16.1
(0.634)		 55.7
(2.193)		 68.1
(2.681)		 69.1
(2.72)		 505.9
(19.917)
Average precipitation days 8.2 9.1 9.5 8.6 8.6 5.1 3.9 3.5 3.6 7.5 9.9 9.2 86.7
Average relative humidity (%) 76.4 73.0 73.2 68.3 64.2 57.9 57.5 62.8 66.8 73.1 77.1 78.2 69.04
Mean monthly sunshine hours 117.1 120.4 143.8 190.4 234.9 295.3 309.6 290.6 224.9 162.1 118.3 109.1 2,316.5
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service, National Observatory of Athens

Economy

View across Roloi (Clock) Square

The modern town has cotton and woolen mills and trades in wheat, fruit and vegetables. Lignite mines operate in the area. The largest wind farm in Greece is to be constructed in the Vermio Mountains by Acciona, S.A.. It will consist of 174 wind turbines, which will be connected to the national electric power transmission network, generating 614 MW.

Infrastructure - transport

Veria is linked to Thessaloniki by the Thessaloniki-Edessa railway, with connections to Athens and Alexandroupoli. Veria is connected to the motorway system of Greece and Europe through Egnatia Odos, the Greek part of the European route E90. It is also connected to more than 500 local and national destinations via the national coach network (KTEL). Thessaloniki International Airport "Macedonia" is the closest international airport, located 88 km (55 mi) east-northeast of Veria.

Culture

Veria

Entrance to the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, Aigai (mod. name Vergina)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Location Central Macedonia Region, Veria Municipality, Greece
Edit this at Wikidata
Coordinates 40°31′13″N 22°12′07″E / 40.5203°N 22.2019°E / 40.5203; 22.2019
Criteria i, iii
Reference 780
Inscription 1996 (20th Session)
Website www.veria.gr
Location of Veria

The city boasts a considerable number of Byzantine monuments, as well as post-Byzantine churches built on Byzantine foundations.[5] The most significant Byzantine monument is the Anastasis Church (Church of the Resurrection) with its "spectacular frescoes" from 1315, bearing comparison with some of the finest works of Palaiologan art in the main Byzantine centres of Thessaloniki and Constantinople.[5] Of the city's thirteen mosques, eight survive, including the Old Metropolis, which had been converted into the Hünkar Mosque, as well as the Orta Mosque, Mendrese Mosque, and the Mahmud Çelebi Mosque. Four other mosques, the Subashi, Bayir, Yola Geldi, and Barbuta mosques, are now used as private residences. The Twin Hamam also survives, as well as a number of Ottoman public buildings of the late 19th century. The city's famous bezesten, however, burned down in the great fire of 1864.[15]

Museums in Veria include the Archaeological Museum of Veroia, the Byzantine Museum of Veroia, the Folklore Museum of Veroia, a museum of modern Greek history and a laographical museum. There is also a 19th-century Jewish synagogue in the protected Jewish neighbourhood.

The archaeological site of Aegae/Aigai (Αἰγαί; modern name Vergina), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, lies 12 km (7 mi) south-east of the city centre of Veria.

Every summer (August 15 to September 15) the "Imathiotika" festivities take place with a rich cultural program deriving mainly from Veria's tradition. The site of Elia offers great natural beauty and with an amazing view of the Imathia plain. Neighboring Seli is a well-known ski resort and a few kilometers outside the city is the Aliakmonas river dam.

Education

Veria has one of the largest public libraries in Greece. Originally a small single-room library with limited funds and material, it expanded into a four-story building offering multimedia, and special and rare editions. Veria's public library collaborates with many international organizations and hosts several cultural events. In 2010, it won the Access to Learning Award (ATLA) prize nominated by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the amount of $1.000.000. Since then, the library became a role model for other libraries in Greece.[16]

The Department of Spatial Planning and Development Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was located in Veria since 2004, but in 2013 it was relocated to Thessaloniki.[17]

Twin towns — sister cities

Veria is twinned with:

Sports

Veria is home to many sports clubs. Most prominent is the handball team of Filippos Veria, competing in the first national division and which has won many championships (both national and international) over the last 40 years. The most famous is Veria FC which competes in Superleague Greece (Greece's 1st division). Veria also has two basketball teams, AOK Veria and Filippos Veria, which compete in the local and third national division respectively.

Sport clubs based in Veria
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Veria F.C. 1960Football Presence in A Ethniki
Filippos Veria 1962Handball, Basketball Panhellenic titles in Greek Handball
GE Veria HandballPanhellenic titles in Greek Handball
Pontioi Verias F.C.1984FootballEarlier presence in Beta Ethniki
AOK Veria1998BasketballEarlier presence in A2 Ethniki women

Notable locals

Ioannes Kottounios, Renaissance humanist and professor of Philosophy at various Italian universities, was born in Veria in 1577.[19]
Metrophanes Kritopoulos (1589–1639); theologian and Patriarch of Alexandria

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. ↑ veria.gr Veria:Its history (greek) Archived March 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. accessed June 1, 2008.
  3. ↑ Λούκιος ή Όνος 34.15-17
  4. ↑ (greek) hellasportal.gr,Apostle Paul preach in Veria, accessed June 1, 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Berroia in Macedonia". In Kazhdan, Alexander. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  6. ↑ Migne, Jacques Paul. Patrologia Graeca, t. 126, col. 529.
  7. ↑ http://www.veria.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=136:antidixarxoi&catid=77:upiresies&Itemid=227
  8. 1 2 Ménage, V.L. (1978). "Karaferye". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Bosworth, C. E. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-05745-5.
  9. ↑ Ανέκδοτα έγγραφα και άγνωστα στοιχεία για κλεφταρματολούς και για την επανάσταση (1821–1822) στη Μακεδονία και ιδιαίτερα στον Όλυμπο, Γεώργιος Χ. Χιονίδης, Βέροια 1979
  10. ↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 69-74
  11. ↑ Raymond Janin, v. 1. Berrhée in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 885-887
  12. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838
  13. ↑ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
  14. ↑ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  15. ↑ Marge, Anastasia I.; Matskani, Anna S. (2007). Η οθωμανική αρχιτεκτονική στην πόλη της Βέροιας [The Ottoman architecture in the city of Veroia]. Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες (in Greek) (105): 72–78. ISSN 1108-2402.
  16. ↑ "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Access to Learning Award (ATLA)". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  17. ↑ Athena plan News247.gr
  18. 1 2 "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
  19. ↑ Merry, Bruce (2004). Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 239. ISBN 0-313-30813-6. KOTTOUNIOS, IOANNES (1577–1658) Born at Beroia (Macedonia)
Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
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