Battle of Majorca

Battle of Majorca Part of the Spanish Civil War Map depicting the height of the offensive in the Balearics, with Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera, and eastern Majorca all under Republican control (in gray). Date August 16 - September 12, 1936 Location Majorca, Spain Result Italian occupation of Majorca. Belligerents Spanish Republic  Kingdom of Italy Nationalist Spain Commanders and leaders Alberto Bayo Manuel Uribarri Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi García Ruiz Strength 8,000 militia 1 battleship 1 light cruiser 2 destroyers 3 submarines 10 guns 3,500 regulars and militia 3 bombers 3 fighters

Spanish Civil War Background July 1936 uprising Melilla Seville 1st Barcelona Cuartel de la Montaña Gijón Oviedo Cuartel de Loyola 1936 German intervention Guadarrama Alcázar Extremadura Convoy de la victoria Almendralejo Sigüenza Mérida Badajoz Majorca Sierra Guadalupe Córdoba Gipuzkoa Monte Pelado Talavera Irún Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Cerro Muriano Cape Espartel Seseña Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 1st Corunna Road Villarreal Ursula Aceituna Lopera 2nd Corunna Road 1937 3rd Corunna Road Málaga Jarama Cape Machichaco Guadalajara Pozoblanco War in the North Biscay Durango Jaén Guernica 2nd Barcelona Deutschland Almería Segovia Huesca Bilbao Albarracín Brunete Santander Zaragoza 1st Belchite Asturias El Mazuco Cape Cherchell Sabiñánigo Teruel 1938 Alfambra Cape Palos Aragon 2nd Belchite 3rd Barcelona Caspe Lérida 1st Gandesa Segre Levante Balaguer Los Blázquez Alicante Granollers Bielsa Merida pocket Ebro 2nd Gandesa Cantabria Cabra 1939 Catalonia Valsequillo La Garriga Minorca Cartagena Olite Final offensive

The Battle of Majorca, also known as the Majorca Landings, was an amphibious landing of Republican forces early in the Spanish Civil War aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. After some initial tactical success, the expedition, commanded by Captain Alberto Bayo, ended in failure when the Nationalists counterattacked with ground troops and massively superior air power and drove the Republicans into the sea. So confident were the Republicans in their prediction of victory they optimistically called the operation "la reconquista de Mallorca" - "the reconquest of Majorca".

Background

Plans for a seaborne attack on the Balearic Islands seem to have surfaced independently in various Republican militia groups in the days following the joining of Ibiza, Formentera, and Majorca to Franco's Nationalist military rebellion. Already, on July 23, bomber squadrons struck Palma and Cabrera, and on August 1, a Republican expeditionary force from Minorca landed at Cabrera and resisted all efforts to dislodge it.

These actions, however, and in particular the Majorca landings, were never approved by the Madrid government and had from the very beginning an air of confusion and improvisation. On August 2, Bayo assembled a column of Barcelona militia on Minorca; the next day, the Republican air force dropped bombs on Palma once more. By August 6 logistical preparations, overseen by the Barcelona government and the Council of Catalan Antifascist Militias (Comitè Central de Milicies Antifeixistes de Catalunya), were complete.

The Nationalist garrison of Formentera capitulated to Manuel Uribarri's Valencian militia on August 7. On the 13th, 400 Catalan militia occupied Cabrera in an assault apparently unrelated to Bayo's expedition. Bayo tried to coordinate the two forces but the anarchist militias, distrustful of his Communist sympathies, refused to commit themselves to his operation.

The battle

On August 16, with various units of the Spanish Republican Navy in support, Bayo landed his force of 8,000 militia at Punta Amer and Porto Cristo. Despite problems unloading and deploying their six 75mm and four 105mm guns, the Republicans managed to push 12 km inland against the Nationalist garrison consisting of 1,200 regular infantry, 300 members of the Guardia Civil, and hundreds of Falangist volunteers.

However, the Nationalists' fortunes improved dramatically on August 27 when supplies and air support arrived from nearby Italy. The Republican bomber forces ranging overhead were cut down and replaced by Italian aircraft. Consequently, the Republicans were unable to withstand the Nationalist counterattack on the ground and fell back in confusion, abandoning their guns and equipment. Their evacuation began on September 5, and the Republicans held the beaches until September 12, when the last ship steamed off in retreat, leaving the island in Nationalist hands.

The Nationalist response was swift and, in contrast, remarkably successful. A week after the retreat from Majorca, Cabrera had once again fallen to the Nationalists. Ibiza was captured on September 19 by the Majorca garrison, and Formentera fell on the 20th.

References

• Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.