Battenburg markings

An ambulance in the UK with Battenburg markings

Battenburg markings or Battenberg markings are a pattern of high-visibility markings used primarily on the sides of emergency service vehicles in several European countries, New Zealand,Hong Kong, and Trinidad and Tobago. The name comes from the similarity in appearance to the cross-section of a Battenberg cake.

History

A British police motorcycle with reflective markings

Battenburg markings were originally developed in the mid-1990s in the UK by the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB) (now the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST)) at the request of the national motorway policing sub-committee of the Association of Chief Police Officers. They were first developed for the United Kingdom police forces to use on traffic patrol cars, although other private organisations and civil emergency services have since started to use the pattern on their vehicles.

The brief was to create a livery for motorway and trunk road police vehicles which would maximise the visibility of the vehicles when stopped on scene, both in daylight, and under headlights from a minimum distance of 500 metres (1,600 ft), and which would distinctively mark them as police vehicles.^[1]

The key research objectives included:^[2]

• Enhance officer and vehicle conspicuity to reduce the likelihood of road accidents in which a vehicle is not noticed.
• Recognisable as a police vehicle to a distance of 500 metres (1,600 ft) in daylight.
• Assist in high-visibility policing for public reassurance and deterrence of traffic violations.
• Identifiable nationally as a police vehicle.
• A cost-neutral option compared with the average cost of the current markings.
• Acceptable to at least 75% of the staff.

Conspicuity

British police car with Battenburg visibility pattern.

The Battenburg design uses a regular pattern and the contrast between a light and a dark colour to increase conspicuity for the human eye. The lighter colour is daylight-fluorescent (such as fluorescent-yellow) for better visibility in daytime and particularly also in dusk and dawn. For night-time visibility, the complete pattern is retroreflective.

The Battenburg design typically has two rows of alternating rectangles, usually starting with yellow at the top corner, then the alternating colour, along the sides of a vehicle. Most cars use two block rows in the design (so-called full-Battenburg scheme). Some designs for cars only use a single row (so-called half-Battenburg scheme) or one and a half rows.

Pattern markings can have a camouflage effect as well concealing the outline of the vehicle, particularly in front of a cluttered background.^[3][4] For Battenburg markings, this can be avoided by the following means:

• The pattern rectangles shall not be too small in order to allow for optical resolution from distance. The rectangle size shall be 600 x 300 mm at minimum.^[1] A typical car pattern consists of seven blocks along the vehicle side. (Additionally, an odd number of blocks allows for both top corner blocks to be in the same fluorescent colour)
• The vehicle outline of a car shall be clearly marked out in fluorescent colour along the roof pillars
• Designs with more than two block rows shall be avoided even for higher vehicles. Instead, large area of plain or daylight-fluorescent color can be used in combination.
• Hybrid designs of Battenburg markings and other high-visibility patterns or check patterns shall be avoided.^[5]

The Battenburg livery is not used on the rear of vehicles, instead with the majority of users using upward facing chevrons in yellow and red to the rear, in line with the markings used by other road users.

Sillitoe Tartan

Australian highway patrol Holden Commodore with blue-and-white Sillitoe Tartan

During the development of Battenburg markings, one of the key functions was to clearly identify a vehicle as being linked to the police. In addition to the advantages in effectiveness tests, the pattern was also reminiscent of the Sillitoe Tartan pattern of black-and-white or blue-and-white chequered markings, first introduced by the City of Glasgow Police in the 1930s, and subsequently adopted as a symbol of police services throughout the United Kingdom and as far away as Chicago, Australia,^[6] and New Zealand.

Subsequent to the launch of the markings of the vehicles, the police introduced retro-reflective Sillitoe tartan markings to their uniforms, usually in blue and white.

Sillitoe tartan patterns identify vehicles as associated with the police and sometimes other emergency services, but do not provide high visibility.

Safety

One purpose for conspicuity is to reduce accidents due to an emergency vehicle not being noticed in a situation not usual to traffic conditions, e.g., stopped in fast-moving traffic, or moving at a different speed or in a different direction. The Battenburg side markings, together often with chevron front and rear markings, are intended to reduce accidents due to "looked but failed to see". Several criticisms of the Battenburg scheme were raised at the October 2010 3rd Annual US Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Safety Summit in the context of use on ambulances, including the difficulty of applying it to small, curved, or odd-shaped surfaces, high costs, the confusing pattern caused when several parked Battenburg vehicles visually overlap, breaking up the vehicle shape against complex backgrounds or with open doors and hatches, and other combinations than police yellow/blue being less effective and even progressing to camouflage with some body colours. In particular transferring the pattern from UK police to other services and countries was criticised, making the public struggle to decipher unfamiliar markings. The high-visibility chevrons often used on the rear and front of Battenburg-marked vehicles "through popular opinion rather than by a scientific process of testing and research" were found not be effective at reducing rear-end collisions; the presence of a stationary vehicle on a high-speed road may be noticed, but not that it is stopped. Parking at an angle in such situations was a far more effective way of drawing attention to the motionlessness of a vehicle.^[2]

Usage

United Kingdom

Scottish Ambulance Service vehicle with full Battenburg colour scheme

City of London police van with half-Battenburg markings

A typical Highways Agency traffic officer vehicle in black and yellow

In the United Kingdom, the majority of the emergency services have adopted the Battenburg style of markings, with nearly half of all police forces adopting the markings within three years of its introduction, and over three quarters using it by 2003.^[1] The vehicles used by the UK Border or Immigration officers also use these markings.^[7]

In 2004, following the widespread adoption and recognition of the Battenburg markings on police vehicles, the Home Office recommended that all police vehicles, not just those on traffic duty, use "half-Battenburg" livery, formalising the practice of a number of forces.

In the United Kingdom each emergency service has been allocated a specified darker colour in addition to yellow, with the police continuing to use blue, ambulances using green, and the fire service their traditional red.

The use of these colours in retro-reflective material is controlled by the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989, with vehicles only legally allowed the use of amber reflective material (and red near the rear of the vehicle),^[8][9] A number of civilian organisations have also adopted the pattern, which is not legally protected, and a number of these also use other reflective colours.

An alternative to the use of reflective materials is the use of fluorescent or other non-reflective markings, which may be used by any vehicle.

Common Battenburg markings used in the United Kingdom[10][11]
	Police Forces	Yellow / Blue
	Ambulance and Doctors	Yellow / Green
	Fire and Rescue	Yellow / Red
	NHS Blood and Transplant, Blood Bikes	Yellow / Orange
	Highways England and VOSA	Yellow / Black
	Rail Response	Orange / Blue
	Mountain Rescue	White / Orange[11]
	HM Coastguard	Yellow / Navy Blue
	Immigration Enforcement	Sky Blue / Navy Blue[7]
	Highways England contractors	Pink / Black

Hong Kong

Hong Kong was a British Dependent Territory until 1997. Some emergency vehicles and special vehicles in the Hong Kong Police Force, Hong Kong Fire Services Department, Auxiliary Medical Service, and Hong Kong St. John Ambulance use Battenburg markings.

Common Battenburg markings used in Hong Kong
	Police Force, Traffic Branch Headquarters	Yellow / Blue
	Police Force, a few other vehicles	White / Blue
	Fire Services Department, Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre	Yellow / Green
	Fire Services Department, Hazmat Tender, and Fire Motorcycle	Yellow / Red
	Fire Services Department, Mobile Publicity Unit, and Fire Safety Education Bus
	Fire Services Department, Emergency Medical Assistant Motor Cycle, and Paramedic Equipment Tender
	Fire Services Department, Mobile Command Unit, and Forward Command Car	White / Red
	Auxiliary Medical Service, Paramedic motorcycle	Yellow / Green
	Hong Kong St. John Ambulance, Ambulance

Ireland

A Land Rover Defender field ambulance from Dublin Civil Defence, Ireland

Emergency ambulance in Dublin, Ireland

In Ireland, a similar system to the UK is used with some variations.

Common Battenburg markings used in Ireland
	Garda Síochána (police)	Yellow / Blue
	HSE National Ambulance Service	Yellow / Green
	Fire Brigade	Yellow / Red
	Civil Defence	Blue / Orange

New Zealand

The New Zealand Police use yellow/blue Battenburg markings on some vehicles.^[12] Until October 2008 general duties vehicles were marked in orange and blue, with yellow and blue for highway patrol units; orange and blue was phased out in 2014.^[13] Vehicles of New Zealand's St John's Ambulance Service are marked with green and blue Battenburg markings or rows of green and yellow half-chevrons. On 1 July 2017, New Zealand's urban and rural firefighting organisations amalgamated into Fire and Emergency New Zealand, with new a brand including Battenburg markings to be rolled out to the fleet.^[14]

Common Battenburg markings used in New Zealand
	Police	Yellow / Blue
	St John Ambulance	Yellow / Green
	Fire and Emergency New Zealand	Yellow / Red

Australia

In Western Australia St. John Ambulance WA uses green/yellow Battenburg markings on ambulances and patient transport vehicles.^[15] WA is the only state that uses Battenburg markings. Emergency vehicles of other states utlize Sillitoe tartan markings.

Common Battenburg markings used in Australia
	St John Ambulance WA	Yellow / Green

Sweden

Originally Swedish Police vehicles were painted with black roofs and doors or black roofs, bonnet, and boot. This was a necessity due to the heavy snows Sweden experiences. During the 1980s the cars became white with the word "Polis" written on the side in a semi-futuristic typeface. Later the livery became simply blue and white, then in 2005 was changed to a light blue and fluorescent yellow Battenburg livery. Most Swedish police cars are either Volvos or Saabs, with the same livery all over Sweden. A recent Swedish trend is to also use Battenburg markings on road maintenance vehicles. These are then marked with orange/blue, as in the UK rail response type shown above. A study by the Swedish Road Administration showed a significant traffic calming effect when using orange/blue Battenburg marking to improve the visibility of road maintenance vehicles.^[16]

Common Battenburg markings used in Sweden
	Police	Yellow / Blue
	Ambulance	Yellow / Green
	Fire Brigade	Yellow / Red
	Road maintenance	Blue / Orange

Switzerland

Swiss Grenzwache vehicles

The first Swiss ambulance service with Battenburg markings is the emergency medical services in Zofingen. Since 2008 they have Battenburg markings on a Volkswagen Crafter and a Mercedes Sprinter. They use white/red coloured markings on their ALS units. Another service with similar Battenburg markings is the Swiss Border Patrol. They use lemon on blue markings.

See also

• Sillitoe Tartan
• Aerial roof markings
• Blues and twos
• Panda car
• Jam sandwich (police car)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battenburg markings.

• High Conspicuity Livery for Police Cars 14-04
• High Conspicuity Livery for Police Motorcycles 47-06