British Battledress

This article is about the standard British combat uniform worn from 1939 to 1961. For other British Army standard issue uniforms, see British Army uniform.

For the similarly named US Armed Forces standard issue combat uniform used from the 1980s until the first decade of the 21st century, see Battle Dress Uniform (BDU).

For army action clothing in general, see Battledress.

A Warrant Officer and Non-commissioned officers of the Bermuda Militia Artillery wear Battledress at the Examination Battery, St. David's, Bermuda, c. 1944.

Battledress was the specific title of a military uniform adopted by the British Army in the late 1930s and worn until the 1960s. Several other nations also introduced variants of battledress during the Second World War, including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States of America (the E.T.O. uniform) and after the Second World War, including Argentina, Belgium, Norway, the Netherlands, and Greece.

Battledress (BD),^[1] or later No. 5 Uniform,^[2] was the combat uniform worn by British Commonwealth and Imperial forces and many Free European Forces through the Second World War. It was worn mostly but not exclusively in temperate climates. In some armies it continued in use into the 1970s. During the Second World War and thereafter this uniform was also used for formal parades (including mounting the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace) until the re-introduction of separate parade uniforms in the late 1950s.

Introduction

Members of the Polish Carpathian Brigade being decorated after seeing action at Tobruk during the North African Campaign. They are fitted with British equipment, including Battledress.

From the early 1930s, the British War Office began research on a replacement for the Service Dress that had been a combined field and dress uniform since the early 1900s. Initially conducted on a small scale over several years, some of the ideas tested included deerstalker hats and safari jackets. After extensive field trials of other uniforms,^[3] Battledress, Serge (often referred to as 1937 Pattern, albeit wrongly) was adopted just before the Second World War. The uniform was designed with the needs of mechanised infantry in mind, and was inspired by contemporary wool ‘ski suits’ that were less restrictive to the wearer, used less material, were warm even while wet and were more suited to vehicular movement than Service Dress.^[4]

Attempting to create a more standardised uniform across much of the British military, it was composed of a fairly streamlined short jacket of wool serge that buttoned to the outside of high-waisted wool serge trousers. The jacket (or blouse) was copied by the U.S Army and was christened the Ike jacket. The sleeves of the British blouse had a forward curve built into them so that they were more comfortable to wear prone shouldering a rifle, or seated holding a steering wheel for instance, although they tended to show multiple wrinkles near the inside of the elbow when the soldier's arms were held straight at the sides. On the trousers, there was a large map pocket on the front near the left knee and a special pocket for a field dressing near the right front pocket (on the upper hip). The mixed green and brown fibres of the British battledress fabric matched the colours of heath and forests of the United Kingdom fairly well without having to be a single muddy olive green colour like American uniforms. One problem often developed, the gap between the blouse and trousers would open up in extreme movement and buttons popped, so braces were issued, in some cases a sweater was worn. A woollen shirt was typically worn under the wool blouse, wearing an open collar blouse (with tie) was initially restricted to officers, other ranks buttoning the top button of the blouse and closing the collar with a double hook-and-eye arrangement. Short canvas anklets (gaiters) or puttees typically covered the gap between the trousers and the ankle boots, further adding to the streamlined look and keeping dirt out of the boots without having to use a taller, more expensive leather boot.

Battledress was issued widely beginning in 1939 in the British Army (as well as the Canadian Army, who produced their own, almost identical, copy of Battledress after the outbreak of war), though shortages meant that some units of the British Expeditionary Force went to France in Service Dress.

Variants

Battledress, Serge being the original pattern of battledress uniform commonly referred to as '1937 Pattern', the blouse had a fly front, pleated pockets with concealed buttons and an unlined collar, the trousers having a large map pocket on the left leg front with a concealed button and a small, single pleat dressing pocket on the front of the right hip with a concealed button.

Austerity Pattern Battledress introduced in 1940 saw some small changes to the original design, a lined collar and slightly closer cut to the blouse and a new dressing pocket on the trousers with two pleats and an exposed shank button.

1940 Pattern Battledress (occasionally labelled 1942 Pattern) was introduced in 1942; it deleted the fly front. The front buttons, as well as the pocket buttons, were now exposed. Pocket pleats to the blouse were removed, as were box pleats to cuffs, early manufacture included two inside pockets but this was soon reduced to a single inside pocket. Plastic buttons were introduced, rather than the brass dished buttons of Battledress, Serge. The trousers retained the features of the Austerity pattern but the pocket button was now exposed and made of brown or green plastic like those of the blouse.

Officers were permitted to tailor the collar of their blouses so as to wear a collared shirt and tie.

Battle Dress, Olive Drab, War Aid was made in the U.S.A. for the British Army and was widely seen in the Mediterranean theatre. Note the American use of 'Battle Dress' as two words. The blouse featured exposed buttons on the outer pockets, which also bore no box pleats. The fly front of Battledress, Serge was retained. Cuff buttons were exposed, and there were two inside pockets. A small, internal hanger loop was introduced to the collar. The collar was closed by double hook-and-eye arrangement. Tailoring was of good quality and the wool blend tended to be finer than British-made blouses. Type-specific plastic buttons were introduced.^[5]

Canadian Battledress never had a 1940-type pattern introduced, though the collar closure did change from a set of hooks and eyes to a flap and button in about 1943. The Canadian version was also a much greener shade of khaki than the standard British version.^[6] It was greenish with some brown, rather than brownish with some green. Buttons were green painted steel, with a central bar across the middle for the thread to hold in place.

New Zealand Battledress was almost identical to British 1937 pattern Battledress, Serge but the wool tended to be much darker brown, while the stitching was a contrasting light colour. The NZ blouse had a six button fly front, rather than the British five.

Australian Battledress blouses were almost identical to British Battledress, Serge. The trousers were closer to British 1940 Pattern. Both tended to be a much greener colour than British BD. Australians didn't wear BD, but their own version of Service Dress, meaning their BD was for export to other Commonwealth nations, such as the British. Buttons were in sheradised steel or plastic resin.

South African Battledress appeared in both khaki wool and tan twill. The short jacket was referred to as a bunny jacket.

Overalls, Denim were a version of Battle Dress intended for working clothing, and were produced from khaki coloured cotton denim, with several manufacturer's variants. It was issued a size larger as it was intended to be worn over the regular uniform. Buttons were fixed through small holes in the denim material and kept in place by a split pin. The buttons could be easily removed for laundering which, due to denim overalls being workwear, was more frequent than for serge battledress.^[7] 90,000 sets of denim overalls were issued to the Local Defence Volunteers (later the Home Guard) as their main uniform, in the weeks following their establishment in May 1940. Three months later, supplies of overalls were so depleted that the standard serge Battledress began to be issued to the Home Guard instead and in December, it was announced that Battledress would fully replace Home Guard overalls as soon as supplies were available.^[8]

• 
  1940 Pattern battledress blouse.
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  Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Arthur Montague Browning in a specially tailored battledress blouse with faced lapels.
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  Air Chief Marshal Tedder wearing RAF war service dress.
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  The Monumento al Partigiano in Parma (Italy) depicts a Resistance fighter in battledress, wielding a Sten Gun.
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  Local Defence Volunteers receiving rifle instruction. Two on left wear Overalls, Denim; the sergeant instructor wears standard battledress.
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  An ARP Warden for the London neighbourhood of Holborn surveys bomb damage in dark blue battledress.
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  Coloured arm of service stripes as worn on the upper sleeves of the battledress blouse.
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  Colour scheme for backing of officers' rank badges as worn on British battledress in World War 2.

Battledress trousers known as Trousers, Parachutist were issued to men in parachute and glider units, though the majority still wore standard Battledress around the time of the Normandy landings. Supply increased as the war progressed but even by May 1945, standard Battledress trousers were still common in Airborne divisions. Trousers, Parachutist had two field dressing pockets in the rear, a voluminous map pocket lined with chamois leather and an integral knife pocket on the right hand side. They were for 'combat' use only and as such, were not used for parades or going on leave.

Battledress in shades of postman blue and navy blue were also produced for the Royal Air Force (and Commonwealth flying services) and Royal Navy/Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (and Commonwealth naval services). During the Second World War, Britain's Civil Defence Service (for example, ARP wardens, rescue and ambulance crews) were issued dark blue battledress, and this battledress scheme continued with the Civil Defence Corps set up in 1949.

German U-Boat crews were also commonly issued with British Army battledress (with German insignia added).^[9] Large stockpiles had been captured by the Germans after the fall of France in 1940.

Post war

After the Second World War, individual Commonwealth nations developed their Battle Dress uniform into both a parade and a field uniform.

• British Pattern 1949: Several changes to Battle Dress were adopted by the British Army after the Second World War, with broad lapels added to the Battle Dress Blouse, giving it an open-collar design similar to Canadian 1949 Pattern. Enlisted men, as well as officers, now wore it with a collared shirt and tie. The map pocket on the trousers was moved completely to the side. Buttons on the pockets remained exposed, though a fly front was restored to 1949 Pattern BD.^[10]
• Canadian Pattern 1949: Canada only produced one more version of Battle Dress after the war; Pattern 1949 had broad lapels added to the Battle Dress Blouse, giving it an open-collar design. The First Field Dressing was also removed from the trousers after the war. Battle Dress continued to be worn as a field uniform during the Korean War and up to the introduction of the Combat Uniform. It was retained for dress wear up until Unification of the Armed Forces in 1968, and into the 1970s by some Reserve units. Cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada continued to wear a Navy-blue variant of the Battle Dress Blouse until May 2006.

Legacy

Battle Dress inspired the military combat uniforms of other nations. The United States copied the Battle Dress Blouse directly with the M1944 "Ike" Jacket (also known as the "E.T.O. Jacket"). A similar pattern was produced in Australia for US personnel in the Far East and was called a ""Vandegrift" Jacket by US Marines. Germany's copy, the Felduniform 44, only reached front line troops by the end of the war. France made copies (the Modèle 1945, 1946 and 1949 patterns) to replace worn out British items.

Sizes

Blouse sizes^[11]

Trouser sizes

See also

• Service Dress (British Army)
• Battledress
• Battle Dress Uniform
• Military uniform

References

Camouflage
Methods	Camouflage Countershading Active camouflage Counter-illumination Disruptive coloration Motion camouflage Multi-scale camouflage Multi-spectral camouflage Snow camouflage
Pioneers	Peacetime Edward Bagnall Poulton The Colours of Animals Abbott Handerson Thayer Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Camoufleurs Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola John Graham Kerr Norman Wilkinson Everett Warner Johann Georg Otto Schick Hugh Cott Adaptive Coloration in Animals Geoffrey Barkas Timothy O'Neill
Animal	As evidence for natural selection Crypsis Decorator crabs Flower mantises Mimicry Batesian Müllerian Aggressive Underwater camouflage
Military	Topics Military camouflage Aircraft camouflage Dazzle camouflage Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate Ship camouflage USN WWII camouflage measures Prototypes Adaptiv Diffused lighting camouflage Yehudi lights Systems Berberys-R Nakidka Patterns Up to WWII German WWII Splittertarnmuster (1931) Platanenmuster (1937) Rauchtarnmuster (1939) Palmenmuster (c 1941) Sumpfmuster (1943) Erbsenmuster (1944) Leibermuster (1945) Other Lozenge (1917 aircraft) Telo mimetico (1929 tent) Denison smock (1941) Frog Skin (1942) Post-war Lizard (1947) Flecktarn (1956) Rain pattern (1960) Late 20th Century Rhodesian Brushstroke (1965) ERDL (1967) Disruptive Pattern Material (1969) wz. 68 Moro (1969) Tigerstripe M84 M90 Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) U.S. "M81" Woodland (1981) wz. 89 Puma Jigsaw TAZ 83 TAZ 90 Camouflage Europe Centrale Desert Night Camouflage wz. 93 Pantera Soldier 2000 Type 99 (China) 21st Century Australian Multicam Bundeswehr Wüstentarn CADPAT (2002) M05 MARPAT MultiCam Multi-Terrain Pattern Operational Camouflage Pattern Tactical Assault Camouflage Type 07 Universal Camouflage Pattern