Bernard Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae

Brigadier The Right Honourable
The Lord Ballantrae
KT, GCMG, GCVO, DSO, OBE
10th Governor-General of New Zealand
In office
9 November 1962 – 20 October 1967
Monarch Elizabeth II
Preceded by The Viscount Cobham
Succeeded by Sir Arthur Porritt
Personal details
Born (1911-05-06)6 May 1911
Died 28 November 1980(1980-11-28) (aged 69)
Nationality British
Relations David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow (grandfather)
Sir James Fergusson (grandfather)
Sir Charles Fergusson (father)
Military service
Allegiance United Kingdom United Kingdom
Service/branch  British Army British Army
Years of service 1931–1958
Rank Brigadier
Unit Black Watch
Commands 1st Battalion, Black Watch
Director of Combined Operations
16th Infantry Brigade
Battles/wars Second World War
Awards Distinguished Service Order
Officer of the Order of the British Empire
Mentioned in Despatches

Brigadier Bernard Edward Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae, KT, GCMG, GCVO, DSO, OBE (6 May 1911 – 28 November 1980)[1] was a British Army officer, a military historian and the last British-born Governor-General of New Zealand.

Early life and family

Fergusson was born on 6 May 1911, the third son and fourth child of Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet and his wife Lady Alice Mary Boyle, a daughter of David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow. His older brother was Sir James Fergusson, 8th Baronet of Kilkerran. Both his grandfathers had previously served as Governors of New Zealand and his father had served as Governor-General.

Fergusson married Laura Margaret Grenfell (born 14 April 1920, died 1979) on 22 November 1950 and they had one child, Hon George Duncan Raukawa Fergusson (born 30 September 1955)[2] who served as British High Commissioner to New Zealand from 2006 to 2010 and Governor of Bermuda from 2012.

Laura Grenfell was accidentally killed in 1979 when gales blew a tree onto the car in which she was travelling.[3]

Military service

Fergusson was educated at Eton and Sandhurst. From Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Black Watch as a second lieutenant on 27 August 1931.[4] He was promoted to lieutenant on 27 August 1934.[5] He served in the British Mandate of Palestine and became ADC to General Wavell, then a major-general commanding the 2nd Infantry Division, on 11 March 1937.[6] In October 1937, he was on secondment to the Green Howards.[7] Fergusson was promoted to captain on 27 August 1939, only a few days before the outbreak of the Second World War.[8]

In 1940, Fergusson was serving as brigade major for the 46th Infantry Brigade before becoming a general staff officer in the Middle East. In October 1943 he was promoted to acting brigadier and given command of the 16th Infantry Brigade which was converted into a Chindit formation for operations in the deep jungles of Burma miles behind Japanese lines. He commanded this brigade throughout the Chindit operations of 1944 before becoming Director of Combined Operations from 1945 to 1946. He ended the war as a major (war-substantive lieutenant-colonel). After the war, he held various positions, including command of the 1st Battalion, Black Watch. He was brevetted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 July 1951,[9] promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 5 March 1952[10] and promoted to colonel on 6 May 1952.[11] He retired on 13 December 1958 with the honorary rank of brigadier.[12]

Service in the British Mandate of Palestine

In 1946, having failed his attempt to be elected to parliament, he returned to Palestine in the rank of a brigadier, and was appointed to several positions in British Mandate of Palestine police and para-military forces. At first he served as the commander of the "Police Mobile Force", a police unit of 2,000 British soldiers, that was used as a strike force against the Jewish insurrection. By the end of 1946 the unit was disbanded, by the order of the Palestine Police commandant, Col. William Nicol Gray. Fergusson was appointed as the commander of a police school that was supposed to be created in Jenin, but soon he was appointed by Gray to be "Special assistant to the commandant of police".

Fergusson suggested to Gray, who was himself a former Royal Marine, that a special unit to fight Jewish insurrectionists be formed. This unit would include former soldiers who had served in the British special forces during the war. Gray accepted the idea and ordered the creation of two teams, whose members were chosen from Palestine policemen and ex-SAS soldiers. One team would operate in Haifa and the north, while the second team would operate in the Jerusalem area. War hero Roy Farran was appointed as the commander of the second team.

On 6 May 1947, Farran's unit arrested 16-year-old Alexander Rubowitz, who was putting up posters in Jerusalem for the Jewish underground organisation the Lehi. Rubowitz was taken by Farran's team, and tortured to force him to surrender his friend's names. The boy did not survive the torture. His body was dumped and never found. Suspicions of Farran's involvement were first raised after a grey trilby hat, bearing an indistinct name compatible with his, was found near the street corner where Rubowitz was seen being pushed into a car. In 2004 British secret documents were revealed that included a statement by Fergusson, written at the time of the event, to the effect that Farran confessed to Fergusson of the murder. Fergusson then reported the incident to Gray.[13]

Gray was reluctant to take action against Farran, believing he could use some information produced from Rubowitz by Farran to crack the Lehi in Jerusalem. Gray believed that arresting Farran would ruin these efforts. While Gray was on leave in England, the acting CID commandant, Arthur Giles, ordered an investigation into Farran's actions. Farran escaped to Syria to avoid arrest, but was convinced by Fergusson to return voluntarily. He then escaped from custody and went to Jordan before again returning of his own accord. He was brought to trial in a British military court in Jerusalem.

At Farran's trial, Fergusson refused to testify on the grounds that he might incriminate himself. The Palestine government announced that no action would be taken against Fergusson. After the trial, which ended with Farran's acquittal, Fergusson was relieved of his duties in Palestine and returned to Britain.[14][15]

Suez

Gerald Templer was impressed by Fergusson's performance in the Malayan Emergency and during the Suez crisis he was put in charge of the psychological warfare component of Britain's plan to retake the Suez canal and overthrow Nasser. Fergusson made plans for an extensive campaign of propaganda to accompany a ruthless use of air power against Alexandria. The plan eventually employed was very different and consequently psychological warfare had little impact on Egyptian public opinion or morale. British propaganda radio station assertions that Nasser was a tool of Zionism and that Egypt should attack Israel brought strong protests from Golda Meir.[16]

Governor-General of New Zealand

Fergusson as Governor-General (left) with the Mayor of Shannon, Mr P. K. Robinson.

In 1962, Fergusson was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, serving until 1967. His father Sir Charles Fergusson had also been Governor-General, and both of his grandfathers, Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet and David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow, had been Governors of New Zealand.

He was created a life peer on 10 July 1972 as Baron Ballantrae, of Auchairne in the County of Ayrshire and The Bay of Islands in New Zealand.[17]

Lord Ballantrae served as Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1973 until his death in 1980.

Memorial Scholarship

The Bernard Fergusson Memorial Scholarship was established in 1982 by the late Maori Queen, Dame Te Atairangikaahu, from a fund raised on her behalf in memory of Fergusson, as he was a particular friend of the Tainui people.

The purpose of the award is to assist a member of the Tainui Tribal Confederation resident in the Tainui Maori Trust Board area to enrol as an undergraduate student in the University of Waikato, who but for the award, might otherwise not be able to attend the University.[18]

Styles

Honours and awards

Knight of the Order of the Thistle (KT) 30 November 1974[19]
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) 3 September 1962[20]
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) 11 February 1963[21]
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) 5 August 1943 (Burma)[22]
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) King's Birthday Honours, 8 June 1950[23]
Knight of the Order of St John (KStJ) 1961[24]
General Service Medal with 3 clasps
1939-1945 Star
Africa Star
Burma Star
Defence Medal
War Medal 1939–1945 with MiD
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953

Arms

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Ronald Lewin, ‘Fergusson, Bernard Edward, Baron Ballantrae (1911–1980)’, rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 3 April 2009
  2. ↑ The Peerage, entry for Laura Grenfell
  3. ↑ The Daily Mail, published 22 April 2012
  4. ↑ "No. 33748". The London Gazette. 28 August 1931. p. 5624.
  5. ↑ "No. 34082". The London Gazette. 28 August 1934. p. 5461.
  6. ↑ "No. 34379". The London Gazette. 12 March 1937. p. 1642.
  7. ↑ "No. 34459". The London Gazette. 30 November 1937. p. 7517.
  8. ↑ "No. 34660". The London Gazette. 29 August 1939. p. 5918.
  9. ↑ "No. 39397". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 November 1951. p. 6239.
  10. ↑ "No. 39543". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 May 1952. p. 2708.
  11. ↑ "No. 39764". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 January 1953. p. 617.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette, 16 December 1958
  13. ↑ Nick Kardahji (2007). "A Measure of Restraint: The Palestine Police and the End of the British Mandate" (PDF). MPhil Thesis, Modern Middle East Studies. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  14. ↑ Farran, Fergusson may be in UK, Palestine Post, 1947/10/08
  15. ↑ No action against Col. Fergusson, Palestine Post, 1947/10/16
  16. ↑ Kyle, K. (2003). Suez: Britain's end of empire in the Middle East. London: Tauris. pp. 235–239. ISBN 1-86064-811-8.
  17. ↑ "No. 45725". The London Gazette. 13 July 1972. p. 8357.
  18. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  19. ↑ "No. 46421". The London Gazette. 3 December 1074. p. 12169.
  20. ↑ "No. 42776". The London Gazette. 7 September 1962. p. 7041.
  21. ↑ "No. 42969". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1963. p. 3327.
  22. ↑ "No. 36120". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 August 1943. p. 3522.
  23. ↑ "No. 38929". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1950. p. 2781.
  24. ↑ "No. 42722". The London Gazette. 3 July 1962. p. 5305.
Government offices
Preceded by
The Viscount Cobham		 Governor-General of New Zealand
1962–1967 		Succeeded by
Sir Arthur Porritt
Academic offices
Preceded by
The 14th Duke of Hamilton		 Chancellor of the University of St Andrews
1973–1980 		Succeeded by
Kenneth Dover
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