Bergen County, New Jersey

Bergen County, New Jersey
The Hudson River, seen southward below an overlook on the Palisades
Seal
Location in the U.S. state of New Jersey
New Jersey's location in the U.S.
Founded	1683
Seat	Hackensack[1]
Largest city	Hackensack (population) Mahwah (area)
Area
• Total	246.671 sq mi (638.875 km2)
• Land	233.009 sq mi (603.490 km2)
• Water	13.662 sq mi (35.385 km2), 5.54%
Population
• (2010)	905,116[2] 939,151 (2016 est.)[2][3] (1st in state)
• Density	4,027.8/sq mi (1,555.1/km²)
Demonym(s)	Bergenite[4]
Congressional districts	5th, 8th, 9th
Time zone	Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Website	www.co.bergen.nj.us
Footnotes: Range in altitude: Highest elevation: 1,152 ft/351 m (Bald Mountain, in the Ramapo Mountains, in Mahwah). Lowest elevation: 0 ft/0 m (sea level), at the Hudson River.

Bergen County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of New Jersey.^[3] As of the 2016 Census estimate, the county's population was 939,151, an increase of 3.8% from the 2010 United States Census,^[2][5][6] which in turn represented an increase of 20,998 (2.4%) from the 884,118 counted in the 2000 Census.^[7] Located in the northeastern corner of New Jersey and its Gateway Region, Bergen County is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area and is directly across the George Washington Bridge from Manhattan.

Bergen County is divided into 70 municipalities, but has no large cities. Its most populous place, with 43,010 residents at the time of the 2010 census, is Hackensack,^[8] which is also its county seat.^[1] Mahwah covered the largest area of any municipality, at 26.19 square miles (67.8 km²).^[8]

Bergen County is one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a median household income of $81,708 per the 2010 Census, increasing to an estimated $84,677 in 2014, which was almost 18% higher than the $71,919 median statewide.^[9] The county hosts an extensive park system totaling nearly 9,000 acres (3,600 ha).^[10]

Etymology

The origin of the name of Bergen County is a matter of debate. It is believed that the county is named for one of the earliest settlements, Bergen, in modern-day Hudson County. However, the origin of the township's name is debated. Several sources attribute the name to Bergen, Norway, while others attribute it to Bergen, North Holland in the Netherlands. Some sources say that the name is derived from one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam (now New York City), Hans Hansen Bergen, a native of Norway, who arrived in New Netherland in 1633.^[11][12]

History

At the time of first European contact, Bergen County was inhabited by Native American people, particularly the Lenape Nation, whose sub-groups included the Tappan, Hackensack, and Rumachenanck (later called the Haverstraw), as named by the Dutch colonists.^[13] Some of their descendants are included among the Ramapough Mountain Indians, recognized as a tribe by the state in 1980.^[14] Their ancestors had moved into the mountains to escape encroachment by Dutch and English colonists. Their descendants reside mostly in the northwest of the county, in nearby Passaic County and in Rockland County, New York, tracing their Lenape ancestry to speakers of the Munsee language, one of three major dialects of their language.^[15] Over the years, they absorbed other ethnicities by intermarriage.^[16]

In the 17th century, the Dutch considered the area comprising today's Bergen and Hudson counties as part of New Netherland, their colonial province of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch claimed it after Henry Hudson (sailing for the Dutch East India Company) explored Newark Bay and anchored his ship at Weehawken Cove in 1609.^[17] From an early date, the Dutch began to import African slaves to fill their labor needs. Bergen County eventually was the largest slaveholding county in the state.^[18] The African slaves were used for labor at the ports to support shipping, as well as for domestic servants, trades, and farm labor.

Early settlement attempts by the Dutch included Pavonia (1633), Vriessendael (1640), and Achter Col (1642), but the Native Americans repelled these settlements in Kieft's War (1643–1645) and the Peach Tree War (1655–1660).^[19][20] European settlers returned to the western shores of the Hudson River in the 1660 formation of Bergen Township, which would become the first permanent European settlement in the territory of present-day New Jersey.^[21][22]

During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, on August 27, 1664, New Amsterdam's governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to the English Navy.^[23] The English organized the Province of New Jersey in 1665, later splitting the territory into East Jersey and West Jersey in 1674. On November 30, 1675, the settlement Bergen and surrounding plantations and settlements were called Bergen County in an act passed by the province's General Assembly.^[24] In 1683, Bergen (along with the three other original counties of East Jersey) was officially recognized as an independent county by the Provincial Assembly.^[25][26]

Initially, Bergen County consisted of only the land between the Hudson River and the Hackensack River, extending north to the border between East Jersey and New York.^[27] In January 1709, the boundaries were extended to include all of the current territory of Hudson County (formed in 1840) and portions of the current territory of Passaic County (formed in 1837). The 1709 borders were described as follows:^[27]

"Beginning at Constable's Hook, so along the bay and Hudson's River to the partition point between New Jersey and the province of New York; along this line and the line between East and West Jersey^† to the Pequaneck River; down the Pequaneck and Passaic Rivers to the sound; and so following the sound to Constable's Hook the place of beginning."

† The line between East and West Jersey here referred to is not the line finally adopted and known as the Lawrence line, which was run by John Lawrence in September and October 1743. It was the compromise line agreed upon between Governors Daniel Coxe and Robert Barclay in 1682, which ran a little north of Morristown to the Passaic River; thence up the Pequaneck to forty-one degrees of north latitude; and thence by a straight line due east to the New York State line. This line being afterward objected to by the East Jersey proprietors, the latter procured the running of the Lawrence line.^[27]

Bergen was the location of several battles and troop movements during the American Revolutionary War. Fort Lee's location on the bluffs of the New Jersey Palisades, opposite Fort Washington in Manhattan, made it a strategic position during the war. In November 1776, the Battle of Fort Lee took place as part of a British plan to capture George Washington and to crush the Continental Army, whose forces were divided and located in Fort Lee and Hackensack. After abandoning the defenses in Fort Lee and leaving behind considerable supplies, the Continental forces staged a hasty retreat through present-day Englewood, Teaneck, and Bergenfield, and across the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing, one of the few sites where the river was crossed by a bridge. They destroyed the bridge to delay the British assault on Washington's headquarters in village of Hackensack. The next day, George Washington retreated to Newark and left Hackensack via Polifly Road. British forces pursued, and Washington continued to retreat across New Jersey. The retreat allowed American forces to escape capture and regroup for subsequent successes against the British elsewhere in New Jersey later that winter.^[28] Soon after the Battle of Princeton in January 1777, British forces realized that they couldn't spread themselves thin across New Jersey. Local militia retook Hackensack and the rest of Bergen County. Bergen County saw skirmishes throughout the war as armies from both sides maneuvered across the countryside.

The Baylor Massacre took place in 1778 in River Vale, resulting in severe losses for the Continentals.^[29]

In 1837, Passaic County was formed from parts of Bergen and Essex counties. In 1840, Hudson County was formed from Bergen. These two divisions took roughly 13,000 residents (nearly half of the previous population) from the county's rolls.^[30]

In 1852, the Erie Railroad began operating major rail services from Jersey City on the Hudson River to points north and west via leased right-of-way in the county. This became known as the Erie Main Line, and is still in use for passenger service today.^[31] The Erie later leased two other railroads built in the 1850s and 1860s, later known as the Pascack Valley Line and the Northern Branch, and in 1881 built a cutoff, now the Bergen County Line. There were two other rail lines in the county, ultimately known as the West Shore Railroad and the New York, Susquehanna, and Western.

In 1894, state law was changed to allow easy formation of municipalities with the Borough form of government. This led to the "boroughitis" phenomenon, in which many new municipalities were created in a span of a few years.^[32] There were 26 boroughs that were formed in the county in 1894 alone, with two more boroughs (and one new township) formed in 1895.^[33]

On January 11, 1917, the Kingsland Explosion took place at a munitions factory in what is today Lyndhurst.^[34] The explosion is believed to have been an act of sabotage by German agents, as the munitions in question were destined for Russia, part of the U.S.'s effort to supply allies before entrance into World War I.^[35] After the U.S. entry into the war in April 1917, Camp Merritt was created in eastern Bergen County for troop staging. Beginning operations in August 1917, it housed 50,000 soldiers at a time, staging them for deployment to Europe via Hoboken. Camp Merritt was decommissioned in November 1919.^[36]

The George Washington Bridge was completed in 1931, linking Fort Lee to Manhattan. This connection spurred rapid development in the post-World War II era, developing much of the county to suburban levels. Two lanes were added to the upper level in 1946 and a second deck of traffic on the bridge was completed in 1962, expanding its capacity to 14 lanes.^[37]

In 1955, the United States Army created a Nike Missile station at Campgaw Mountain (in the west of the county) for the defense of the New York Metropolitan Area from strategic bombers. In 1959, the site was upgraded to house Nike-Hercules Missiles with increased range, speed, and payload characteristics. The missile site closed in June 1971.^[38]

Geography

Bergen County is located at the northeastern corner of the state of New Jersey and is bordered by Rockland County, New York to the north; by Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City, as well as by Westchester County, New York, across the Hudson River to the east; and within New Jersey, by Hudson County as well as a small border with Essex County to the south, and by Passaic County to the west.^[39]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county had a total area of 246.671 square miles (638.87 km²), of which 233.009 square miles (603.49 km²) (94.5%) was land and 13.662 square miles (35.38 km²) (5.5%) was water.^[40]

Bergen County's highest elevation is Bald Mountain near the New York state line in Mahwah, at 1,164 feet (355 m) above sea level.^[41][42] The county's lowest point is sea level, along the Hudson River, which in this region is a tidal estuary.

The sharp cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades lift much of the eastern boundary of the county up from the Hudson River. The relief becomes less pronounced across the middle section of the county, much of it being located in the Hackensack River valley or the Pascack Valley. In the northwestern portion of the county, Bergen County becomes hilly again and shares the Ramapo Mountains with Rockland County, New York.

The damming of the Hackensack River and a tributary, the Pascack Brook, produced three reservoirs in the county, Woodcliff Lake Reservoir (which impounds one billion gallons of water), Lake Tappan (3.5 billion gallons), and Oradell Reservoir, which allows United Water to provide drinking water to 750,000 residents of northern New Jersey, mostly in Bergen and Hudson counties.^[43] The Hackensack River drains the eastern portion of the county through the New Jersey Meadowlands, a wetlands area in the southern portion of the county. The central portion is drained by the Saddle River and the western portion is drained by the Ramapo River. Both of these are tributaries of the Passaic River, which forms a section of the southwestern border of the county.

Adjacent places of Bergen County, New Jersey
		Rockland County, New York
	Passaic County, New Jersey		Westchester, The Bronx, and Manhattan in New York City, across the Hudson River
		Bergen County
		Essex County and Hudson County, New Jersey

Climate

Hackensack, New Jersey
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     3.7     38 19     3.2     41 22     4.4     50 30     4.5     62 40     4.2     72 50     4.4     81 60     4.6     86 65     4.4     84 63     4.3     76 55     4.4     64 42     4     54 34     4     43 25 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Source: The Weather Channel[44]
Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     93     3 −7     82     5 −6     111     10 −1     114     17 4     106     22 10     112     27 16     117     30 18     113     29 17     109     24 13     112     18 6     102     12 1     102     6 −4 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm

Southeastern Bergen County lies at the edge of the humid subtropical climate zone according to the Köppen climate classification because its coldest month (January) averages above 26.6 °F / -3 °C.^[45][46][47] In part due to Bergen's coastal location, its lower elevation, and the partial shielding of the county from colder air by the three ridges of the Watchung Mountains as well as by the higher Appalachians, the climate of Bergen County is milder than in New Jersey counties further inland such as Sussex County. Bergen County has a moderately sunny climate, averaging between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.^[48]

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Hackensack have ranged from a low of 19 °F (−7 °C) in January to a high of 86 °F (30 °C) in July, although a record low of −15 °F (−26 °C) was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of 106 °F (41 °C) was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 3.21 inches (82 mm) in February to 4.60 inches (117 mm) in July.^[44]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1790	12,601		—
1800	15,156		20.3%
1810	16,603		9.5%
1820	18,178		9.5%
1830	22,412		23.3%
1840	13,223	*	−41.0%
1850	14,725		11.4%
1860	21,618		46.8%
1870	30,122		39.3%
1880	36,786		22.1%
1890	47,226		28.4%
1900	78,441		66.1%
1910	138,002		75.9%
1920	210,703		52.7%
1930	364,977		73.2%
1940	409,646		12.2%
1950	539,139		31.6%
1960	780,255		44.7%
1970	897,148		15.0%
1980	845,385		−5.8%
1990	825,380		−2.4%
2000	884,118		7.1%
2010	905,116		2.4%
Est. 2016	939,151	[2][49]	3.8%
Historical sources: 1790–1990[50] 1970–2010[8] 2000[7] 2010[2] * = Lost territory in previous decade.[26]

Bergen County is the most populous county in New Jersey, with an estimated population of 938,506 in 2015,^[55] approximately 98,000 higher than Middlesex County (the second-ranked county). Bergen County accounted for 10.3% of the state's population in 2010,^[56] increasing to 10.5% in 2016.^[3] In 2010, Bergen County was the 56th most populous county in the United States.

Bergen County's annual property taxes were the second-highest of any New Jersey county in 2015 (after Essex County), averaging $11,078.^[57] Within Bergen County, Alpine residents paid the highest average property taxes in 2015, at $20,888, followed by Tenafly ($19,254) and Demarest ($17,937).^[58] Alpine had the fourth-highest average property taxs in the state in 2015 while Tenafy ranked sixth.^[59]

2010 Census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 905,116 people, 335,730 households, and 238,704 families residing in the county. The population density was 3,884.5 per square mile (1,499.8/km²). There were 352,388 housing units at an average density of 1,512.3 per square mile (583.9/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.89% (650,703) White, 5.80% (52,473) Black or African American, 0.23% (2,061) Native American, 14.51% (131,329) Asian, 0.03% (229) Pacific Islander, 5.04% (45,611) from other races, and 2.51% (22,710) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.05% (145,281) of the population.^[49]

There were 335,730 households out of which 32% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.2.^[49]

In the county, the population was spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 29% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.1 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.8 males.^[49]

2000 Census

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 884,118 people, 330,817 households, and 235,210 families residing in the county. The population density was 3,776 people per square mile (1,458/km²). There were 339,820 housing units at an average density of 1,451 per square mile (560/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 78.41% non-Hispanic white, 10.67% Asian, 5.27% black, 0.15% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.22% from other races, and 2.26% non-Hispanic reporting two or more races. 10.34% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.^[7][60] Among those residents listing their ancestry, 22.0% were of Italian, 15.1% Irish, 11.2% German and 7.4% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000.^[60][61]

There were 330,817 households out of which 32.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.90% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.17. The age distribution was 23.00% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 30.60% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.40 males.^[7]

The median income for a household in the county was $65,241, and the median income for a family was $78,079. Males had a median income of $51,346 versus $37,295 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,638. About 3.4% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 5.90% of those age 65 or over.^[60][62]

Community diversity

Given its location as a suburban extension of Manhattan across the George Washington Bridge,^[63] Bergen County has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambience of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. South Korea, Poland, and India are the three most common nations of birth for foreign-born Bergen County residents.^[64]

Italian American

Italian Americans have long had a significant presence in Bergen County; in fact, Italian is the most commonly identified first ancestry among Bergen residents (18.5%), with 168,974 Bergen residents were recorded as being of Italian heritage in the 2013 American Community Survey.^[65]

To this day, many residents of the Meadowlands communities in the county's south are of Italian descent, most notably in South Hackensack (36.3%), Lyndhurst (33.8%), Carlstadt (31.2%), Wood-Ridge (30.9%) and Hasbrouck Heights (30.8%).^[66] Saddle Brook (29.8%), Lodi (29.4%), Moonachie (28.5%), Garfield, Hackensack, and the southeastern Bergen towns were Italian American strongholds for decades, but their Italo-American demographics have diminished in recent years as more recent immigrants have taken their place.^[67] At the same time, the Italian American population has grown in many of the affluent communities in the northern half of the county, including Franklin Lakes,^[68] Ramsey,^[69] Montvale,^[70] and Woodcliff Lake.^[71]

Latin American

The diverse Hispanic and Latin American population in Bergen is growing in many areas of the county but is especially concentrated in a handful of municipalities, including Fairview (37.1%), Hackensack (25.9%), Ridgefield Park (22.2%), Englewood (21.8%), Bogota (21.3%), Garfield (20.1%), Cliffside Park (18.2%), Lodi (18.0%), and Bergenfield (17.0%).^[72] Traditionally, many of the Latino residents were of Colombian and Cuban ancestry, although that has been changing in recent years. Englewood's Colombian community is the largest in Bergen County and among the top ten in the United States (7.17%); Hackensack, Fairview, Bergenfield, Bogota, and Lodi also have notable populations.^[73] The Cuban population is largest in Fairview, Ridgefield Park, Ridgefield, and Bogota, although the Cuban community is much bigger in Hudson County to the south.^[74] Since 2000, an increasing number of immigrants from other countries have entered the region, including people from Peru, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Chile, as well as from the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. The diverse backgrounds of the local Latino community are best exemplified in Fairview, where 10% of the overall population hails from Central America, 7% from South America, and 9% from other Latin American countries, mainly the Caribbean.^[75] Overall, Bergen County's Latino population has demonstrated a robust increase from 145,281 in the 2010 census count^[49] to an estimated 165,442 in 2013.^[76]

Western European American

Irish Americans and German Americans are the next largest individual ethnic groups in Bergen County, numbering 115,914 in 2013 (12.7% of the county's total population) and 80,288 (8.8%) respectively.^[65] As is the case with Italian Americans, these two groups developed sizable enclaves long ago and are now well established in all areas of the county.

Jewish American

Bergen County is home to the largest Jewish population in New Jersey.^[77] Many municipalities in the county are home to a significant number of Jewish Americans, including Fair Lawn, Teaneck, Tenafly, Closter, Englewood, Englewood Cliffs, Fort Lee, Bergenfield, Woodcliff Lake, Paramus, and Franklin Lakes.^[78] Teaneck, Fair Lawn, Englewood, and Bergenfield in particular have become havens for Bergen County's growing Orthodox Jewish communities, with a rising number of synagogues as well as supermarkets and restaurants offering kosher foods.^[79] The largest Israeli American communities in Bergen County were in Fair Lawn (2.5%), Closter (1.4%), and Tenafly (1.3%) in 2000, representing three of the four largest in the state.^[80] Altogether, 83,700 Bergen residents identified themselves as being of Jewish heritage in 2000, a number expected to show an increase per a 2014 survey of Jews in the county.^[78][79]

Korean American

The top ten municipalities in the United States as ranked by Korean American percentage of overall population in 2010 are illustrated in the following table:

Rank	Municipality	County	State	Percentage
1	Palisades Park[52]	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001515000000000000♠51.5%
2	Leonia	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001265000000000000♠26.5%
3	Ridgefield	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001257000000000000♠25.7%
4	Fort Lee	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001235000000000000♠23.5%
5	Closter	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001212000000000000♠21.2%
6	Englewood Cliffs	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001203000000000000♠20.3%
7	Norwood	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001201000000000000♠20.1%
8	Edgewater	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001196000000000000♠19.6%
9	Cresskill	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001178000000000000♠17.8%
10	Demarest	Bergen County	New Jersey	7001173000000000000♠17.3%

One of the fastest-growing immigrant groups in Bergen County^[81] is the Korean American community, which is concentrated along the Hudson River – especially in the area near the George Washington Bridge – and represented more than half of the state's entire Korean population as of 2000.^[82] As of the 2010 Census, persons of Korean ancestry made up 6.3% of Bergen County's population^[83][84] (increasing to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey to an estimated 63,247 individuals),^[85] which is the highest percentage for any county in the United States;^[84] while the concentration of Koreans in Palisades Park, within Bergen County, is the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States,^[86] at 52.5% of the population.^[52] Per the 2010 Census, Palisades Park was home to the highest total number (10,115)^[52] of individuals of Korean ancestry among all municipalities in the state,^[87] while neighboring Fort Lee had the second largest cluster (8,318),^[88] and fourth highest proportion (23.5%, trailing Leonia (26.5%) and Ridgefield (25.7%)). All of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population in 2010 were located in Bergen County,^[54] including Palisades Park, Leonia, Ridgefield, Fort Lee, Closter, Englewood Cliffs, Norwood, Edgewater, Cresskill, and Demarest, closely followed by Old Tappan. Virtually all of the municipalities with the highest Korean concentrations are located in the eastern third of the county, near the Hudson River, although Ridgewood has emerged as a Korean American nexus in western Bergen County,^[89] and Paramus^[90] and River Edge^[91] in central Bergen County. Beginning in 2012, county election ballots were printed in the Korean Hangul (한글) language,^[92] in addition to English and Spanish, given the U.S Census Bureau's directive that Bergen County's Korean population had grown large enough to warrant language assistance during elections.^[93] Korean chaebols have established North American headquarters operations in Bergen County, including Samsung,^[94] LG Corp,^[95] and Hanjin Shipping.^[96]

Polish American

Polish Americans are well represented in western Bergen County and are growing as a community, with 59,294 (6.5%) of residents of Polish descent residing in the county as of the 2013 American Community Survey.^[65] The community's cultural and commercial heart has long been centered in Wallington, where 45.5% of the population is of Polish descent; this is the largest concentration among New Jersey municipalities and the seventh-highest in the United States.^[97] The adjacent city of Garfield has also become a magnet for Polish immigrants, with 22.9% of the population identifying themselves as being of Polish ancestry, the third highest concentration in the state.^[97]

African American

The county's African American community is almost entirely concentrated in three municipalities: Englewood (10,215 residents, accounting for 38.98% of the city's total population), Teaneck (11,298; 28.78%), and Hackensack (10,518; 24.65%). Collectively, these three areas account for nearly 70% of the county's total African American population of 46,568, and in fact, blacks have had a presence in these towns since the earliest days of the county. In sharp contrast, African Americans comprise less than 2% of the total in most of Bergen's other municipalities.^[98] In Englewood, the African American population is concentrated in the Third and Fourth wards of the western half of the city, while the northeastern section of Teaneck has been an African American enclave for several decades.^[99] In 2014, Teaneck selected its first female African-American mayor.^[100] Hackensack's long-established African American community is primarily located in the central part of the city, especially in the area near Central Avenue and First Street.^[101] Bergen County's black population has declined from 52,473 counted in the 2010 Census^[49] to an estimated 50,478 in 2012.^[76] Other county municipalities with a sizeable minority of African-Americans include Bergenfield (7.7%), Bogota (9.4%), Garfield (6.5%), Lodi (7.5%) and Ridgefield Park (6.4%)^[102]

Indian American

Indian Americans, or Asian Indians, represent a rapidly growing demographic in Bergen County, enumerating over 40,000 individuals in 2013,^[76] a significant increase from the 24,973 counted in the 2010 Census,^[49] and represent the second largest Asian ethnic group in Bergen County, after Korean Americans. The biggest clusters of Indian Americans are located in Hackensack,^[103] Ridgewood,^[104] Fair Lawn,^[105] Paramus,^[106] Teaneck,^[107] Mahwah,^[108] Bergenfield,^[109] Lodi,^[110] and Elmwood Park.^[111] Within the county's Indian population is America's largest Malayali community,^[112] and Kerala-based Kitex Garments, India's largest children's clothing manufacturer, opened its first U.S. office in Montvale in October 2015.^[113] Glen Rock resident Gurbir Grewal, a member of Bergen County's growing Indian American Sikh community, was sworn into the position of county prosecutor in 2016,^[114] and an architecturally notable Sikh gurudwara resides in Glen Rock,^[115] while a similarly prominent Hindu mandir has been built in Mahwah.^[116] The public library in Fair Lawn began a highly attended Hindi language (हिन्दी) storytelling program in October 2013.^[117] The affluent municipalities of northern Bergen County are witnessing significant growth in their Indian American communities, including Glen Rock, into which up to 90% of this constituency was estimated by one member in 2014 to have moved within the preceding two-year period alone.^[118] In February 2015, the board of education of the Glen Rock Public Schools voted to designate the Hindu holy day Diwali as an annual school holiday, making it the first district in the county to close for the holiday,^[119] while thousands celebrated the first county-wide celebration of Diwali under a unified sponsorship banner in 2016.^[120]

Russian (and other former Soviet) American

Fair Lawn, Tenafly, Alpine, and Fort Lee are hubs for Russian Americans, including a growing community of Russian Jews.^[121] Garfield is home to an architecturally prominent Russian Orthodox church.^[122] Likewise, Ukrainian Americans, Georgian Americans, and Uzbek Americans have more recently followed the path of their Russian American predecessors to Bergen County, particularly to Fair Lawn. The size of Fair Lawn's Russian American presence has prompted an April Fool's satire titled, "Putin Moves Against Fair Lawn".^[123] The Armenian American population in Bergen is dispersed throughout the county, but its most significant concentration is in the southeastern towns near the George Washington Bridge. The victims of the Armenian Genocide are recognized annually at the Bergen County Courthouse in Hackensack.^[124]

Filipino American

Bergenfield, along with Paramus, Hackensack,^[125] New Milford, Dumont,^[126] Fair Lawn, and Teaneck,^[107] have become growing hubs for Filipino Americans. Taken as a whole, these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County's Philippine population.^{[109][127][128][129]} A census-estimated 20,859 Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013,^[76] embodying an increase from the 19,155 counted in 2010.^[130] with a significant concentration of Filipino residents and businesses. Between 2000 and 2010, the Filipino-American population of Bergenfield grew from 11.7%, or 3,081 residents, to 17.1%, or 4,569.^[131] Bergenfield is informally known as the Little Manila of Bergen County, with a significant concentration of Filipino residents and businesses. Between 2000 and 2010, the Filipino-American population of Bergenfield grew from 11.7 percent, or 3,081 residents, to 17.1 percent, or 4,569.^[131] In the late 1990s, Bergenfield became the first municipality on the East Coast of the United States to elect a Filipino mayor, Robert C. Rivas.^[132] The annual Filipino American Festival is held in Bergenfield.^[133] The Philippine-American Community of Bergen County (PACBC) organization is based in Paramus,^[134] while other Filipino organizations are based in Fair Lawn^{[126][135][136]} and Bergenfield.^[137] Bergen County's culturally active Filipino community repatriated significant financial assistance to victims of Typhoon Haiyan, which ravaged the Philippines in November 2013.^[126]

Chinese American

The Chinese American population is also spread out, with sizable populations in Fort Lee, Paramus, Ridgewood, River Edge, and Englewood Cliffs.^[138] Fort Lee and Paramus have the highest total number of Chinese among Bergen municipalities while Englewood Cliffs has the highest percentage (8.42%). Several school districts throughout the county have added Mandarin Chinese to their curriculae.

Japanese American

The Japanese community, which includes a significant number of Japanese nationals, has long had a presence in Fort Lee, with over a quarter of the county's total Japanese population living in that borough alone. Adjacent Edgewater has also developed an active Japanese American community, particularly after the construction of the largest Japanese-oriented commercial center on the U.S. East Coast in this borough. As of March 2011, about 2,500 Japanese Americans lived in Fort Lee and Edgewater combined; this is the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in New Jersey.^[139] The remainder of Bergen County's Japanese residents are concentrated in northern communities, including Ridgewood. The Japanese-American Society of New Jersey is based in Fort Lee.^[140]

Balkan American

Greek Americans have had a fairly sizable presence in Bergen for several decades, and according to 2000 census data, the Greek community numbered 13,247 county-wide.^[141] Greek restaurants are abundant in Bergen County.^[142] The largest concentrations of Greeks by percentage in the county are in Englewood Cliffs (7.2%), Alpine (5.2%), Fort Lee (3.7%), and Palisades Park (3.5%).^[143] Macedonian Americans and Albanian Americans have arrived relatively recently in New Jersey^{[144][145][146][147]} but have quickly established Bergen County enclaves, roughly in tandem, in Garfield, Elmwood Park, and Fair Lawn.

Muslim American

Bergen County also has a moderately sized Muslim population, which numbered 6,473 as of the 2000 census.^[78] Teaneck and Hackensack have emerged as the two most significant Muslim enclaves in the county, with the American Muslim Union's 18th annual brunch gathering held in Teaneck in 2016.^[148][149] Bergen's Muslim population primarily consists of Arab Americans, South Asians, African Americans, and more recently, Macedonian Americans and Albanian Americans, although it should be noted that many members of these groups practice other faiths.^[150] While Arab Americans have not established a significant presence in any particular municipality, in total there are 11,755 county residents who indicated Arab ancestry in the 2000 census.^[151] The overwhelming majority of Bergen's Arab American population (64.3%) is constituted by persons of Lebanese (2,576),^[152] Syrian (2,568),^[153] and Egyptian (2,417)^[154] descent. The county's diners provide late-night and pre-dawn dining options during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.^[155]

Iranian American

A relatively recent community of Iranian Americans has emerged in Bergen County,^[156] including those in professional occupations scattered throughout the county.

Same-sex couples

Same-sex couples headed one in 160 households in 2010,^[157] prior to the commencement of same-sex marriages in New Jersey on October 21, 2013.^[158] On June 28, 2016, Bergen County officials for the first time raised the rainbow-colored gay pride flag at the county administration building in Hackensack to commemorate the gay rights movement.^[159]

Housing expense

By national standards, housing is expensive in Bergen County. In May 2015, the median house price in Bergen County was $465,000;^[160] however, median figures belie the significant variation noted between more and less affluent towns in the county.^[161]

In the Forbes magazine 2012 ranking of the Most Expensive ZIP Codes in the United States, Alpine was ranked as the second most expensive in the country, with a median home sale price of $5,745,038. There were a total of 12 county municipalities listed in the top 500, which were Englewood Cliffs (#129; $1,439,115), Saddle River (#133; $1,427,515), Franklin Lakes (#190; $1,176,229), Tenafly (#286; $913,553), Demarest (#325; $852,010), Cresskill (#362; $794,073), Ho-Ho-Kus (#364; $788,626), Wyckoff (#376; $776,303), Woodcliff Lake (#391; $752,161), Montvale (#455; $640,825) and Allendale (#481; $579,081).^[162] In the magazine's 2006 listing, Alpine was ranked as the 15th most expensive in the country, with its median home sale price in 2005 of $1,790,000 ranking as the state's highest. In all, 11 Bergen County municipalities were also represented on the list in addition to Alpine, including Englewood Cliffs (ranked #78; median sale price of $1,112,500), Saddle River (#107; $997,000), Franklin Lakes (#111; $985,000), Woodcliff Lake (#266; $786,000), Haworth (#342; $747,500), Demarest (#350; $742,000), Ho-Ho-Kus (#353; $740,000), Wyckoff (#405; $700,000), Closter (#452; $684,000) and Ridgewood (#470; $675,000).^[163]

Construction of the first of two 47-story glass-sheathed luxury skyscrapers commenced in 2013 in Fort Lee, a borough where high-rise residential complexes are a prominent feature and one of Northern New Jersey's Hudson Waterfront communities that has been called New York City's Sixth Borough;^[164] these upscale apartment towers, located near the gateway to the George Washington Bridge leading to Manhattan, represented the tallest buildings to be built to date in Bergen County.^[165]

Transportation

Bergen County has a well-developed road network, including the northern termini of the New Jersey Turnpike (a portion of Interstate 95) and the Garden State Parkway, the eastern terminus of Interstate 80, and a portion of Interstate 287. US Highways 1/9, 9W, 46, 202, and New Jersey state highways 3, 4, 17, 120, 208, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway also serve the region. With an average volume of 210,000 vehicles passing through each day, the intersection of Routes 4 and 17 is one of the busiest in the world.^[168]

The George Washington Bridge, connecting Fort Lee in Bergen County across the Hudson River to the Upper Manhattan section of New York City, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.^[166][167] Access to New York City is alternatively available for motorists through the Lincoln Tunnel and Holland Tunnel in Hudson County. Access across the Hudson River to Westchester County in New York is available using the Tappan Zee Bridge in neighboring Rockland County, New York.

As of May 2010, the county had a total of 2,988.59 miles (4,809.67 km) of roadways, of which 2,402.78 miles (3,866.90 km) are maintained by the municipality, 438.97 miles (706.45 km) by Bergen County, 106.69 miles (171.70 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 40.15 miles (64.62 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.^[169]

Train service is available on three lines from New Jersey Transit: the Bergen County Line, the Main Line, and the Pascack Valley Line.^[170][171] They run north–south to Hoboken Terminal with connections to the PATH train. New Jersey Transit also offers connecting service to New York Penn Station at Secaucus Junction. Connections are also available at the Hoboken Terminal to the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New York Waterways ferry service to the World Financial Center and other destinations.

Despite the name, the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail does not yet run into Bergen County, although a northward extension from Hudson County to Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, known as the Northern Branch Corridor Project, has been advanced to the draft environmental impact statement stage by New Jersey Transit.^[172] The proposed Passaic-Bergen Rail Line, with two station stops in Hackensack, has not advanced since its 2008 announcement. The Access to the Region's Core rail tunnel project would have allowed many Bergen County railway commuters a one-seat ride into Manhattan but was canceled in October 2010.^[173][174]

Local and express bus service is available from New Jersey Transit and private companies such as Academy Bus Lines, Coach USA, DeCamp Bus Lines and Red and Tan Lines, offering transport within Bergen County, elsewhere in New Jersey, and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in New York City. In studies conducted to determine the best possible routes for the Bergen BRT (bus rapid transit) system, it has been determined the many malls and other "activity generators" in the vicinity of the intersection of routes 4 and 17 would constitute the core of any system.^{[175][176][177][178]} While no funding has for construction of the project has been identified, a study begun in 2012 will define the optimal routes.^{[179][180][181]}

There is one airport in the county, Teterboro Airport in Teterboro, which is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.^[182] The three busiest commercial airports in the New York City metropolitan area, namely JFK International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and La Guardia Airport, are all located within 25 miles of Bergen County.

For the main surface-street routes through the county, see List of county routes in Bergen County, New Jersey.

Education

Bergen County is home to several colleges and universities:

• Bergen Community College – Paramus, with other centers in Hackensack and Lyndhurst^[183]
• Fairleigh Dickinson University – Teaneck and Hackensack^[184]
• Felician University – Lodi and Rutherford^[185]
• Ramapo College – Mahwah^[186]
• Saint Peter's University – Englewood Cliffs^[187]

Bergen has some 45 public high schools and at least 23 private high schools. Three of the top ten municipal high schools out of 339 schools in New Jersey were located in Bergen County, according to a 2014 ranking by New Jersey Monthly magazine, including Northern Highlands Regional High School in Allendale (#3), Pascack Hills High School in Montvale (#7), and Glen Rock High School in Glen Rock (#8).^[188] The magazine's list did not include the Bergen County Academies (BCA), which as the county's public magnet high school in Hackensack has continued to be recognized by various rankings as one of the best high schools in the United States.^[189] In 2014, BCA had an average HSPA score of 294 out of 300 and an average SAT score of 2103 out of 2400.^[190]

Arts and culture

The Bergen Performing Arts Center (PAC) is based in Englewood, while numerous museums are located throughout the county. In September 2014, the Englewood-based Northern New Jersey Community Foundation announced an initiative known as ArtsBergen, a centralizing body with the goal of connecting artists and arts organizations with one another in Bergen County.^[191]

Municipalities

In the last decades of the 19th century, Bergen County, to a far greater extent than any other county in the state, began dividing its townships up into incorporated boroughs; this was chiefly due to the "boroughitis" phenomenon, triggered by a number of loopholes in state laws that allowed boroughs to levy lower taxes and send more members to the county's board of freeholders. There was a 10-year period in which many of Bergen County's townships disappeared into the patchwork of boroughs that exist today, before the state laws governing municipal incorporation were changed.^[33]

Municipalities in Bergen County (with 2010 Census data for population, housing units and area) are:^[192]

Municipality (with map key)	Municipal type	Population	Housing Units	Total Area	Water Area	Land Area	Pop. Density	Housing Density	Communities[193]
Allendale	borough	6,505	2,388	3.12	0.02	3.10	2,100.7	771.2
Alpine	borough	1,849	670	9.23	2.82	6.41	288.4	104.5
Bergenfield	borough	26,764	9,200	2.89	0.01	2.88	9,306.5	3,199.1
Bogota	borough	8,187	2,888	0.81	0.05	0.76	10,702.5	3,775.4
Carlstadt	borough	6,127	2,495	4.24	0.24	4.00	1,532.1	623.9
Cliffside Park	borough	23,594	10,665	0.96	0.00	0.96	24,508.7	11,078.5	Grantwood (part)
Closter	borough	8,373	2,860	3.30	0.13	3.16	2,646.0	903.8
Cresskill	borough	8,573	3,114	2.07	0.01	2.06	4,154.5	1,509.0
Demarest	borough	4,881	1,659	2.08	0.01	2.07	2,361.8	802.7
Dumont	borough	17,479	6,542	1.99	0.00	1.98	8,814.7	3,299.2
East Rutherford	borough	8,913	4,018	4.05	0.34	3.71	2,403.2	1,083.4
Edgewater	borough	11,513	6,282	2.42	1.49	0.94	12,312.0	6,718.0
Elmwood Park	borough	19,403	7,385	2.76	0.11	2.65	7,327.9	2,789.1
Emerson	borough	7,401	2,552	2.40	0.20	2.20	3,358.9	1,158.2
Englewood	city	27,147	10,695	4.94	0.02	4.91	5,524.6	2,176.5
Englewood Cliffs	borough	5,281	1,924	3.33	1.24	2.09	2,528.1	921.0
Fair Lawn	borough	32,457	12,266	5.20	0.06	5.14	6,315.4	2,386.7	Radburn
Fairview	borough	13,835	5,150	0.84	0.00	0.84	16,421.8	6,112.9
Fort Lee	borough	35,345	17,818	2.89	0.35	2.54	13,910.9	7,012.7
Franklin Lakes	borough	10,590	3,692	9.85	0.47	9.38	1,129.1	393.6
Garfield	city	30,487	11,788	2.16	0.06	2.10	14,524.8	5,616.1
Glen Rock	borough	11,601	4,016	2.74	0.02	2.71	4,275.2	1,480.0
Hackensack	city	43,010	19,375	4.35	0.17	4.18	10,290.0	4,635.4
Harrington Park	borough	4,664	1,624	2.06	0.23	1.83	2,545.9	886.5
Hasbrouck Heights	borough	11,842	4,627	1.51	0.00	1.51	7,865.4	3,073.2
Haworth	borough	3,382	1,136	2.36	0.41	1.94	1,739.2	584.2
Hillsdale	borough	10,219	3,567	2.96	0.01	2.95	3,464.8	1,209.4
Ho-Ho-Kus	borough	4,078	1,462	1.75	0.01	1.74	2,350.3	842.6
Leonia	borough	8,937	3,428	1.63	0.10	1.54	5,819.5	2,232.2
Little Ferry	borough	10,626	4,439	1.70	0.23	1.48	7,200.1	3,007.8
Lodi	borough	24,136	10,127	2.29	0.02	2.26	10,657.6	4,471.7
Lyndhurst	township	20,554	8,787	4.89	0.34	4.56	4,509.3	1,927.7	Kingsland
Mahwah	township	25,890	9,868	26.19	0.50	25.69	1,007.7	384.1	Cragmere Park, Darlington, Fardale, Masonicus, Pulis Mills
Maywood	borough	9,555	3,769	1.29	0.00	1.29	7,428.0	2,930.0
Midland Park	borough	7,128	2,861	1.56	0.01	1.56	4,583.2	1,839.6	Wortendyke
Montvale	borough	7,844	2,872	4.01	0.01	4.00	1,961.2	718.1
Moonachie	borough	2,708	1,053	1.68	0.01	1.66	1,626.5	632.5
New Milford	borough	16,341	6,362	2.31	0.03	2.27	7,186.0	2,797.7
North Arlington	borough	15,392	6,573	2.62	0.06	2.56	6,010.3	2,566.6
Northvale	borough	4,640	1,635	1.30	0.00	1.30	3,582.3	1,262.3
Norwood	borough	5,711	2,007	2.73	0.01	2.73	2,093.5	735.7
Oakland	borough	12,754	4,470	8.73	0.27	8.45	1,508.6	528.7
Old Tappan	borough	5,750	1,995	4.20	0.87	3.33	1,725.8	598.8
Oradell	borough	7,978	2,831	2.58	0.15	2.42	3,291.5	1,168.0
Palisades Park	borough	19,622	7,362	1.28	0.02	1.25	15,681.6	5,883.6
Paramus	borough	26,342	8,915	10.52	0.05	10.47	2,516.0	851.5	Arcola
Park Ridge	borough	8,645	3,428	2.60	0.02	2.58	3,348.6	1,327.8
Ramsey	borough	14,473	5,550	5.59	0.07	5.52	2,621.9	1,005.4
Ridgefield	borough	11,032	4,145	2.85	0.30	2.55	4,323.7	1,624.5	Grantwood (part)
Ridgefield Park	village	12,729	5,164	1.92	0.20	1.72	7,385.6	2,996.2
Ridgewood	village	24,958	8,743	5.82	0.07	5.75	4,339.0	1,520.0
River Edge	borough	11,340	4,261	1.90	0.04	1.85	6,116.3	2,298.2
River Vale	township	9,659	3,521	4.28	0.26	4.01	2,408.1	877.8
Rochelle Park	township	5,530	2,170	1.06	0.02	1.04	5,313.8	2,085.2
Rockleigh	borough	531	86	0.98	0.01	0.97	548.1	88.8
Rutherford	borough	18,061	7,278	2.94	0.14	2.81	6,437.4	2,594.1
Saddle Brook	township	13,659	5,485	2.72	0.03	2.69	5,080.2	2,040.0
Saddle River	borough	3,152	1,341	4.98	0.06	4.92	640.2	272.4
South Hackensack	township	2,378	879	0.74	0.02	0.72	3,311.7	1,224.1
Teaneck	township	39,776	14,024	6.23	0.22	6.01	6,622.2	2,334.8
Tenafly	borough	14,488	4,980	5.18	0.58	4.60	3,148.6	1,082.3
Teterboro	borough	67	27	1.16	0.00	1.16	57.9	23.3
Upper Saddle River	borough	8,208	2,776	5.28	0.02	5.26	1,560.0	527.6
Waldwick	borough	9,625	3,537	2.09	0.02	2.07	4,656.8	1,711.3
Wallington	borough	11,335	4,946	1.03	0.05	0.98	11,528.6	5,030.5
Washington Township	township	9,102	3,341	2.96	0.05	2.91	3,128.8	1,148.5
Westwood	borough	10,908	4,636	2.31	0.05	2.27	4,814.5	2,046.2
Woodcliff Lake	borough	5,730	1,980	3.61	0.20	3.41	1,682.7	581.5
Wood-Ridge	borough	7,626	3,051	1.10	0.00	1.10	6,951.6	2,781.2
Wyckoff	township	16,696	5,827	6.61	0.06	6.55	2,550.1	890.0
Bergen County	county	905,116	352,388	246.67	13.66	233.01	3,884.5	1,512.3

Historical municipalities

Over the history of the county, there have been various municipality secessions, annexations and renamings. The following is a partial list of former municipalities, ordered by year of incorporation.^[26]

Bergen Township, 1683–1862 Hackensack Township, 1693 New Barbadoes Township, 1710–1921 Saddle River Township, 1716–1955 Franklin Township, 1771–1926 Harrington Township, 1775–1916 Lodi Township, 1825–1935 Hohokus Township, 1849 Union Township, 1852 Midland Township, 1871

Englewood Township, 1871–1899 Palisades Township, 1871–1922 Ridgefield Township, 1871 Ridgewood Township, 1876 Orvil Township, 1886–1919 Boiling Springs Township, 1885 Bergen Township, 1893–1902 Eastwood Borough, 1894–1896 Overpeck Township, 1897–1938

Economy

Largest employers

According to the Bergen County Economic Development Corporation, the largest employers in Bergen County as of November 2012, as ranked with at least 1,000 employees in the county, were as follows:^[194]

• Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, 8,000
• Valley Health System, Ridgewood, 4,660
• Bio-Reference Laboratories, Inc., Elmwood Park, 2,900
• Medco Health Solutions, Franklin Lakes, 2,800 (no longer an independent company)
• County of Bergen, Hackensack, 2,390
• Quest Diagnostics, Teterboro / Lyndhurst, 2,200
• KPMG, Montvale, 2,100
• Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, 2,002
• Englewood Hospital Home Health Care Services, Englewood, 1,985
• Unilever Bestfoods, Englewood Cliffs, 1,900
• Stryker Corporation, Allendale / Mahwah, 1,812
• Bergen Regional Medical Center, Paramus, 1,746
• Holy Name Medical Center, Teaneck, 1,695
• Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, 1,500
• Crestron Electronics, Rockleigh / Cresskill, 1,500
• BMW of North America, Woodcliff Lake, 1,000

In January 2015, Mercedes-Benz USA announced that it would be moving its headquarters from the borough of Montvale in Bergen County to the Atlanta, Georgia area as of July. The company had been based in northern New Jersey since 1972 and has had 1,000 employees on a 37-acre (15 ha) campus in Montvale. Despite incentive offers from the State of New Jersey to remain in Bergen County, Mercedes-Benz cited proximity to its Alabama manufacturing facility and a growing customer base in the southeastern United States, in addition to as much as $50 million in tax incentives from Georgia governmental agencies, in explaining its decision to move. However, Mercedes-Benz USA also stated its intent to maintain its Northeast regional headquarters in Montvale and to build a "state-of-the-art" assemblage training center in the borough as well.^[197]

Building permits

In 2011, Bergen County issued 1,903 new building permits for residential construction, the largest number in New Jersey.^[198]

Retail

The retail industry, anchored in Paramus, is a mainstay of the Bergen County economy, with a combined payroll of $1.7 billion as of 2012.^[199]

Blue laws

One of the last remaining blue laws in the United States that covers most retail sales, other than food and gasoline (among other limited items), is found in Bergen County. The blue law enforced in the county is actually a state law that each county could reject by voter referendum, with 20 of the state's 21 counties having voted to reject the legal option to enforce the law.^[200] Thus one of the largest and most popular commercial shopping cores of the New York metropolitan area^[201] is almost completely closed on Sunday (grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, hotels, restaurants, pharmacies, entertainment venues, and any other exempted establishments that do not sell clothing, shoes, furniture, electronics, and home appliances are among the businesses allowed to operate). Furthermore, Bergen County has significant populations of Jewish (2000 estimate of 83,700) and Muslim (2000 estimate of 6,473) residents whose observant members would not be celebrating the Sunday Sabbath with most of their Christian neighbors.^[202] The substantial Orthodox Jewish minority is placed in the position of being unable to shop either on Sunday (due to the blue laws) or on Saturday (due to religious observance).^[203][204]

However, repeated attempts by voters to reject the law have failed. A large part of the reason for maintaining the laws has been a desire by many Bergen County residents for relative peace and quiet, with less traffic, on one day of the week.^[205] This desire for relative peace is most apparent in Paramus, where most of the county's largest shopping malls are located, along the intersecting highways of Route 4 and Route 17, which are jam-packed on many Saturdays. Paramus has enacted blue laws of its own that are even more restrictive than those enforced by Bergen County,^[206] banning all forms of "worldly employment" on Sundays, including white collar workers in office buildings.^[205] Despite these strict blue laws, Paramus (07652) has become the top retail zip code in the United States, with the municipality generating over $5 billion in annual retail sales.^[195][196] Local Blue laws in Paramus were first proposed in 1957, while the Bergen Mall and Garden State Plaza were under construction. The legislation was motivated by fears that the two new malls would aggravate the already severe highway congestion caused by local retail businesses along the borough's highways seven days a week and to preserve one day on which the roads were less congested.^[207] In November 2012, Governor Chris Christie issued an executive order to temporarily suspend the blue law due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy.^[208] The blue law was suspended on November 11 but was back in effect on November 18.^[209]

Law and government

County government

Bergen has had a County Executive form of government since 1986. The executive oversees the county's business, while the seven-member Board of chosen freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. The freeholders are elected at-large to three-year terms in office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. All members of the governing body are elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general elections.^[210][211] Day-to-day oversight of the operation of the county and its departments is delegated to County Administrator Ed Trawinski.^[212]

As of 2016, the County Executive is Democratic James J. Tedesco III of Paramus, whose term of office ends December 31, 2018.^[213] Bergen County's Freeholders are:^{[214][215][216][217][218]}

• Freeholder Chairwoman Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2017)^[219]
• Freeholder Vice-Chairman Freeholder Steve Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2018)^[220]
• Freeholder Chairman Pro-Tempore John A. Felice (R, River Edge, 2016)^[221]
• Freeholder David L. Ganz (D, Fair Lawn, 2017)^[222]
• Freeholder Maura DeNicola (R, Franklin Lakes, 2016)^[223]
• Freeholder Thomas J. Sullivan Jr., (D, Montvale, 2016; elected to fill Tedesco's unexpired term)^[224]
• Freeholder Tracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2018)^[225]

Countywide constitutional officials are:^[210][226] 2828

• County Clerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale)^[227]
• Sheriff Michael Saudino (D)^[228]
• Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill).^[229]

Bergen County constitutes Vicinage 2 of the New Jersey Superior Court.^[230] Vicinage 2 is seated at the Bergen County Justice Center in Hackensack; the Assignment Judge for Vicinage 2 is the Honorable Bonnie J. Mizdol.^[231][232]

In 2014, Freeholder James Tedesco challenged incumbent Kathleen Donovan on a platform that highlighted his own plan to merge the county police department with the sheriff's office, as well as Donovan's connections to recent scandals in the New Jersey state government, including the nationally reported "Bridgegate" scandal and alleged campaign finance abuse among her staff.^[233] Election results showed Tedesco with 54.2% of the vote (107,958), ahead of Donovan with 45.8% (91,299),^[234] in a race in which Tedesco's campaign spending nearly $1 million, outspending Donovan by a 2–1 margin.^[235]

In November 2010, Republican County Clerk Kathleen Donovan won the race for County Executive, defeating Dennis McNerney in his bid for a third term. Three incumbent Freeholders, Chairman James Carroll, Freeholder Elizabeth Calabrese, and Freeholder John Hogan were all defeated by Republican challengers Franklin Lakes Mayor Maura DeNicola, former River Edge Councilman John Felice and Cliffside Park resident John Mitchell. Incumbent Bergen County Sheriff Leo McGuire also failed in his bid for a third term as he was defeated by Emerson Police Chief Mike Saudino. As a result of the 2010 elections, Republicans controlled Bergen County government for the first time in nearly a decade, with County Executive Kathleen Donovan and a 5–2 majority on the Board of Chosen Freeholders.^[236]

The Bergen County court system consists of a number of municipal courts handling traffic court and other minor matters, plus the Bergen County Superior Court which handles more serious offenses. Law enforcement at the county level includes the Bergen County Sheriff's Office and the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office. Bergen County's first female police chief took office in September 2015, as police chief of Bergenfield.^[237]

In August 2015, a branding campaign was launched to highlight county government services, with its centerpiece being the official seal of Bergen County, depicting a Dutch settler shaking hands with a Native American. The county's contemporaneous executive James Tedesco made an approximately $5,000 private donation to initiate the effort in the form of a nine-foot rendering of this seal woven into the carpet of the county executive's office.^[238]

Highlands protection

In 2004, the New Jersey Legislature passed the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act, which regulates the New Jersey Highlands region. A portion of the northwestern area of the county, comprising the municipalities of Oakland and Mahwah, was included in the highlands preservation area and is subject to the rules of the act and the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council, a division of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.^[239] Some of the territory in the protected region is classified as being in the highlands preservation area, and thus subject to additional rules.^[240]

State representatives

The 70 municipalities of Bergen County are represented by seven separate state legislative districts. The 37th is situated entirely within the county, while all of the others cross county boundaries.^[241]

District	Senator[242]	Assembly[242]	Municipalities
32nd	Nicholas Sacco (D)	Angelica M. Jimenez (D) Vincent Prieto (D)	Edgewater (11,513) and Fairview (13,835). The remainder of the district covers portions of Hudson County.
35th	Nellie Pou (D)	Shavonda E. Sumter (D) Benjie E. Wimberly (D)	Elmwood Park (19,403) and Garfield (30,487). The remainder of the district covers portions of Passaic County.
36th	Paul Sarlo (D)	Marlene Caride (D) Gary Schaer (D)	Carlstadt (6,127), Cliffside Park (23,594), East Rutherford (8,913), Little Ferry (10,626), Lyndhurst (20,554), Moonachie (2,708), North Arlington (15,392), Ridgefield (11,032), Ridgefield Park (12,729), Rutherford (18,061), South Hackensack (2,378), Teterboro (67), Wallington (11,335) and Wood-Ridge (7,626). The remainder of the district covers portions of Passaic County.
37th	Loretta Weinberg (D)	Valerie Huttle (D) Gordon M. Johnson (D)	Alpine (1,849), Bogota (8,187), Cresskill (8,573), Englewood (27,147 Englewood Cliffs (5,281), Fort Lee (35,345), Hackensack (43,010), Leonia (8,937), Northvale (4,640), Palisades Park (19,622), Rockleigh (531), Teaneck (39,776) and Tenafly (14,488).
38th	Robert M. Gordon (D)	Tim Eustace (D) Joseph Lagana (D)	Bergenfield (26,764), Fair Lawn (32,457), Glen Rock (11,601), Hasbrouck Heights (11,842), Lodi (24,136), Maywood (9,555), New Milford (16,341), Oradell (7,978), Paramus (26,342), River Edge (11,340), Rochelle Park (5,530), Saddle Brook (13,659). The remainder of the district covers portions of Passaic County.
39th	Gerald Cardinale (R)	Robert Auth (R) Holly Schepisi (R)	Closter (8,373), Demarest (4,881), Dumont (17,479), Emerson (7,401), Harrington Park (4,664), Haworth (3,382), Hillsdale (10,219), Mahwah (25,890), Montvale (7,844), Norwood (5,711), Oakland (12,754), Old Tappan (5,750), Park Ridge (8,645), Ramsey (14,473), River Vale (9,659), Saddle River (3,152), Upper Saddle River (8,208), Washington Township (9,102), Westwood (10,908) and Woodcliff Lake (5,730). The remainder of the district covers portions of Passaic County.
40th	Kevin J. O'Toole (R)	David C. Russo (R) Kevin J. Rooney (R)	Allendale (6,505), Franklin Lakes (10,590), Ho-Ho-Kus (4,078), Midland Park (7,128), Ridgewood (24,958), Waldwick (9,625) and Wyckoff (16,696). The remainder of the district covers portions of Essex County, Morris County and Passaic County.

Congressional representatives

The county is part of three congressional districts, the 5th District covering the northern portion of the county and the 9th most of the south, with Fairview being in the 8th District.^[243][244] New Jersey's Fifth Congressional District is represented by Josh Gottheimer (D, Wyckoff).^[245] New Jersey's Ninth Congressional District is represented by Bill Pascrell (D, Paterson).^[246] New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).^[247]

Politics

Presidential Elections Results^[248]

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third Parties
2016	41.6% 175,529	54.8% 231,211	3.7% 15,473
2012	43.8% 169,070	55.1% 212,754	1.1% 4,166
2008	44.8% 186,118	54.2% 225,367	1.1% 4,424
2004	47.4% 189,833	51.9% 207,666	0.7% 2,745
2000	41.7% 152,731	55.3% 202,682	3.1% 11,308
1996	38.9% 141,164	52.7% 191,085	8.4% 30,638
1992	44.2% 178,223	42.4% 171,104	13.4% 53,810
1988	58.2% 226,885	41.2% 160,655	0.6% 2,393
1984	63.2% 268,507	36.5% 155,039	0.3% 1,172
1980	55.9% 232,043	33.6% 139,474	10.5% 43,640
1976	55.9% 237,331	42.5% 180,738	1.6% 6,784
1972	65.3% 285,458	33.7% 147,155	1.0% 4,281
1968	54.5% 224,911	39.3% 162,182	6.3% 25,944
1964	40.1% 157,899	59.7% 234,849	0.2% 717
1960	58.9% 224,969	40.9% 156,165	0.2% 674
1956	75.2% 254,334	24.3% 82,169	0.5% 1,610
1952	69.2% 212,842	30.4% 93,373	0.4% 1,287
1948	65.7% 142,657	31.8% 69,132	2.5% 5,342
1944	65.0% 142,836	34.7% 76,350	0.3% 566
1940	63.0% 131,588	36.7% 76,541	0.3% 694
1936	49.3% 89,628	50.1% 91,107	0.6% 1,143
1932	52.4% 86,885	44.6% 73,921	3.0% 4,937
1928	63.6% 89,105	36.0% 50,373	0.4% 589
1924	69.4% 60,803	19.2% 16,844	11.4% 9,951
1920	76.3% 47,512	19.9% 12,396	3.9% 2,397
1916	60.1% 18,494	37.4% 11,530	2.5% 773
1912	20.5% 5,087	40.1% 9,978	39.4% 9,803
1908	61.5% 14,043	33.4% 7,629	5.1% 1,158
1904	54.7% 9,957	40.1% 7,301	5.3% 960
1900	56.9% 9,086	40.5% 6,458	2.6% 422

Bergen County vote
by party in gubernatorial elections^[249]

Year	Republican	Democratic
2013	60.2% 136,178	38.6% 87,376
2009	46.2% 121,446	48.5% 127,386
2005	42.2% 108,017	55.6% 142,319
2001	42.5% 111,221	55.1% 140,215
1997	53.3% 148,934	42.5% 118,834
1993	50.8% 157,710	47.4% 147,387
1989	39.2% 109,184	59.2% 165,104
1985	71.5% 181,238	27.8% 70,525
1981	54.1% 169,556	45.0% 141,018

The county is characterized by a divide between Republican communities in the north and northwest of the county and Democratic communities in its center and southeast.

As of October 31, 2014, there were a total of 555,293 registered voters in Bergen County, of whom 171,471 (30.9%) were registered as Democrats, 111,099 (20.%) were registered as Republicans and 272,261 (49.%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 462 voters registered to other parties.^[250] Among the county's 2010 Census population, 61.4% were registered to vote, including 77.4% of those ages 18 and over.^[250][251]

In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 231,211 votes here (54.8%), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 175,529 votes (41.6%) and other candidates with 19,827 votes (4.6%), among the 426,567 ballots cast by the county's 588,362 registered voters, for a turnout of 73%.^[252] In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 212,754 votes here (54.8%), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 169,070 votes (43.5%) and other candidates with 3,583 votes (0.9%), among the 388,425 ballots cast by the county's 551,745 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.4%).^[253][254] In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama received 225,367 votes here (53.9%), ahead of Republican John McCain with 186,118 votes (44.5%) and other candidates with 3,248 votes (0.8%), among the 418,459 ballots cast by the county's 544,730 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.8%.^[255] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 207,666 votes here (51.7%), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 189,833 votes (47.2%) and other candidates with 2,745 votes (0.7%), among the 401,845 ballots cast by the county's 522,750 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.9%.^[256]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 136,178 ballots cast (60.2%), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 87,376 votes (38.7%) and other candidates with 2,515 votes (1.1%), among the 226,069 ballots cast for governor by the county's 527,491 registered voters, yielding a 42.9% turnout.^[257][258] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 127,386 ballots cast (48.0%) in the county, ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 121,446 votes (45.8%), Independent Chris Daggett with 12,452 votes (4.7%), and other candidates with 1,262 votes (0.5%), among the 265,223 ballots cast by the county's 530,460 registered voters, yielding a 50.0% turnout.^[259]

In 2010, Republicans were represented by only two Freeholders and one Constitutional Officer. In 2011, the Democrats had two Freeholders and one Constitutional Officer, a complete shift in control of County government. In 2012, Democrats retained their two seats on the Board of Freeholders while moving to two Constitutional Officers as Democrat John Hogan defeated incumbent Elizabeth Randall in the County Clerk race.

In 2014, Robert Menendez, Democratic U.S. Senator representing New Jersey since 2006, shifted his residence from his longtime established base in adjacent Hudson County to Paramus in Bergen County.^[260]

Points of interest

Educational and cultural

• New Jersey Naval Museum, Hackensack. At the museum, the USS Ling is moored in the Hackensack River and is available for tours as a museum ship.^[263]
• Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey, located at Teterboro Airport in Teterboro.^[264]
• Bergen Museum of Art & Science, Hackensack.^[265]
• Buehler Challenger & Science Center, Paramus — Located on the campus of Bergen Community College.
• Meadowlands Environment Center, Lyndhurst.^[266]
• Tenafly Nature Center, Tenafly^[267]
• Puffin Foundation, Teaneck^[268]
• Maywood Station Museum, Maywood^[269]
• Bergen Performing Arts Center, Englewood^[270]

Commercial and entertainment

• MetLife Stadium, which replaced Giants Stadium, in East Rutherford, is the home of the New York Giants and the New York Jets of the National Football League. At a construction cost of approximately $1.6 billion,^[262] it is the most expensive stadium ever built.^[261]
• Izod Center, East Rutherford (formerly known as the Continental Airlines Arena and the Brendan Byrne Arena). Opened in 1981, it was formerly home to the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League, the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association, and the Seton Hall University Pirates men's basketball team. Izod Center closed on April 3, 2015.
• Meadowlands Racetrack, East Rutherford
• Westfield Garden State Plaza, Paramus, is one of the largest and highest revenue producing shopping malls in the United States.
• The Shops at Riverside, shopping mall, Hackensack (formerly known as Riverside Square Mall)
• Paramus Park, shopping mall, Paramus
• The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, shopping mall, Paramus (formerly known as the Bergen Mall)
• Fashion Center, shopping mall, Paramus
• H Mart, Korean shopping plaza and supermarket, Ridgefield
• Mitsuwa Marketplace, Japanese shopping plaza and supermarket, Edgewater
• American Dream Meadowlands, retail and entertainment complex under construction. The expected opening date will be summer of 2017.

State parks

• Ramapo Mountain State Forest, Mahwah
• Palisades Interstate Park, Fort Lee, Englewood Cliffs, Tenafly, Alpine

State-owned historical sites

• New Bridge Landing, River Edge, Teaneck and New Milford^[271]
• The Hermitage, Ho-Ho-Kus^[272]
• Steuben House, River Edge (at New Bridge Landing)^[273]

County parks

• Belmont Hill County Park, Garfield
• Campgaw Mountain Reservation, Mahwah
• Dahnert's Lake County Park, Garfield
• Darlington County Park, Mahwah
• McFaul Environmental Center, Wyckoff
• Ramapo Valley County Reservation, Mahwah
• Overpeck County Park, Leonia, Palisades Park, Ridgefield Park
• Riverside County Park, Lyndhurst, North Arlington
• Pascack Brook County Park, Westwood
• Saddle Ridge Riding Area, Franklin Lakes
• Saddle River County Park, Paramus, Glen Rock, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook, Ridgewood
• Samuel Nelkin County Park, Wallington
• Van Saun County Park, Paramus, including the Bergen County Zoological Park, the county's only zoo. The zoo was slated for an expansion as of 2016 which would nearly double its size from 12 to 23 acres and significantly diversify its population of animal species.^[274]
• Wood Dale County Park, Woodcliff Lake

County-owned historical sites

• Baylor Massacre site, River Vale - location of a surprise attack on September 27, 1778, against the 3rd Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons under the command of Colonel George Baylor during the American Revolutionary War.^[275]
• Camp Merritt, Cresskill^[276]
• Campbell-Christie House, River Edge - a historic Dutch sandstone home, it was moved from New Milford to preserve the home from destruction.^[277]
• Easton Tower, Paramus^[278]
• Garretson Farm, Fair Lawn - a stone home dating to the 1720s that is one of the county's oldest surviving structures.^[279]
• Gethsemane Cemetery, Little Ferry^[280]
• Washington Spring Garden, located in Van Saun Park, Paramus^[281]
• Wortendyke Barn, Park Ridge^[282]

See also

• List of Registered Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey

References

Sources

• Bogert, Frederick W. Bergen County, New Jersey, History and Heritage, Volume II, The Colonial Days, 1630–1775, Bergen County, N.J., The Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders, 1983.
• Cornelius Burnham Harvey (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900.
• W. Woodford Clayton with William Nelson, History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882.
• James M. Van Valen, History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900.
• Westervelt, Frances A. History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1923.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergen County, New Jersey.

• Bergen County travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Bergen County official website
• Bergen County Historical Society

Coordinates: 40°58′N 74°04′W / 40.96°N 74.07°W / 40.96; -74.07