First Battle of Panipat
| First Battle of Panipat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Mughal conquests | |||||||||
 The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Babur | Lodi dynasty and Afghans | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Babur Humayun Chin Timur Khan Ustad Ali Quli Mustafa Rumi Asad Malik Hast Raja Sanghar Ali Khan |
Ibrahim Lodi † Vikramjit † | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
12,000 Mughals Field artillery |
100,000 50,000 (Afghan sources) 100 war elephants | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Few | 15,000–20,000 [1] | ||||||||
The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in India.[2]
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Background
After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur gave attention to conquer India as he reached the banks of the Chenab in 1519.[4] Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab, mainly to fulfil his ancestor Timur's legacy, since it used to be part of his empire.[5] At the time parts of north India were under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors. He received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodhi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.[6] He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne of the country, however the ambassador was detained at Lahore and released months later.[7]
Babur started for Lahore, Punjab, in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.[8] When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed.[8] In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dipalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi's, as governor.[8] Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.[9] He defeated them and drove off Alam's army and Babur realized Lodhi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.[9]
Battle
Hearing of the size of Ibrahim's army, Babur secured his right flank against the city of Panipat, while digging a trench covered with tree branches to secure his left flank. In the center, he placed 700 carts tied together with ropes. Between every two carts there were breastworks for his matchlockmen. Babur also ensured there was enough space for his cavalry to charge between these carts.[3]
When Ibrahim's army arrived, he found the approach to Babur's army too narrow to attack. While Ibrahim redeployed his forces to allow for the narrower front, Babur quickly took advantage of the situation to flank (tulghuma) the Lodi army.[3] Many of Ibrahim's troops were unable to get into action, and fled when the battle turned against Ibrahim.[10] Faced with musket fire, cannon fire and cavalry attacks from all sides, Ibrahim Lodi fought and died with 6,000 of his remaining troops.[3]
Advantage of cannons in the battle
Babur's guns proved decisive in battle, firstly because Ibrahim Lodi lacked any field artillery, but also because the sound of the cannon frightened Lodi's elephants, causing them to trample Lodi's own men.[10]
Tactics
New tactics introduced by Babur were the tulghuma and the araba. Tulghuma meant dividing the whole army into various units, viz. the Left, the Right and the Centre. The Left and Right divisions were further subdivided into Forward and Rear divisions. Through this a small army could be used to surround the enemy from all sides. The Centre Forward division was then provided with carts (araba) which were placed in rows facing the enemy and tied to each other with animal hide ropes. Behind them were placed cannons protected and supported by mantlets which could be used to easily maneuver the cannons. These two tactics made Babur's artillery lethal. The cannons could be fired without any fear of being hit, as they were shielded by the bullock carts held in place by hide ropes. The heavy cannons could also be easily traversed onto new targets, as they could be maneuvered by the mantlets which were on wheels.
Aftermath
Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle along with 15,000 of his troops. Vikramajit, ruler of Gwaliyar, was killed as well.[3] The battle of Panipat was militarily a decisive victory. Politically it gained Babur little, and initiated a new phase of his establishment of the Mughal empire.[3]
See also
- Battle of Khanwa
- Second Battle of Panipat
- Third Battle of Panipat
- Battle of Ghaghra which was the last battle Babur fought in India and consolidated his empire
References
- ↑ (Davis 1999, pp. 181, 183–84)
- ↑ Butalia, Romesh C. The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey to the Revolt of 1857, (Allied Publishing Limited, 1998), p. 16.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Vol. 2, (Har-Anand, 2009), pp. 27–31.
- ↑ VD Mahajan. History of medieval India (10th ed.). S. Chand. p. 429. ISBN 8121903645.
- ↑ Eraly 2007, p. 27–29.
- ↑ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. pp. 89–90. ISBN 8126901233.
- ↑ VD Mahajan. History of medieval India (10th ed.). S Chand. p. 429. ISBN 8121903645.
- 1 2 3 Chandra 2007, p. 27.
- 1 2 Chandra 2007, p. 28.
- 1 2 Watts, Tim J. "Battles of Panipat". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.) Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 707.
Sources
- Davis, Paul K. (1999), 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford University Press, ISBN 1-57607-075-1
- Satish Chandra. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.