Battle of Gembloux (1578)

Battle of Gembloux Part of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Engraving of the Battle of Gembloux by Frans Hogenberg. Date January 31, 1578 Location Gembloux, Brabant, Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium) Result Decisive Spanish victory[1][2] Belligerents States-General  England Spain Commanders and leaders De Goignies  (POW) Count of Boussu William de La Marck Martin Schenck Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing Count of Egmont Marquis d’Havré Henry Balfour John of Austria Alexander Farnese Cristóbal de Mondragón Ottavio Gonzaga Count of Mansfeld Francisco Verdugo Strength 25,000 men 17,000–20,000[2] (Only engaged 1,200 cavalry in the first phase of the battle)[3] Casualties and losses 8,000–11,000 dead (6,000 killed in the cavalry charge led by Parma)[2] Hundreds of prisoners[2] 20 dead or wounded (12 dead in action)[3]

Dutch Revolt (Eighty Years' War) Western Europe Oosterweel Dahlen Heiligerlee Jemmingen Jodoigne Brielle Mons Goes 1st Mechelen Middelburg Haarlem Alkmaar 1st Geertruidenberg Leiden Delft Valkenburg Mookerheyde Schoonhoven Zierikzee 1st Antwerp Gembloux Rijmenam 1st Deventer Borgerhout 1st Maastricht 2nd Mechelen 1st Steenwijk Kollum 1st Breda Noordhorn Niezijl Lochem Lier Eindhoven Steenbergen Aalst 2nd Antwerp Arnhem Empel Boksum 1st Grave 1st Venlo Axel Neuss 1st Rheinberg 1st Zutphen 1st Sluis 1st Bergen op Zoom 2nd Geertruidenberg 2nd Breda 2nd Zutphen 2nd Deventer Delfzijl Knodsenburg 1st Hulst Nijmegen Rouen Caudebec 2nd Steenwijk Coevorden 3rd Geertruidenberg Huy 1st Groenlo Lippe Calais 2nd Hulst Turnhout 2nd Rheinberg 1st Meurs 2nd Groenlo Bredevoort Enschede Ootmarsum Oldenzaal 1st Lingen 1st Schenckenschans Zaltbommel Rees • 3rd Rheinberg Nieuwpoort 4th Rheinberg • 2nd Meurs Ostend 1st 's-Hertogenbosch 2nd Grave Hoogstraaten Ardenburg • Oostberg • 3rd Sluis 2nd Lingen 3rd Groenlo Aachen Jülich 2nd Bergen op Zoom Fleurus 3rd Breda 4th Groenlo 2nd 's-Hertogenbosch Slaak 2nd Maastricht Leuven 2nd Schenkenschans 4th Breda 2nd Venlo Kallo 3rd Hulst European Waters Flushing Borsele Haarlemmermeer Zuiderzee Reimerswaal Lillo Ponta Delgada Gravelines Corunna • Lisbon Bayona Islands Gulf of Almería 1st Cádiz Ferrol • Azores Dover Strait 2nd Sluis 1st Gibraltar 2nd Gibraltar 2nd Cadiz Lizard Point Dunkirk Calais The Downs Cape St. Vincent Americas Bahia Bay of Matanzas 1st Saint Martin Puerto Rico Albrolhos 2nd Saint Martin Action of 12–17 January 1640 Southern Chile East Indies Playa-Honda La Naval de Manila Puerto de Cavite Dutch Formosa Spanish Formosa Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) Spanish Main San Juan de Ulúa São Vicente Santo Domingo Cartagena St. Augustine Spanish West Indies Havana 1st Puerto Caballos San Mateo Recife Trinidad • Orinoco La Guaira • Caracas • Coro Guadalupe 1st San Juan Pinos 2nd San Juan Tabasco Portobello 2nd Puerto Caballos Santiago de Cuba Atlantic Ponta Delgada Terceira Newfoundland Santiago 1st Azores 1st Flores 2nd Flores Faial Las Palmas 2nd Azores European waters Scheldt Pantelleria 1st Cádiz 1st Calais • Gravelines Corunna • Lisbon Bayona 1st Gibraltar Strait 2nd Gibraltar Strait Berlengas Gulf of Almería Barbary Coast Bay of Biscay Gironde 1st Cornwall 2nd Cádiz Cape Finisterre 2nd Cornwall • West Wales Sesimbra Dover Strait Gulf of Cádiz Low Countries and Germany Mons Goes Middelburg Haarlem 1st Geertruidenberg Leiden Delft Valkenburg Schoonhoven Gembloux Rijmenam Borgerhout Mechelen 1st Steenwijk Kollum Noordhorn Niezijl Lochem Lier Eindhoven Steenbergen Aalst Antwerp Arnhem 1st Grave Venlo Axel 1st Rheinberg 1st Zutphen 1st Sluis Bergen op Zoom 2nd Geertruidenberg Breda 2nd Zutphen Deventer Delfzijl Knodsenburg 1st Hulst Nijmegen 2nd Steenwijk Coevorden 3rd Geertruidenberg Huy 1st Groenlo Lippe 2nd Hulst Turnhout 2nd Rheinberg Meurs 2nd Groenlo Bredevoort Enschede Ootmarsum Oldenzaal Lingen Schenckenschans Zaltbommel Rees • 3rd Rheinberg Nieuwpoort 4th Rheinberg • 2nd Meurs Ostend 's-Hertogenbosch 2nd Grave Hoogstraten Ardenburg • Oostberg • 2nd Sluis France Arques Ivry Paris Rouen Caudebec Craon Blaye Morlaix Crozon 2nd Calais Amiens Ireland Carrigafoyle Smerwick Irish West Coast Kinsale Castlehaven

The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria (Spanish: Don Juan de Austria),^[4] Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army composed of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloon soldiers under Antoine de Goignies,^[5] during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).^[1][2] On January 31, 1578, the Spanish cavalry commanded by John's nephew, Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (Italian: Alessandro Farnese, Spanish: Alejandro Farnesio), after pushing back the Dutch cavalry, attacked the Netherlandish army, causing an enormous panic amongst the rebel troops.^[3] The result was a crushing victory for the Spanish forces.^[1][2] The battle hastened the disintegration of the unity of the rebel provinces, and meant the end of the Union of Brussels.^[6][7]

Prelude

After the Sack of Antwerp^[8] by Spanish mutineers on November 4, 1576, Catholics and Protestants of the Low Countries concluded the Pacification of Ghent, to remove all Spanish troops.^[9] The Spanish tercios were in fact withdrawn to Italy in April 1577, after the new Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, the famous Christian knight, and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria (victor of Lepanto), had signed the Perpetual Edict.^[10]

However, in the summer of 1577, Don John of Austria (brandishing the motto In hoc signo vici Turcos, in hoc vincam haereticos)^[11] began planning for a new campaign against the Dutch rebels, and in July, 1577, he took the Citadel of Namur by surprise without a fight. This action further destabilized the uneasy alliance between Catholics and Protestants. From December 1577, John of Austria, still based in Luxembourg, received reinforcements from Spanish Lombardy: some 9,000 battle-hardened Spanish troops under Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (Duke after the death of his father, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, in September 1586), complemented by 4,000 troops from Lorraine under Peter Ernst, Count of Mansfeld, and local Walloon troops from Luxembourg and Namur.^[12] By January 1578, he had between 17,000 and 20,000 men at his disposal.^[12][13]

The Union of Brussels had 25,000 fighting men, but these troops were badly equipped and led, and above all very diverse: Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, Walloon, German and French, and religiously ranging from staunch Catholics to zealous Calvinists.^[3]

Battle of Gembloux

In the last days of January 1578, the Netherlandish army was camped between Gembloux and Namur. The army was in bad shape, with many sick. Its leaders, George de Lalaing, Philip de Lalaing, Robert de Melun and Valentin de Pardieu, were absent because they attended the marriage of the Baron of Beersel and Marguerite de Mérode in Brussels. The command of the army was in the hands of Antoine de Goignies, Seigneur de Vendege.^[3] Other notable commanders of the Netherlandish army were the Count of Boussu, Martin Schenck (who after the defeat at Gembloux, enlisted in the Army of Flanders), Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing, Philip, Count of Egmont, William II de La Marck, Lord of Lumey, and Charles Philippe de Croÿ, Marquis d’Havré.^[14]

When De Goignies learned that the Spanish army was approaching Namur, he decided to withdraw to Gembloux.^[15]

Parma's action

The Battle of Gembloux by Johann Wilhelm Baur

At dawn on 31 January, the Spanish army marched towards the rebel army, with the cavalry under Ottavio Gonzaga in forefront, followed by musketeers and infantry commanded by Don Cristóbal de Mondragón, and then the bulk of the army led by Don John of Austria and Don Alexander Farnese.^[11] The rear of the army was left in the hands of the Count of Mansfeld.^[11]

The Spanish cavalry had crossed the Meuse River and made contact with the rear of the rebel army. With the bulk of his army still south of the Meuse, John sent messages to his cavalry, now commanded by Alexander, not to approach the enemy too closely until the arrival of rest of the troops.^[3] But Alexander, seeing the sorry state of the enemy forces and advised by Mondragón and Gonzaga of the opportunity to surprise the enemy, gave the order to charge. After several clashes with the Spanish cavalry, the Netherlandish cavalry, which was protecting the rear of their forces, fled towards the army, causing an enormous panic amongst the rebel troops.^[3] The result was a crushing victory by Parma's cavalry.^[15] The entire army's order disintegrated, and the almost unopposed Spanish cavalry massacred fleeing troops.^[11][15]

Destruction of the states-general's army

The Netherlandish army tried to regroup, but a cannon and its ammunition blew up, causing many deaths and renewed panic. Meanwhile, part of the rebel troops, mostly Dutch and Scots led by Colonel Henry Balfour, tried to take defensive positions, but could not withstand the musketeers and pikemen led by John, Mondragón and Gonzaga.^[11] The Spanish victory was complete,^[16] De Goignies was taken prisoner, along with a large number of his officers,^[3] John captured 34 flags and banners^[11] and all the artillery and baggage of the enemy, and thousands of rebel soldiers were killed or captured.^[3][15] The Spanish casualties, however, were minimal, about 12 dead and a few wounded.^[13] Around 3,000 men reached Gembloux and closed the gates, but after negotiations, the rebels surrendered to the Spaniards on February 5, and the city was spared from being sacked.^[6]

Aftermath

Portrait of Don Alexander Farnese by Otto van Veen

Portrait of Don John of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands.

The defeat at Gembloux forced Prince William of Orange, the leader of the revolt, to leave Brussels, along with its nominal governor, Matthias of Austria (the future Holy Roman Emperor), who had accepted the position of governor-general by the states-general, although he was not recognized by his uncle, Philip II of Spain.^[11] The victory of John also meant the end of the Union of Brussels, and hastened the disintegration of the unity of the rebel provinces.^[6]

John died nine months after the battle (probably from typhus), on October 1, 1578, and was succeeded by Farnese as governor-general (last desire of John that Philip II confirmed), who at the head of the Spanish army reconquered large parts of the Low Countries in the following years.^[4]

On January 6, 1579, the provinces loyal to the Spanish Monarchy signed the defensive Union of Arras, expressed their loyalty to Philip II and recognized Farnese as Governor-General of the Netherlands.^[17] In contrast, the provinces loyal to the Protestant cause signed the defensive Union of Utrecht.^[17]

See also

• Pacification of Ghent
• Perpetual Edict
• Union of Brussels
• Union of Arras
• Union of Utrecht
• List of Dukes of Parma
• List of Governors of the Spanish Netherlands

Notes

References

• Parker, Geoffrey. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659. Cambridge. 1972. ISBN 0-521-83600-X
• Elliott, John Huxtable (2000). Europe Divided, 1559-1598. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21780-0
• Colley Grattan, Thomas. Holland. Published by The Echo Library 2007. ISBN 978-1-40686-248-5
• T.A. Morris. Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. First published 1998. USA. ISBN 0-203-20579-0
• Colley Grattan, Thomas. History of the Netherlands. London. 1830.
• García Hernán, Enrique./Maffi, Davide. Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica. Volume 1. Published 2007. ISBN 978-84-8483-224-9
• Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente. Carlos V: Miscelánea de artículos publicados en la revista "Hidalguía". Madrid 2001. ISBN 84-89851-34-4 (in Spanish)
• Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Clarendon Press. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-873072-1
• Tracy, J.D. (2008). The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920911-8
• Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2

External links

• Biography of Don Cristóbal de Mondragón (in Spanish)