Berga, Thuringia

Berga

Coat of arms
Berga

Coordinates: 50°45′N 12°10′E / 50.750°N 12.167°E / 50.750; 12.167Coordinates: 50°45′N 12°10′E / 50.750°N 12.167°E / 50.750; 12.167
Country Germany
State Thuringia
District Greiz
Government
 • Mayor Steffen Ramsauer
Area
 • Total 43.49 km2 (16.79 sq mi)
Elevation 229 m (751 ft)
Population (2015-12-31)[1]
 • Total 3,383
 • Density 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 07980
Dialling codes 036623
Vehicle registration GRZ
Website Stadt-Berga.de

Berga/Elster is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the White Elster river, 14 km southeast of Gera.

History

Within the German Empire (1871-1918), Berga/Elster was part of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Berga Concentration Camp

During World War II, a slave labor camp called "Berga an der Elster"[2] was operated here to dig 17 tunnels for an underground ammunition factory. Workers were supplied by Buchenwald concentration camp and from a POW camp, Stalag IX-B; the latter contravened the provisions of the Third Geneva Convention and of the Hague Treaties. Many prisoners died as a result of malnutrition, sickness (including pulmonary disease due to dust inhalation from tunnelling with explosives), and beatings,[3] including 73 American POWs.[4][5] The labor camp formed part of Germany's secret plan to transform, via hydrogenation, brown coal into usable fuel for tanks, planes, and other military machinery. However, the camp's additional purpose was Vernichtung durch Arbeit (or "annihilation through labor"), and prisoners were intentionally worked to death with inhumane working and living conditions, and starvation. This secondary purpose of extermination was carried out until the war's end, when the prisoners were subjected to a forced death march to keep ahead of the advancing allied forces.[5]

POWs were put to work, together with concentration camp inmates, digging 17 tunnels for an underground ammunition factory, some of them 150 feet below ground. As a result of the appalling conditions, malnutrition and cold, as well as beatings, 47 prisoners died.[6] The U.S. military authorities never acknowledged the incident.

On 4 April, the 300 surviving American prisoners were marched out of the camp ahead of approaching American troops. After a 2½-week forced march they were finally liberated. During this march another 36 Americans died.

During an air-raid, while the camp lights were extinguished, Hans Kasten, Joe Littel and Ernst Sinner, escaped from the Berga camp. They were later arrested and taken to Gestapo headquarters. After identification as POWs they were taken to Buchenwald and placed in detention cells. They were freed when the KZ Buchenwald was liberated.[7]

Berga was run by a fanatical German national guard sergeant named Erwin Metz, who was responsible for the inhumane conditions and who gave the order to take the prisoners on the death march. When the allied forces closed in on the retreating Germans, Metz deserted his post and attempted to escape by bicycle, fearing the consequences of being captured in possession of the remaining Berga prisoners and having to answer for his war crimes. Still, he was captured days after the prisoners were liberated by American forces, and he was sentenced to death, because he had killed a US POW, Pvt Morton Goldstein (Battery C/590th Field Artillery/106 US Division) on March 14, 1945. However, because of the American political climate and the shifting priorities of the American War Department toward defending against the Soviets in the lead-up to the Cold War, many German war criminals' sentences were commuted in exchange for intelligence that the Western allies believed could be used against the Soviets. Metz thus was instead sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, though in the end he served only nine before being released back into Germany a free man.[5]

Personalities


See also

References

  1. ↑ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden, Gemeinschaftsfreie Gemeinde, erfüllende/beauftragende Gemeinden, Verwaltungsgemeinschaft/Mitgliedsgemeinden in Thüringen". Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (in German). July 2016.
  2. ↑ "After 63 years, vet learns of brother's death in Nazi slave camp". CNN. 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  3. ↑ "New photo: Nazis dig up mass grave of U.S. soldiers". CNN. 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2009-04-24. Berga an der Elster was a slave labor camp where 350 U.S. soldiers were beaten, starved, and forced to work in tunnels for the German government. The soldiers were singled out for "looking like Jews", "sounding like Jews", having names that "sounded Jewish", or having been dubbed as undesirables, according to survivors. More than 100 soldiers perished at the camp or on a forced death march.
  4. ↑ Reich, Walter (2005-05-01). "Yanks in the Holocaust". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  5. 1 2 3 Hitler's G.I. Death Camp (television documentary). National Geographic. 2012.
  6. ↑ Uhl, John (2012). "Berga - Soldiers of Another War : Berga and Beyond". PBS. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Kasten, J.C.F. "Hans" (2012). "Personal Narrative: Johann Carl Friedrich Kasten IV". Library of Congress : Veterans History Project. Retrieved 20 May 2012.

Additional reading

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