Beaker (glassware)

Beaker

Beakers of several sizes
Uses Liquid volume containment
and measurement
Related items Laboratory flask

A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom.[1] Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one millilitre up to several litres.

Structure & common uses

(A) A low-form or Griffin form beaker
(B) A tall-form or Berzelius beaker
(C) A flat beaker or crystallizer

Standard or "low-form" beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter.[2] The common low form with a spout was devised by John Joseph Griffin and is therefore sometimes called a Griffin beaker.[3][4] These are the most universal character and are used for various purposes—from preparing solutions and decanting supernatant fluids to holding waste fluids prior to disposal to performing simple reactions. In short, low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing just about any chemical experiment.

"Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter.[2] These are sometimes called Berzelius beakers and are mostly used for titration.[4]

Flat beakers (C) are often called crystallizers because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.

A beaker is distinguished from a flask by having straight rather than sloping sides. The exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker.

Materials

Beakers are commonly made of glass (today usually borosilicate glass[2]), but can also be in metal (such as stainless steel or aluminium) or certain plastics (notably polythene, polypropylene, PTFE). A common use for polypropylene beakers is gamma spectral analysis of liquid and solid samples.

Shape

Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a graduated cylinder or a volumetric flask would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.[5]

The presence of a spout means that the beaker cannot have a lid. However, when in use, beakers may be covered by a watch glass to prevent contamination or loss of the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with another larger beaker that has been inverted, though a watch glass is preferable.

DIN EN ISO 3819:2015-12 defines the following types and sizes:[6]

Type Nominal volume
ml
Outer diameter
mm
+/- 5 %		 Overall height
mm
max. 		Wall thickness
mm
min.
Low high beaker 5 22 32 0,7
10 26 37 0,7
25 34 52 0,7
50 42 62 0,8
100 50 72 0,9
150 60 82 1,0
250 70 97 1,1
400 80 113 1,2
500 85 118 1,3
600 90 128 1,3
800 100 138 1,3
1000 105 148 1,3
2000 130 188 1,4
3000 150 214 1,7
5000 170 274 2,0
10000 220 360 2,0
High beaker 50 38 72 0,8
100 48 82 0,9
150 54 97 1,0
250 60 123 1,1
400 70 133 1,2
500 79 140 1,3
600 80 153 1,3
800 90 178 1,3
1000 95 183 1,3
2000 120 244 1,4
3000 135 284 1,7
5000 160 324 2,0
Thick wall type 150 60 82 1,1
250 70 97 1,2
400 80 111 1,4
600 90 127 1,4
1000 105 147 1,4
2000 132 187 1,5
5000 170 275 2,5

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary 1989 edition
  2. 1 2 3 British Standard 6523 (1984) Glass beakers for original experiments use
  3. ↑ A. I. Vogel (1974) Practical Organic Chemistry Third edition (Longman, London) page 46 ISBN 0-582-44245-1
  4. 1 2 Chemistry World August 2011 Classic kit: Griffin's Beaker
  5. ↑ "Beakers". Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  6. ↑ ISO 3819:2015-12

Further reading

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