Battle of Byeokjegwan

Battle of Byeokjegwan
Part of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
DateJanuary 27, 1593
LocationByeokjegwan, a lodging house along the main road to China
Result

Japanese victory [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[8]
Belligerents
Japanese army Ming Dynasty army and Korean allies.
Commanders and leaders
Tachibana Muneshige
Ukita Hideie
Kobayakawa Takakage		 Li Rusong
Strength
30,000-50,000[9][10] 20,000[11]
Casualties and losses
120-5,000[12][13] 1,500-6,000[14][15][16]

The Battle of Byeokjegwan (or Pyŏkje) (Chinese: 碧蹄館大戰; Bì tí guǎn dàzhàn) was a battle fought on January 27, 1593 (January 26 according to the Japanese calendar of the time), between the armies of the Ming Dynasty led by Li Rusong, and the Japanese forces under Tachibana Muneshige, Ukita Hideie, and Kobayakawa Takakage. As part of the Japanese Invasion of Korea (Imjin War), it was the first field battle fought during the war between the two sides.

Background

Li Rusong and the Ming army of 36,000 set out from Liaodong on December 25, 1592, in an effort of the Ming army to aid the Joseon Dynasty, which had already largely been overrun by Japanese forces. Li was initially successful, and he retook Pyongyang in a one-day direct assault on January 8. He recaptured the major city of Kaesong not long after.

The capital city of Seoul was the Ming force's next target. Li began to send early scouting parties towards Seoul in late January. A few skirmishes occurred between the two sides. Li left behind a few thousand men to defend Pyeongyang and Kaesong and set out for Seoul with his main force.

Battle

Soon after retaking Pyongyang, Li also succeeded in retaking the major city of Kaesong on 19 January [17] and met only minor resistance from the Japanese defenders. Overconfident with his recent success and possibly misled by false reports,[18] Li Rusong advanced towards the capital city of Seoul with his allied army of 20,000[19] on January 21 of 1592. On January 26, the force ran into an unexpected confrontation at Byeokjegwan by a large Japanese formation of about 30,000.

On the same morning, Li's advance party, under General Zha Dashou (查大受) along with the Korean general Go Eon-baek (고언백(高彦伯)) approached the Byeokjewan area north of Seoul. The Japanese force became aware of the advance and Tachibana Muneshige sent out a small party of 500 to 600 men to lure the Ming army forward. The Ming party took the bait and attacked the Japanese party.[20] The Ming advance party was soon met by Muneshige's main force (3000 strong) coming in from the flanks and was forced to pull back, becoming trapped in the nearby hills.

Li Rusong, upon hearing of the plight of his advance party, moved forward and tried to relieve his besieged scouts. He managed to meet up with his scouts around noon, only to be met with an even larger relief army from the Japanese side as other daimyo's forces from the area also converged on Byeokjegwan.

Li Rusong was now trapped with his forces facing a Japanese army of between 30,000 and 40,000 men. They were again forced to try to defend themselves on a hill. The muddy field conditions and narrow nature of the area made it difficult for them to utilize their horses, so the force mostly dismounted and fought on foot.

The Japanese forces advanced on the Ming position around 10 am. The initial attack by Ukita Hideie's forces was pushed back by the Ming, and then came an all out advance with Muneshige's force coming in from the right, Ukita Hideie's force coming in from the front, and Kobayakawa Takakage's force coming in from the left. Muneshige's forces fired off a volley of teppō before charging head on into the Ming forces.

The Ming forces were without their heavy equipment or infantry support, but were made up almost entirely of their most elite retinue warriors. The two sides clashed and the Ming generals themselves were forced to fight in hand-to-hand combat for most of the battle. Li Rusong's brother, Li Rumei, shot a samurai warrior (Ono Nariyuki) at point blank range as he was about to duel with his brother. One of the Ming officers, Li Yousheng (李有聲), was killed while trying to defend Li Rusong.[21] Several samurai of note also perished in the battle.

The all-out brawl continued from 10 am to midday, while Japanese forces sent several waves up against the Ming position and both sides took significant casualties. Around noon it started to rain, and the broken ground began to resemble a swamp, making the melee fighting difficult. Changing tactics, Kobayakawa drew back his samurai to allow a field of fire for his arquebus squads, which shot bullets into the mass of Chinese and Koreans. The Japanese then pursued the defeated Ming army back up the pass to its highest point, and after a few more hours of fighting, Kobayakawa ordered the advance to cease as darkness fell. The Japanese forces, not ready to commit to an all-out field battle with the Ming's main force, pulled back towards Seoul, and the Ming army, having taken heavy losses among their elite warriors, also pulled back towards Kaesong.[22] Because the Ming suffered heavy casualties among their elite retinues, Li became reluctant to move aggressively for the remainder of the war.

Casualties

As with many battles during the war, the casualty figure is differs drastically depending on the source. Li Rusong first reported a casualty figure of 264 while killing 167 enemies to the chief overseer Song Yingchang,[23] though the figures were condemned by other Ming officials back home for being faulty. The Korean version of events, which comes from a retelling of a different Ming general who had not participated in the battle at all, state that the Ming lost 1,500 men while only killing a little more than a hundred foe.[24] The Japanese records claim that 6,000 Ming soldiers were killed.[25] Western historian Stephen Turnbull estimates more than 6,000 Chinese were killed.[26] Another Japanese source written late in the edo period claims the Ming lost 20,000 men,[27] which would have been around 60% of the entire Ming army in Korea at the time. Given the nature of the battle and the maneuvers both sides employed, it is estimated both sides lost anywhere from between 120 and 6,000 men. Western historian Kenneth Swope concludes that given the wide variety of figures, the most plausible accounts give near similar casualty figures for both sides. However the Ming suffered a disproportionate amount of casualties among their officers, which made their loss more significant than the Japanese.[10]

Other controversies

Although the official version of the story was that Li Rusong and the Ming forces were misled by faulty Korean intelligence, some of the other Ming generals, especially those who came from the south, claimed that in fact it was Zha Dashou who misled Li and the other Ming forces. Zha thought that the Japanese forces were on the verge of collapse, and thus a fast and sudden advance on their position would cause them to pull out of Seoul, and as the vanguard of the group, he would gain the largest share of the glory. The generals cited that almost all of them were caught by surprise by Li's sudden departure the day before the battle, and scrambled to catch him.[28]

The battle and other disputes at Pyongyang and elsewhere led to an ever-increasing friction between the Ming officers of different origins.

Aftermath

The Ming forces regrouped at Kaesong and advanced on Seoul again after 2 weeks, though they only attempted to passively lay siege to the city for the remainder of the first war, the Japanese meanwhile, attempted to dislodge a small Korean army which had showed up and occupied a nearby fortress, but suffered a devastating defeat in the Siege of Haengju. Following the defeat, they made no further attempt to challenge the Ming forces sitting outside their walls, the stalemate continued for 3 months until the Japanese forces were unable to continue the war due to logistic difficulty, and pulled out of Seoul as part of the peace talk agreement with the Ming forces.

The battle was the only major field battle of the first war between the Ming forces and the Japanese.

References

  1. ↑ History of Ming chapter 20 "李如松進攻王京，遇倭於碧蹄館，敗績。" https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/明史/卷20
  2. ↑ History of Ming chapter 238 "官軍喪失甚多。會天久雨，騎入稻畦中不得逞。倭背嶽山，面漢水，聯營城中，廣樹飛樓，箭砲不絕，官軍乃退駐開城。" https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/明史/卷238
  3. ↑ History of Ming chapter 238 "初，官軍捷平壤，鋒銳甚，不復問封貢事。及碧蹄敗衄" https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/明史/卷238
  4. ↑ History of Ming chapter 320 "如松既勝，輕騎趨碧蹄館，敗，退駐開城。" https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/明史/卷320
  5. ↑ History of Ming chapter 322 "如松乘勝趨碧蹄館，敗而退師。" https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/明史/卷322
  6. ↑ Annals of the Joseon Dynasty entry on February 5, 1593 當日南兵千戶吳惟珊, 以調兵事過去言: ‘前月二十七日, 晌午, 天兵爲我國哨兵瞞報所誤, 謂「倭賊已退, 京畿已空」, 領兵前進, 倭賊曾已埋伏, 反被中截圍掩, 斬倭僅一百二十餘, 天兵死傷一千五百, 提督今住臨津江邊, 雨雪如彼, 定然退屯開城
  7. ↑ Annals of the Joseon Dynasty "提督李如松進兵坡州, 戰于碧蹄驛, 不利, 退住開城。"
  8. ↑ 中国——朝鲜·韩国关系史 author:杨昭全 pp.486
  9. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.145.
  10. 1 2 Swope 2009, p. 160.
  11. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.145.
  12. ↑ 馬伯庸、汗青著．《帝國最後的榮耀：1592年的一場東亞關鍵戰役》，台北市：天下文化，2013年
  13. ↑ Annals of Seonjo entry on February 5, 1593 斬倭僅一百二十餘, 天兵死傷一千五百
  14. ↑ Annals of Seonjo entry on February 5, 1593 斬倭僅一百二十餘, 天兵死傷一千五百
  15. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.148.
  16. ↑ 日本戰史‧朝鮮役
  17. ↑ The history of Ming Chapter 238 十九日，如柏(Li Rusong)遂複開城
  18. ↑ The history of Ming Chapter 238 官軍既連勝，有輕敵心 二十七日再進師。朝鮮人以賊棄王京告。如松信之，將輕騎趨碧蹄館。
  19. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasions of Korea 1592-1598, p.145.
  20. ↑ Annals of Seonjo entry on February 6, 1593 體察使右議政兪泓馳啓曰: “本月二十七日, 李提督領兵發行, 聞査副揔ㆍ高彦伯, 同往體探, 適逢賊六七百名, 斬獲四百餘級
  21. ↑ History of Ming chapter 238 一金甲倭搏如松急，指揮李有聲殊死救，被殺
  22. ↑ History of Ming chapter 238 官軍乃退駐開城
  23. ↑ Letters by Song Yingchang on February 8th 1593 to the Minister of Military affairs Shi Shin in 經略復國要編
  24. ↑ Annals of Seonjo entry on February 5, 1593 當日南兵千戶吳惟珊, 以調兵事過去言: ‘前月二十七日, 晌午, 天兵爲我國哨兵瞞報所誤, 謂「倭賊已退, 京畿已空」, 領兵前進, 倭賊曾已埋伏, 反被中截圍掩,斬倭僅一百二十餘, 天兵死傷一千五百
  25. ↑ 日本戰史‧朝鮮役
  26. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.148.
  27. ↑ 日本外史
  28. ↑ 錢世楨 所著之 "征東實錄"所記 (The accounts of the southern Ming general Qian Shizhen in his memoir Records of the Eastern expedition)

Bibliography

Sources

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