Berlin Brandenburg Airport

Berlin Brandenburg Airport Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg (under construction)
IATA: BER ICAO: EDDB
Summary
Airport type	Public
Operator	Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH
Serves	Berlin,  Germany
Location	Schönefeld
Opened	2019 (scheduled)
Elevation AMSL	157 ft / 48 m
Coordinates	52°22′00″N 013°30′12″E / 52.36667°N 13.50333°E / 52.36667; 13.50333Coordinates: 52°22′00″N 013°30′12″E / 52.36667°N 13.50333°E / 52.36667; 13.50333
Website	www.berlin-airport.de/en/ber/
Map
BER Location at the Berlin-Brandenburg border
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 07L/25R 3,600 11,811 Asphalt 07R/25L 4,000 13,123 Concrete

Berlin Brandenburg Airport (IATA: BER, ICAO: EDDB) (German: Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg Willy Brandt) is an international airport under construction, located adjacent to the current Berlin Schönefeld Airport in Schönefeld, 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of the city centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. It was originally intended to replace both Schönefeld and Berlin Tegel Airport, and to become the single commercial airport serving Berlin and the surrounding state of Brandenburg, an area with a combined 6 million inhabitants. However, it is now planned that it will only replace Tegel, and the old Schönefeld airport is currently being expanded^[1] because it will still be required to cope with rising passenger numbers.^[2]

With a projected annual passenger number of around 34 million,^[3] Berlin Brandenburg Airport would become the third busiest airport in Germany, surpassing Düsseldorf Airport, and one of the fifteen busiest in Europe. Air Berlin,^[4] Germanwings and easyJet are expected to become the leading carriers at Berlin Brandenburg Airport, having announced the intent to relocate and keep their hub / base operations there which they currently maintain at Tegel and Schönefeld airports today.

After almost 15 years of planning, construction began in 2006. Originally planned to open in 2010, the airport has encountered a series of delays and cost overruns due to poor construction planning, execution, management, and corruption.^[5][6][7] Current estimates suggest the airport will open in 2019.^[8][9]

History

Aviation in Schönefeld

Berlin Brandenburg Airport is located just south of Berlin Schönefeld Airport, which opened as an airfield to accommodate the local Henschel aircraft plant on 15 October 1934. During the Battle of Berlin, on 22 April 1945, Soviet troops occupied the airfield. In 1946, the headquarters of the Soviet Air Forces moved to Schönefeld from Johannisthal Air Field, and commercial flights (initially by Aeroflot) began.

During the following years, Schönefeld Airport became the most important civilian airport in the newly founded German Democratic Republic (East Germany), with national flag carrier Interflug based there. In 1976, the modern passenger terminal currently known as Terminal A opened.

Plans for a new Berlin Airport

Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the German federal capital and leaders made plans to recognise the city's increased importance by constructing a large commercial airport, as Tegel Airport, Schönefeld Airport and Tempelhof Airport were aging and becoming increasingly congested due to rising passenger numbers. To ensure the economical viability of the project, they pursued the single airport concept, that is, the new airport would become the sole commercial airport for Berlin and Brandenburg. As a consequence, they planned to close Tegel, Schönefeld and Tempelhof upon opening the new airport, and to ban commercial aviation from any other airport in Brandenburg.

On 2 May 1991, the Berlin Brandenburg Flughafen Holding GmbH (BBF) was founded, owned by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg (37 percent each) and the Federal Republic of Germany (the remaining 26 percent). Eberhard Diepgen, Mayor of Berlin, became the first chairman of the supervisory board. The holding company announced on 20 June 1993 that Sperenberg Airfield, Jüterbog Airfield and the area south of Schönefeld Airport — the final choice, were considered possible sites for the new airport, with each site advocated by various factions in the ensuing political discussion.^[10] Concerning land-use planning and noise issues, rural Sperenberg and Jüterbog were considered more suitable for construction of a large airport. Economics favored an airport located near the city center with existing road and rail links (as it is the case with Schönefeld).^[10][11]

On 28 May 1996, Mayor Diepgen, Minister-President of Brandenburg Manfred Stolpe and Federal Minister for Transport Matthias Wissmann committed to Schönefeld as the site for the new airport. This so-called consensus decision was later affirmed by the respective state legislatures.^[12] The new airport will even use some infrastructure, such as a runway, from the current Schönefeld Airport.

Failed privatization

Originally, BBF hoped the new airport would be owned and operated by a private investor. They called for proposals, which led to two bidding consortia emerging as serious contenders. One was led by Hochtief, through its Hochtief Airport subsidiary, and included ABB, Fraport and Bankengesellschaft Berlin as partners. The other was comprised IVG, Flughafen Wien AG, Dorsch-Consult, Commerzbank and Caisse des Dépôts. On 19 September 1998, BBF announced that the Hochtief consortium had been granted the exclusive authority to negotiate the terms and conditions for an acquisition of the Berlin Brandenburg Airport holding and the construction and subsequent operation of the new airport for 50 years.^[13]

On 31 March 1999, BBF officially commissioned Hochtief and its partners to construct the new airport, causing IVG to file a lawsuit. The Brandenburg Oberlandesgericht indeed acknowledged the concerns voiced by IVG. In its review, it found that in certain points, the assessment of the applications had been biased towards Hochtief, which led to annulment of the contract award on 3 August of that year.^[14]

In a new attempt to receive the contract to construct and operate the new airport, Hochtief Airport and IVG teamed up and created a plan for a joint bid on 10 November 2000.^[15] At the time, BBF hoped that the planning approval could be completed in 2002, with the tentative opening in 2007.^[16]

When Hochtief/IVG submitted its bid in February 2002, the BBF board consisted of Manfred Stolpe, now Federal Minister of Transportation; Klaus Wowereit, who replaced Eberhard Diepgen as Mayor of Berlin and chair of the board; and Matthias Platzeck, who replaced Stolpe as Minister-President of Brandenburg. The board determined that the proposal would not be practical and voted 22 May 2003 to scrap the privatization plan.^[17] Hochtief and IVG received approximately €50 million compensation for their planning effort.

Public ownership and construction permit

The new Berlin airport would be planned, owned and operated by BBF Holding, which became Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH (FBB) shortly afterwards, and remained under the ownership of Berlin, Brandenburg and the federal government. On 13 August 2004, the Brandenburg state ministry for infrastructure and regional policy granted approval for the development of Schönefeld Airport into new Berlin Brandenburg International Airport.^[18]

A legal battle ensued, as local residents filed lawsuits against the ministry's decision. The dispute ended 16 March 2006, when the Federal Administrative Court of Germany rejected the residents' arguments, but imposed stipulations on the flight operations at the new airport.^[19] Thus, the construction permit was granted only under the condition that once operational, the number of people living in the approach path would be lower, compared to the situation surrounding the three existing airports — Tegel, Schönefeld, Tempelhof.^[20] Therefore, it was mandatory for Tegel and Schönefeld to close (Tempelhof was already decommissioned in 2008) once Berlin's air traffic is concentrated at the new airport.^[21]

Financing

By 2006, the construction cost was budgeted at €2.83 billion, which FBB achieved by a credit raising of €2.4 billion, a bank deposit of €430 million by the FBB partners, and an additional €440 million of equity capital provided by FBB.^[22]

During construction, it became clear that the airport would become significantly more expensive due to underestimating the actual costs in an over-optimistic calculation; construction flaws; and increased expenses for soundproofing nearby homes. The series of delays in opening is expected to lead to a number of lawsuits against FBB, which may result in large-scale damage compensation for the affected airlines and airport businesses. Air Berlin already announced its intention of such a move.^[23]

By late 2012, expenditures for Berlin Brandenburg Airport totalled €4.3 billion, nearly twice the originally anticipated figure.^[24]

It became clear in November 2015 that the financial concept of the airport will remain fundamentally flawed. The main purpose of the many stores planned at the airport was to serve passengers who were changing planes, assuming that Berlin would be a big international hub. It was acknowledged in 2015, however, for the first time that competition between the hubs was already too stiff and that Frankfurt and Heathrow would resist losing passenger shares without a price war and that few if any airlines would leave their hubs for Berlin. Thus the only remaining potential airline for operating a hub was Air Berlin, which was in financial difficulties and did not plan to provide long distance service anytime soon. The expected income and profit through shops and layover passengers will remain elusive.^[25][26]

German Railways Deutsche Bahn may also sue for non-usage of the ghost station below the airport.^[27] The airport is supposed to pay damages as of 2 May 2016.^[28][29]

In November 2015, auditors with the Brandenburg Comptroller concluded that financial control executed by Berlin and Brandenburg and Germany over the airport as owners was insufficient and inefficient.^[30]

The Comptroller published a 400-page report in February 2016 describing the flawed including counting several construction lapses. This led the BER boss to retaliate publicly against the comptroller on 27 February decrying the release of the numbers.^[31]

Soundproofing nearby homes will become €50 million more expensive due to a verdict of the main administrative court of the states Berlin and Brandenburg.^[32] As of 5 May 2016 the court decided in favor of 25,500 plaintiffs. See also: Federal Administrative Court of Germany. The important directive of the verdict is that it is rooms must be provided with adequate ventilation if windows are closed due to noise and the airport authority must also determine how air inside the structures can be vented.

The airport avoided liability claims against Imtech and other firms involved in the construction of the infamous fire exhaustion system.^[33]

Financing for the entire airport appeared headed toward bankruptcy in June 2016 due to the EU's unwillingness approve a pending request for €2.5 billion bringing the project to €6.9 billion. If the request was denied, the airport authority stated it would be bankrupt by August 2016.^[34][35] The EU permitted an additional €2.2 billion on 3 August 2016.^[36] A €2.4 billion loan was signed on 13 February 2017 containing €1.1bn for financing and €1.3bn to resolve old, bad loans. The German federal government and the states of Berlin and Brandenburg guaranteed the debt.^[37]

Current total costs amount to €5.4 billion.^{[38][39][40][41][42]} Revised plans suggest additional costs amounting to an extra €2.19 billion. As of 3 June 2015, Germany applied for an additional €2.5bn spending approval from the EU, in addition to the previous total of €4.3 billion, bringing total costs to €6.8bn.^[43][44][45] The EU would only permit an additional €2.2bn, which it did on 3 August 2016.^[46][47][36] Although the airport has yet to open, officials are planning a possible third runway for approximately €1 billion and other new projects such as an additional terminal, expanded baggage system and another freight facility. The total additional spending would amount to €3.2 billion.^[48] The board warned of a further rise in costs because the airport will not open before 2017. The current time-cost frame is limited to 2016;^[49] the estimated cost of €6.9 billion is current as of May 2016.^[50]

Naming

During much of the planning and construction phase, the new airport was known as Berlin Brandenburg International Airport, abbreviated BBI, until it was discovered that the IATA code BBI already referred to Biju Patnaik International Airport, also known as Bhubaneswar Airport, in India. When the planned and missed opening date of 2 June 2012 drew nearer, the FBB launched a marketing campaign introducing the BER branding, reflecting the new airport code.^[51]

In 2007, the FBB board decided that Berlin Brandenburg Airport would be given a second name, honoring a person with a distinctive link to the city of Berlin.^[52] On 11 December 2009, the decision was made in favor of Willy Brandt.^[53] The Nobel Peace laureate of 1971 served as mayor of West Berlin from 1957 to 1966 and as West German chancellor from 1969 to 1974. Berlin mayor Klaus Wowereit and Minister-President of Brandenburg Matthias Platzeck, both members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) which Brandt led from 1964 to 1987, led the effort to add Brandt's name to the airport.

Other suggested honorees included Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg; Albert Einstein and Marlene Dietrich, from members of the Christian Democratic Union; Gustav Stresemann, by the Free Democratic Party; and Otto Lilienthal, advocated by the Green Party.^[52]

As a result of the ongoing problems affecting the airport to this day and the continuous negative publicity it gets in the German press, the Willy Brandt Foundation considered revoking the airport's permission to bear the former chancellor's name, as such an ongoing association might be considered disrespectful towards his legacy. However, no such measure has been taken so far.

Construction progress

To make way for the new airport, two villages were removed. The 335 inhabitants of Diepensee received compensation and were offered new homes in Königs Wusterhausen, a move that was completed by late 2004. The 35 villagers of Selchow were resettled to Großziethen in mid-2005.^[54][55]:16

After nearly 15 years of planning, actual construction work for Berlin Brandenburg Airport began on 5 September 2006.^[56]

In November 2007, the BER-Infotower opened a 32 metres (105 ft) high public observation tower and information center,^[57] part of the airport's visitor facilities, which also had a webcam of the construction progress.^[58] The transparent and twisted structure was originally intended to be temporary, with a scheduled removal announced in 2016.^[59]

Construction of the terminal building began in July 2008.^[60] On 8 and 9 May 2010, the airport celebrated its topping out with open days at the airport site.^[61] On 30 October 2011, the railway line and terminal station were ready for service, however no scheduled trains will operate until the opening.

Operating tests and service trials began on 24 November 2011, based on the anticipated opening date of 3 June 2012. A total of 12,000 volunteers participated in simulated check-in, security screening, boarding and baggage claim. The tests used 15,000 pieces of luggage in the automated baggage processing system and covered nighttime operations and emergency scenarios.^[62] This phase also saw the acceptance tests of various airport systems. It became clear on 8 May 2012 that the building could not open on schedule, officially due to the failure of the fire protection system. In reality, according to a Brandenburg State Audit report in February 2016, the usability of the airport was at 56.2% (there were no ticket counters, the escalators did not work, etc.), and there was no realistic chance that it could be used "reasonably successfuly" in 2012.^[63] Legal implications concerning the failed 2012 opening are likely following the publication of the 2016 report.^[64][65]

Delayed opening and construction flaws

Timeline

The construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport has suffered from continued delays.

2006

When construction of the terminal building began in 2006, FBB announced 30 October 2011 as the opening day for the new facility.^[66] A few days after the 14 June 2010 topping out ceremony, FBB announced that construction deadlines could not be met, and postponed the opening to 3 June 2012. This was blamed on the bankruptcy of pg bbi, the construction planning company.^[67]

2012

As the new date drew nearer, airlines amended their timetables to reflect their plans to operate from BER, and airport shops and restaurants prepared for the opening. As the airports in Tegel and Schönefeld were to close once the last flights of 2 June had been serviced, a major logistics operation for moving the airports' infrastructure was launched. Vehicles, equipment and supplies that were needed at Tegel until the final moments would have been transported to BER during the night of 2–3 June. To allow this, the authorities planned to restrict the highways linking the two airports (A113, A100 and parts of A111) to airport traffic only.^[68] Rundfunk Berlin Brandenburg, the national broadcaster for Berlin and Brandenburg, scheduled 24 hours of continuous live coverage of the airport move.^[69] A special Lufthansa flight to Frankfurt Airport, operated with an Airbus A380, was scheduled as the first departure from the new airport on 3 June at 06:00.^[69]

Just 26 days before the move, on 8 May 2012, FBB again postponed the opening date, canceling moving plans and in some cases reversing actions already completed. It cited technical difficulties, primarily concerning the fire safety and smoke exhaust systems, for the delay.^[70] As a result, FBB dismissed Manfred Körtgen, the director for technical affairs, and replaced him with Horst Amann. It also announced 17 March 2013 as the new opening date for BER, however, this was soon met by doubts related to the large number of construction flaws and problems that inspectors continued to find.^[71]

In early September 2012, FBB further postponed the opening to 27 October 2013.^[72] Again, media and experts, most notably Peter Ramsauer, Federal Minister for Construction and Infrastructure, voiced doubts about the deadline.^[73]

2013

FBB announced on 6 January 2013 that the opening would be further delayed, at least until 2014; however, no definite opening date was given.^[24] As a consequence, Klaus Wowereit resigned as chairman of the supervisory board, and was replaced by Matthias Platzeck, who previously had served as his deputy. The board also dismissed Rainer Schwarz, the CEO of FBB, on 16 January.^[74] By January 2013, FBB had announced and canceled four official opening dates.^[6][24] FBB named Hartmut Mehdorn, previously CEO of Deutsche Bahn (1999–2011) and Air Berlin (2011–2013), as Schwarz's replacement on 8 March 2013.^[75]

2014–15

On 8 January 2014, FBB announced the airport would not open in 2014,^[76] and on 24 February, Mehdorn stated it was unlikely the airport would open before 2016.^[77] In remarks made in August 2014, he pointed towards 2017 or 2018.^[78] Mehdorn announced no opening date by 14 October 2014, so a special commission established by the Brandenburg Parliament retained oversight of the project.^{[79][80][81][82][83]}

Citing dissatisfaction with construction progress, members of the airport board indicated during their 8 December 2014 meeting that they were beginning the search for a new CEO, although Mehdorn's contract ran through 2016.^[84] One week later, Mehdorn announced he would resign as soon as the board named a successor, but no later than June 2015.^[85][86] Karsten Mühlenfeld, former head of Rolls Royce Germany,^[87][88] replaced him as airport CEO in March. On 20 March 2015, Mehdorn again faced questions from the Investigative Commission of Berlin's parliament.^[89][90] Mehdorn eventually ceased all public duties on 21 May 2015, citing health concerns.^[91]

Berlin's mayor Michael Müller was appointed the new head of the control board (Aufsichtsrat) on 3 July 2015.^[92] However, he had disagreements with Mühlenfeld, primarily over the opening date.^{[93][94][95][96]} Led by Mayor Müller, the board insisted on an opening in 2017.^[97]

A former manager for BER was taken into remand for alleged bribery on 13 May 2015.^[98] An Imtech manager is alleged to have given bribes to a BER manager at a highway gas station in 2012.^[99] Imtech built parts of the fire exhaustion system.

The German branch of (Dutch) Royal Imtech filed for bankruptcy on 6 August 2015,^[100] and its parent company went bankrupt a few days later.^{[101][102][103]} As a result, Martin Delius, leader of the commission of enquiry into the failures during the airport's construction, stated that the planned opening in late 2017 was doubtful.^[104]

In August 2015, new allegations of corruption were published in the Bild newspaper.^[105] According to the paper, some large contractors filed additional payment demands after completion of their respective projects within BER, and received the complete requested payments with almost no objections. Lawyers reviewing the process stated that the high percentage of claims granted approval was unique and extraordinary. As a result, all payments, beginning from the start of the project, were to be reviewed.^[105] The projected opening in 2017 was declared unlikely around the same time.^[106]

2016

By 2016, further consequences of the low likelihood of a 2017 opening appeared on the horizon. Tegel's permit was set to expire at the end of 2017, but if Tegel is closed before BER is opened, massive disruptions would occur, as Tegel handled over 60% of all passenger traffic in Berlin.^[107] This led to expectations that pressure to open BER would mount drastically.^[108]

In April 2016, press spokesman Daniel Abbou was fired after giving a "too honest" interview, in which he stated that billions of euros had been squandered and that only someone "dependent on medication will give you any firm guarantees for this airport."^[109][110]

By May 2016, it had become clear that the expedited approval of the underground station would not occur, effectively guaranteeing that the airport would not open in 2017.^[111]

On 23 August 2016, a former Imtech department head admitted in court to taking €150,000 in bribes on a parking lot next to a highway.^[112]

At the end of August 2016, it was announced that the airport had missed an internal deadline, and that the permissions for the next phase of construction could not be issued because the fire protection system for the connection between the airport and railway station lacked sufficient documentation.^[113] These conditions were met on 6 October 2016.^[114] The conditions for the final construction approval would only be met on 27 January 2017.^[115][116]

The project management missed a 7 October 2016 deadline to announce a definite opening date for the airport.^[117] In October 2016, traffic commission chairman Burkert declared that an opening in 2017 was impossible.^[118]

By the end of 2016, unfinished construction and corrective work indicated that an opening prior to late 2017 was unlikely.^{[119][120][121][122][123]} Ryanair marketing head Kenny Jacobs suggested March 2018.^[124] In December 2016, Mühlenfeld hinted at a possible 2018 opening.^{[125][126][127][128]}

2017

In January 2017, it became clear that the airport would not open in 2017.^{[129][130][131]} Estimates suggested that the airport would open in 2018 or 2019, at the latest.^{[132][133][134][135][136][137][138]} Recent reports mentioned the 3rd quarter of 2019.^[139][140] On 6 March 2017, Lütke Daldrup was appointed as new head of project to replace Mühlenfeld;^{[141][142][143]} The target opening was pushed certainly to 2018 or 2019,^[144] and 2020 became an option.^[145] The payment ability of the airport was expected to last until 2018.^[146] The airport filed a complaint regarding the release of secret information.^[147][148] Rainer Breitschenider was appointed head of the supervisory board on 17 March 2017.^[149] Mayor Mueller confirmed that the airport will not be ready until 2019.^[150]

Construction failures

The most significant cause for the continuing delays has been the fire protection and alarm system. In the terminal building, the system was not built according to the construction permit, and failed the mandatory acceptance test necessary to open the airport. FBB proposed an interim solution employing up to 700 human fire spotters which the building supervision department of the local Dahme-Spreewald district rejected.^[151] Inspectors have uncovered flaws in the wiring, programming and implementation of the highly complex system designed by Siemens and Bosch which automatically controls sprinklers, smoke extractors and fire doors.^[6] For aesthetic reasons, designers decided that the terminal would have smoke extraction ducts in its ceiling, but they would not exhaust on its rooftop. In a fire, smoke would be pumped from the ceiling into a shaft running down and through the basement below the structure,^[152] requiring the natural rising behavior of hot air in the shaft to be reversed. Achieving this on the scale necessary for this airport is a unique undertaking and, thus far, this elaborate smoke extraction system has not worked as planned.^[24] To meet the acceptance test requirements, large scale reconstruction work of the fire system might be needed.^[153]

The insolvency of general planner Planungsgemeinschaft Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg International (pg bbi) and the dismissal of the Gerkan, Marg and Partners architects, who bore partial blame for the problems, had a widespread impact on construction. Inspectors have uncovered many examples of poor workmanship due to a lack of proper supervision and documentation, most notably concerning the wiring. Reports have surfaced about cable conduits which hold too many cables or hold cables in incompatible combinations, such as phone lines next to high voltage wires. A total of 60 kilometres (37 mi) of cooling pipes were allegedly installed with no thermal insulation. To correct this, the demolition of numerous walls may be necessary. Furthermore, exterior vents appear to be in improper locations, allowing rain water from the western facade to enter them.^[153] The 18 km (11 mi) long exhaust system to remove smoke from a fire is leaking.^[154]

The initial design for the main hall, known as "monster" to construction workers, called for a single exhaust system. Revised plans call for multiple systems controlled by 90 km (56 mi) of wiring. By 19 May 2014, Siemens had not yet designed the wire harnesses.^[155] These problems are forcing the initial construction budget to skyrocket.^[24]

BBI sought to open the north pier for use by three to ten flights per day as a test, though other parts of the airport would not be operational for some time. It requested that Technischer Überwachungsverein (Technical Inspection Association, TÜV) review the facility for safety and compliance to Brandenburg building codes. In its assessment report issued on 29 July 2014, TÜV found that some lightning rods were missing and that the back-up generator powering the sprinkler system did not provide adequate power. One source with the TÜV stated, "What the airport ordered was sufficient for a circus tent, but [if power fails] not for the dimensions of the terminal."^[156]

The search for a general planner was eventually stopped in February 2015.^[157] At the end of August 2015, though, the new airport head presented the Schüßler plan as the course of action.^[158]

When Mehdorn testified before the Investigations Commission of the Berlin parliament in March 2015, he stated that redesigns to correct the exhaust system will not be complete until "after the summer break" and that the terminal will not be finished until March or April 2016.^[89]

An immediate halt to all construction efforts in terminal was ordered on 21 September 2015 because a collapse of the main roof was imminent, according to Dahme-Spreewald district's construction supervision.^[159] The shutdown lasted two weeks.^{[160][161][162][163]} Furthermore, 600 fire protection walls have to be exchanged because they were built out of gas concrete blocks, and therefore provide insufficient fire protection. The mortar was inadequate as well.^[164][165]

As of 7 February 2016, opaque skylights (which can allow smoke to escape) in the main gangway numbering 24 are unlikely to get official approval. The opaque skylights are part of the infamous fire exhaustion system.^[166] The system seems to be too antiquated; the authority will only approve one single clap each time in a check.^[65][167]

The main construction permission, i.e. the permission of the authority of Berlin issues to construction firms, was destined to expire, binding all construction work to terminate on 23 November 2016. A new law, referred to as a "Lex BER", extended the construction permission for ongoing projects.^[168]

As of April 2016, the fire exhaustion system has further lapses that will delay a new issuing of the rework permission (for the fire exhaustion). The underground railway station needs a redesign for the underground part of the fire exhaustion system. Incoming or departing trains may suck smoke into the station. As of such, air flow guidance is needed to avoid this effect. But the airport cannot decide upon it itself. Permission is needed from Eisenbahnbundesamt. The construction authority at district Dahme-Spreewald and the Eisenbahnbundesamt and the airport thus need to take part in the redesign effort. Then again, the plans on how to rebuild the underground part will not be finished before June. Thus with no plans the district cannot grant the redesign permission. As such, the airport cannot start the redesign effort before start July (anticipating that the district will shortly check on the plans). As such, the construction process is delayed by at least 8 months.^[169] Thus an opening in 2016 is elusive.

On 17 April 2016, it became clear that the district will check on the plans intensively. Furthermore, no plan was publicly inaugurated yet as the official solution by the three parties mentioned previously. Airport head Mühlenfeld thus publicly demanded that the parties come to grips with their decision.^[170] The core of the problem is that there are two designs: one for the underground station by German railways and one for the connecting hallway and stairs from the terminal (by the airport). The plans are just being adapted towards each other and whether they are compatible remains to be seen.

On 25 April 2016, Mühlenfeld stated that "surprisingly, demands (towards a simulation of the problem) are higher than expected." In fact, the Federal Railway Authority demanded that the commuter trains get simulated up to a speed of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) when entering or leaving the station. Thus it will take more time to simulate the exact solution for the underground railway station.^[171] The Federal Railway Authority also called for the simulation of emergency/evacuation scenarios.^[172][173] To prevent suffocation in an emergency, glass towers are to be built inside the railway station which connect to openings in the roof which will provide fresh air.^[174][175] Mold seems to be persistent. Thus the railway station is already ventilated from time to time by mobile fans.^[176]

By May 2016, it had become clear that an expedited approval of the underground station would not happen.^[111] Because of this, the timetable for opening has to be pushed back to 2018 or later.^[177] Specifically the airport was not able to conform to the fifth appendix for the construction permission. It was declined. The airport found it hardly helpful that there was no quick approval of the underground redesign efforts as of 10 June. Instead, the authority stated that a filing for the fifth appendix was totally incomplete and insufficient. Chris Halecker decried political pressure from the airport. He is the vice in the hierarchy of Dahme-Spreewald.^[178]

A failure published on 11 October 2016 during the committee session is that motors used to open and close windows do not operate above 30 degrees Celsius and they need to be exchanged as of such.^[179] 3000 smoke detectors went missing, but were later found.^[180][181] Technical issues involving the electric doors became public on 18 January 2017.^[182] The sprinkler system has sustained failures in Pier south.^[183][184] The sprinkler heads were replaced for increased water flow, but the pipes are too thin to withstand the increased water pressure. The roof needs to be opened and the pipes will get exchanged.^[185] On 5 March 2017, the transformer station exploded.^[186] The new low-cost terminal T1 will probably delayed until 2021.^[187] It became obvious due to a newspaper report that the airport cannot open before 2018 and that this was obvious to the airport for 3 years though it maintained otherwise.^[188] As May 2017, estimates suggest the airport will open in 2019 and an opening in 2020 is not ruled out.^[8]

Airport overview

Runways

Berlin Brandenburg Airport will have two parallel runways. With a spacing of 1,900 metres (6,200 ft), these will allow independent flight operations without interference from wake turbulence.

The northern runway of BER is the southern runway of the old Schönefeld Airport, and has been in use since the 1960s. To adapt to the new airport, it has been renovated and lengthened from 3,000 to 3,600 metres (9,800 to 12,000 ft).^[189]

The newly-built southern runway has a length of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) and was officially commissioned 31 May 2012. Rampant blackouts of the runway beacon of the southern runway led to investigations concerning air traffic security.^[190]

Since 2015, those two runways have been used to access the Schönefeld airport. The northern position of the terminal makes for increased taxiing times when using the southern runway.

Air traffic control

The Deutsche Flugsicherung is responsible for air traffic control and apron control at Berlin Brandenburg Airport. At 72 metres (240 ft), the control tower is the third highest in Germany (only surpassed by Munich Airport and Düsseldorf Airport). On 25 March 2012, the new tower opened replacing the former facility at Schönefeld.^[191]

Passenger terminal

The U-shaped terminal building of Berlin Brandenburg Airport was designed by gmp architects, which previously designed the hexagonal Terminal A at Tegel Airport, opened in 1974. At BER, the terminal sits between the two runways, creating a so-called midfield airport above the underground train station. The terminal has four public levels designated 0, 1, 2 and 3.

The check-in area is located in the public area at Level 1 and houses 118 counters organised in eight clusters, called check-in isles. Planners anticipate that a significant number of passengers will use the more than 100 self check-in machines which will be installed. Additionally, by May 2015 two extensions had been added to both sides of the main check-in area containing 12 more check-in counters and eight security lanes each to avoid overcrowding of the main hall.^[192]

The airside area will be accessible only to ticketed and screened passengers. Securitas Germany will staff the 35 screening stations. BER is equipped with 25 jet bridges, with another 85 aircraft stands on the apron. The boarding and arrival areas are divided into three piers with the main pier at 715 metres (2,350 ft) long and the north and south piers at 350 metres (1,150 ft) each. The main pier contains 16 jet-bridges; all but one have two levels, thus separating arriving and departing passengers. Level 1 is intended for Schengen passengers (gates A01–A20, B01–B20), while Level 2 (gates C01–C19, D01–D17) is for non-Schengen passengers.^[55]:8–10 Eight of the gates can accommodate wide-body aircraft and one gate has been designed to accommodate the Airbus A380, the largest commercial airliner currently in use. The apron has sufficient space to allow installation of a dual jetway allowing a quick boarding and disembarking process. A mezzanine (Level Z) at gates A21–22 and B21 allows for additional pre-boarding security checks for high-risk flights to the United States and Israel. Air Berlin, Lufthansa and Air France/KLM will operate airport lounges in the main pier, which will also be open for passengers of the respective alliance partners.^[193]

The south pier is reserved for near-exclusive use of Air Berlin and its Oneworld partners and contains nine single-storey jet bridges (gates A30–A38). The north pier features a more minimalist design compared to the other two piers, meeting the demands of low-cost carriers and has no jet-bridges, but walk-boarding-gates (B30–45) with direct apron access.^[193]

Plans for a separate low-cost airline terminal, costing €200 million, were released in March 2016.^[194]

Cargo and general aviation

The initial module of the midfield cargo facilities has a capacity of 60,000 tonnes (59,000 long tons; 66,000 short tons) of cargo per year. With the completion of all planned expansions, this could handle up to 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. The general aviation terminal is located in the northern part of BER.

Airport tourism facilities

The Infotower is a 32 metres (105 ft) observation tower located adjacent to the northern cargo terminal. It includes a museum and a gift shop, and is the only portion of the airport currently open to the public. FBB also offers guided tours of the airport which have grown in popularity since the delayed opening.^[195][196]

Aircraft maintenance

The two large hangars at BER will be used by Lufthansa and Air Berlin respectively. Both provide enough space for maintenance work on four to five narrow-body aircraft.^[197][198]

Government use

The air transport wing of the German Defence Ministry (Flugbereitschaft), responsible for government flights, will move to Berlin Brandenburg Airport from its current base at Cologne Bonn Airport. It operates a fleet of Bombardier Global Express, Airbus A319, Airbus A310 and Airbus A340-300 VIP configured aircraft.^[199] The Institute for Federal Real Estate is planning to construct a terminal on the northern edge of the airport for use by government officials and to welcome foreign dignitaries during state visits. The glass-and-wood building is expected to be completed by 2016. The former Terminal A of Schönefeld Airport is serving as an interim terminal.^[200][201]

In March 2016, the management of the airport terminated the contract with the German government that guaranteed usage of terminal A of Schönefeld Airport upon the completion of BER. While still not finished, the entire design is now supposed to have a different purpose than government use. The government is supposed to receive some provisional solution. Karsten Mühlenfeld described the termination as a "formality", a description which was disputed by Alexander Dobrindt, the Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.^[202] Mühlenfeld suggested the provisional area RAMP1 as a replacement solution for terminal A at the end of February 2016.^[203] No construction firm could be found as of May 2016.^[204]

Operating hours

Noise abatement regulations in the airport's operating licence mean no take-offs or landings are allowed between midnight and 05:00. The Federal Administrative Court of Germany rejected a lawsuit by residents aiming to extend this night flight ban from 23:00 to 06:00 on 13 October 2011. It was also ruled that affected residents should be provided with additional noise insulation.

Projected passenger volume and expansion plans

Since the German reunification, air traffic in Berlin has grown greatly. In 1991, the combined passenger volume of the city's airports was at 7.9 million per year. By 2014, this number had risen to 28 million.^[205] When Berlin Brandenburg opens, it will have a capacity of 27 million passengers per year.^[206] It may be expanded by up to two satellite concourses, bringing the terminal capacity to 45 million with runways capable of accommodating 50 million passengers per year. The two satellites, located on the apron parallel to the main pier and linked by tunnel, are included in the construction permit of Berlin Brandenburg Airport, meaning they could be built at any time without further regulatory hurdles or the possibility of third-party objections. A possible third runway could be located in the south, though no such plans exist to date.^[207]

Expected airlines and destinations

Air Berlin plans to move its primary hub from Tegel to Berlin Brandenburg. As a member of the Oneworld global airline alliance, Air Berlin requires airport facilities capable of meeting the demands of its connecting passengers which Tegel cannot provide.

With the expected opening of BER 3 June 2012, Lufthansa greatly expanded its presence in Berlin at its interim facilities at Tegel Airport by adding several European destinations.^[208] Over the coming years, Lufthansa plans to have all European flights that do not originate or terminate at either Frankfurt Airport or Munich Airport operated by its Germanwings subsidiary, which will likely become one of the largest tenants at BER.^[209]

EasyJet will become the leading low-cost carrier at BER in terms of routes served, relocating its current Schönefeld base. If their respective plans concerning Berlin services do not change, Germania and Condor would each have an aircraft base at the new airport.

Projected traffic data

Combined total passengers at Berlin Tegel and Berlin Schönefeld Airports in 2010^[210]

Destination	Airport(s)	Passengers
10 ! Germany, Munich	11 !Munich	1,816,693
05 ! Germany, Frankfurt	08 !Frankfurt	1,610,372
03 ! Germany, Cologne/Bonn	05 !Cologne Bonn	1,379,294
07 ! United Kingdom, London	09 !Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Southend, Stansted	1,281,842
13 ! Germany, Stuttgart	13 !Stuttgart	985,857
04 ! Germany, Düsseldorf	07 !Düsseldorf	930,865
12 ! France, Paris	04 !Charles de Gaulle, Orly	884,195
15 !  Switzerland, Zurich	15 !Zurich	802,464
11 ! Spain, Palma de Mallorca	12 !Palma de Mallorca	584,709
14 ! Austria, Vienna	14 !Vienna	554,663
02 ! Turkey, Antalya	02 !Antalya	435,545
01 ! Netherlands, Amsterdam	01 !Amsterdam	432,187
09 ! Russia, Moscow	06 !Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo	431,007
06 ! Turkey, Istanbul	03 !Atatürk, Sabiha Gökçen	406,063
08 ! Spain, Madrid	10 !Madrid	397,646

Access

Rail

The terminal connects to a 3.1-kilometre (1.9 mi) east-west railway tunnel under the apron and the terminal complex. As the nine tunnel sections were the first structures to be built, they were constructed by conventional excavations.

A railway station with six tracks forms the lowest level of the terminal.^[211] Two tracks serve as a terminus for the S-Bahn – with the S9 serving the northern and the S45 serving the southern public transit ring, while the other four tracks handle EuroCity, InterCity, Intercity-Express and Regional-Express trains.

Deutsche Bahn confirmed in August 2011 that multiple daily Intercity-Express and InterCity trains will connect the airport to Bielefeld, Hannover, Hamburg, Dresden, Leipzig, Halle, Wolfsburg, as well as EuroCity trains connecting to Wrocław and Kraków in Poland, Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Prague in the Czech Republic.^[212]

About half of the passengers are expected to access BER by rail. An express line (Regionalbahn) will connect the airport with the Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Berlin main station) in 30 minutes.^[213] Two more stops, Potsdamer Platz and Berlin Südkreuz, will be part of the Airport Express, which is planned to make the trip in 20 minutes.^[212] As of 2016, rebuilding the Berlin–Dresden railway that would allow the 20 minute trip to Hauptbahnhof is not expected to finish until 2024.^[214]

According to the district administrator of Dahme-Spreewald, train rides towards BER might be complicated and require changing trains. He suggests a new rail concept might be necessary.^[215]

Road

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is connected by its own exit to the A113, which carries traffic into Berlin to the A100 and out to the A10 where it continues south as the A13 in the direction of Dresden. The highway 96a along the north side of the airport is being expanded to four lanes towards Potsdam.

Four car parks and a car rental centre will be completed by the opening of BER. Around 10,000 parking spaces will be available in four multi-storey car parks.

A study released in September 2016 attested that BER will double the amount of vehicular traffic, causing frequent traffic jams on the Autobahn once the airport opens. The A100 and A113 do not have enough lanes to support the expected volume of traffic. The approach to BER was deemed insufficient for the expected traffic and will lead to rampant congestion on the highways throughout south-central Berlin, as well as increased accidents and air pollution.^[216] The traffic volumes would also cause frequent closings to the Britz tunnel on the A100.^[217]

Over 10% of passengers are expected to come from Poland , also thanks to upgraded highways on the Polish side of the border, making the airport accessible for air travellers from the western regions of that country.^[218]

Bus

Public transport connections at the new airport will include numerous bus services. BER will be served by the express buses X7 and X11. The X7 connects to the U7 subway at Rudow station. The X11 bus continues to Lichterfelde-West and to Dahlem. Other bus lines also stop at a number of stations, providing connections with Berlin’s public transport network and destinations in Brandenburg.

Commercial and exposition area

Berlin Air Show (ILA)

On 3 July 2012, the Berlin ExpoCenter Airport opened on the southeastern portion of the airport grounds.^[219] Messe Berlin operates the 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 sq ft) exposition facility which is primarily intended as the site of the biennial Berlin Air Show.^[220]

Airport Information Center

Coinciding with groundbreaking for construction of the new airport, an information and public relations center called airportworld opened near the old Schönefeld Airport. On 14 November 2007, the Infotower, a 32 metres (105 ft) high public viewing tower containing an exhibition about the new airport, opened on the BER construction site.^[221]

Business park

The area surrounding BER is zoned as a commercial district. Plans call for the construction of shopping centers and parking structures as well as industrial, commercial and office spaces. Situated directly at the terminal complex will be the BER Airport City with an area of 16 hectares (40 acres). Marketing of the real estate began in autumn 2006 and beginning in 2009 offices, hotels, car rentals, four parking decks with a capacity of 10,000, restaurants and retailers were built here.

To the north is the BER Business Park Berlin with a planned area of 109 hectares (270 acres) for industrial and commercial use as well as congress centers. A further Business Park North was proposed as a future use of the area of the old Schönefeld terminal. However, so far there are no definite plans for the future use of this area.

Controversies

In September 2010, Deutsche Flugsicherung published aircraft arrival and departure paths for Berlin Brandenburg Airport, which significantly differ from earlier ones used in the court decision for the construction permit. In the original maps, aircraft were expected to take off and land in a path parallel with the runway. The new plans saw flight paths that deviate from the runway direction by 15 degrees. Therefore, aircraft would now fly over areas in southern Berlin (Lichtenrade, Steglitz and Zehlendorf) and adjacent Brandenburg (Teltow, Stahnsdorf, Kleinmachnow and Potsdam) to the surprise of local residents, which prompted a wave of protests and a lawsuit which the courts rejected.^[222]

Both the expansion of Schönefeld Airport into BER and the quality of the connection to the railway network are the subject of public debate. The Bürgerverein Brandenburg-Berlin e.V. represents local residents who protest an expansion of air traffic to and from the south of Berlin. Also, traffic and environmental experts criticise the late completion dates for the fast connection to the Berlin Hauptbahnhof. Still, Berlin Hauptbahnhof will be only a 30-minute journey with trains departing every 15 minutes upon inauguration. By 2020, this should be reduced to 20 minutes after reconstruction of the Dresdner bahn.^[223]

Due to the rising passenger numbers at Berlin airports and delays to BER, concerns were voiced in 2013 that the new airport might be too small as passenger numbers at existing Berlin airports were approaching the BER design capacity.^[6]

In May 2016, it emerged that a whistleblower on the much-delayed and over-budget airport project, who had alerted the public to major corruption within the project, had been poisoned with a "deadly substance" but survived after a three-month period of illness.^[224]

See also

• Transport in Germany
• List of airports in Germany
• List of world's most expensive transport infrastructure
• Megaprojects

References

Further reading

• Kuhlmann, Bernd (1996). Schönefeld bei Berlin: 1 Amt, 1 Flughafen und 11 Bahnhöfe [Schönefeld near Berlin: 1 Office, 1 Airport, and 11 railway stations]. Berlin: Gesellschaft für Verkehrspolitik und Eisenbahnwesen [Society for Transport Policy and Railways]. ISBN 978-3-89218-038-8. OCLC 75906791. 
• von Przychowski, Hans (2001). Fehlstart oder Bruchlandung? Berlin-Brandenburger Flughafen-Politik. Verlorene Jahre – verlorene Millionen. Das Ringen um den BBI, 1990–2000, eine Zeittafel mit Kommentaren [Aborted start or crash landing? Lost years – lost millions. The struggle over the BBI, 1990–2000, a chronology with commentary]. Berlin: NoRa. ISBN 978-3-935445-26-9. OCLC 76312197. 

External links

• Media related to Berlin Brandenburg Airport at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• Live webcam of the construction site on berlin-airport.de
• Current weather for EDDB at NOAA/NWS