Baseball Prospectus

Baseball Prospectus
Type of site
 Sports Analytics, Sports Commentary
Created by Multiple
Editor Aaron Gleeman
Website baseballprospectus.com
Commercial Yes
Launched 1996 (1996)
Current status Online

Baseball Prospectus (BP) is an organization that publishes a website, BaseballProspectus.com, devoted to the sabermetric analysis of baseball. BP has a staff of regular columnists and provides advanced statistics as well as player and team performance projections on the site. Since 1996 the BP staff has also published a Baseball Prospectus annual as well as several other books devoted to baseball analysis and history.

Baseball Prospectus has originated several popular new statistical tools that have become hallmarks of baseball analysis. Baseball Prospectus is accredited by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Four of Baseball Prospectus's current regular writers are members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America and thus eligible to vote for nominees for Major League Baseball's post-season awards and the Baseball Hall of Fame.[1]

Prospectus Entertainment Ventures, LLC

Baseball Prospectus is formally an entity of Prospectus Entertainment Ventures, LLC, a private corporation that runs websites and publishes books focusing on the statistical analysis of the sports of baseball, basketball, and hockey. As of August 2014, the President & CEO is Joe Hamrahi, and Vice President is Dave Pease.[2]

For several years, Prospectus Entertainment Ventures (PEV) partnered with Football Outsiders for the publication and promotion of Football Outsiders Almanac (ISBN 1-4486-4845-9), before 2009 called Pro Football Prospectus (ISBN 0-452-28847-9).

On October 10, 2007, PEV launched Basketball Prospectus,[3] a new website for the analysis of men's college and pro basketball, with Joe Sheehan taking the role of Managing Editor[4] and announcing the lineup of principal writer-analysts for the site. Initially, this website did not require a subscription for access, but it introduced subscriptions in 2011 for access to most of the material on the site. BasketballProspectus.com's first annual book, College Basketball Prospectus 2008–2009 (ISBN 0-452-28987-4), was published in October 2008. It released Pro Basketball Prospectus 2009–10 for purchase online in October 2009.[5] Subsequently, it published both College Basketball Prospectus 2010–11 (ISBN 1-4538-7282-5) and Pro Basketball Prospectus 2010–11 (ISBN 1-4538-6899-2) in both print and online (PDF) modes.

On March 19, 2008, Imagine Sports announced a strategic partnership with PEV and Baseball Prospectus. Imagine sports owns the baseball simulation engine "Diamond Mind Baseball".[6]

On October 14, 2008, PEV announced the acquisition of Baseball Digest Daily (BDD),[7] an online blog devoted to baseball analysis and statistics. Joe Hamrahi, new Chief Financial Officer of PEV and founder of BDD, reported that "PEV's decision to acquire Baseball Digest Daily further enhances the content offerings of Baseball Prospectus by adding some of the game's best analysts as well as over 100 pages of baseball news and original content. In addition, BDD's player tracker provides a platform for serious fans and fantasy baseball enthusiasts to easily monitor the progress of their teams, allowing users to manipulate and track the progress of an unlimited set of players over a customized period of time".[8]

At the same time, PEV revealed publicly that it "owns a significant interest in 538 (www.fivethirtyeight.com), a political analysis website that generates over 700,000 unique visitors daily".

On February 23, 2009, Prospectus Entertainment Ventures (PEV) launched the website Puck Prospectus[9] with the intent of providing cutting-edge analysis of hockey. Will Carroll assumed the role of the Executive Editor, and Andrew Rothstein, the founder of Puck Prospectus, assumed the role of the Managing Editor.[10] Puck Prospectus published its first annual book, Puck Prospectus 2010–2011 (ISBN 1-4538-1784-0) in both online and print formats. Initially a free site, Puck Prospectus introduced subscriptions in 2011.

On March 24, 2009, Baseball Prospectus announced that Nate Silver was stepping down as its Managing Partner, and Kevin Goldstein was assuming this role. At that time, PEV relinquished its previously announced financial interest in Silver's FiveThirtyEight blog. At the same time, it was announced that BP has a partnership relationship with ESPN.com.[11]

In January 2010, PEV's Managing Partner Kevin Goldstein reported that one of BP's founding members, Joe Sheehan, had departed the organization.[12] He reported that John Perrotto had been elevated to full-time status on the BP staff and would become the new Editor-in-Chief of BaseballProspectus.com, taking over that responsibility from Christina Kahrl. And he reported that Jeff Euston was joining the BP staff and that Euston's Cot's Baseball Contracts website[13] would be joining the Baseball Prospectus family. In February 2011, Perrotto was replaced as Editor-in-Chief by Steven Goldman.

In February 2010, BP's "Fantasy Manager" Marc Normandin announced that BP had established a partnership with Heater Magazine.[14] Heater Magazine ceased publication after the 2010 season.

In November 2011, Kevin Goldstein announced that he was stepping down as PEV's Managing Partner in favor of Joe Hamrahi.[15] On March 3, 2012, Hamrahi announced that Steven Goldman was stepping down as Editor-in-Chief of BaseballProspectus.com; Goldman had taken a position as a lead baseball writer for Bleacher Report.[16] Ben Lindbergh was named Managing Editor of Baseball Prospectus on March 5, 2012[17] and Editor-in-Chief of Baseball Prospectus on July 13, 2012.[18]

On April 30, 2012, PEV's Managing Partner Joe Hamrahi announced that "Dan Brooks, Harry Pavlidis, and Brooks Baseball have agreed to team up and join forces with Baseball Prospectus. BrooksBaseball.net is the premier site for PITCHf/x analysis and pitch classification".[19]

On March 15, 2013, after explaining a week earlier that its key staff of writers had been hired away by ESPN, Baseball Prospectus's Dave Pease declared in response to a question in the comments: "Basketball Prospectus will not be publishing any new content. We are going quiet. The archives will remain available. Thank you".[20] On March 8, Pease had written: "You've probably noticed our Basketball Prospectus Premium coverage has been pretty quiet lately. You may have also noticed that our core pro writers, Kevin Pelton, Bradford Doolittle, and John Gasaway are now writing for ESPN Insider on a regular basis. Late last year, we learned that, following their completion of the Pro Basketball Prospectus 2012–13 and College Basketball Prospectus 2012–13 annuals, Kevin, Bradford, and John would be moving to ESPN on a full-time basis".

History of Baseball Prospectus

Baseball Prospectus (sometimes referred to as BP) was founded in 1996 by Gary Huckabay, who recruited the initial contributor group of Clay Davenport, Rany Jazayerli, Christina Kahrl, and Joe Sheehan, with the publication of the first annual set of forecasts. "That first year, BP charged $20 for a statistics guide produced on a photocopier. It printed around 300 copies and sold about 170 to fellow statheads, even though the book was missing the St. Louis Cardinals. 'It was terrible,' recalls Kahrl, 'but it nevertheless didn't discourage us.' Within a few years Brassey's Inc. published the guide, which grew to about 3,000 copies. By 2007 it reached The New York Times bestseller list, topping 70,000 copies at $21.95 a pop."[21]

The kind of sabermetric approach favored by Baseball Prospectus has gained significant acceptance by the management of many Major League Baseball clubs, notably the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians. BP has often been considered the modern successor to Bill James' Baseball Abstract series of books in the 1980s.[22]

Reflecting its legacy as a group of sabermetricians who met over the Internet, BP has no "main office." Working for BP is a second or part-time job for many of the regular staff, who conduct their work for BP in their own home offices.

The website BaseballProspectus.com began in 1997 primarily as a way to present original sabermetric research; publish advanced baseball statistics such as EqA, the Davenport Translations (DT's), and VORP; and promote sales of the annual book.[23] Beginning in 2003, the site placed most of its new articles, its PECOTA forecasts, and some of its statistical databases in a "premium" section that could be accessed only by subscription. However, in May 2011, BP "announced it has made its entire archive of premium and fantasy content over one year old completely and permanently free to the public".[24]

Until 2007, when the site began to post general advertising, the premium subscriptions and book sales were Baseball Prospectus' main source of revenues. Baseball Prospectus does not publish a financial report or information about its subscriber base, but it appears to have used its income to expand its breadth of coverage,[25] and it has not increased its subscription prices since initiating its premium service. It also offers a subscription to those interested in fantasy baseball, at a lower price than the premium subscriptions and giving access to fewer features and articles.

BaseballProspectus.com has a corps of staff writers who publish articles on a regular (typically weekly) basis under a featured heading. In addition, occasional articles are published by other BP staff or freelance authors. Some former regular writers no longer appear on the site but are employed on the staffs of major league baseball organizations, including as of 2014 Keith Woolner (Cleveland Indians),[26] James Click (Tampa Bay Rays),[27] Dan Fox (Pittsburgh Pirates),[28] Mike Fast (Houston Astros),[29] Kevin Goldstein (Houston Astros),[30] and Colin Wyers (Houston Astros). In addition, Keith Law, now an ESPN columnist, in 2002 moved from Baseball Prospectus to work on player evaluation in the front office of the Toronto Blue Jays. In 2009, Nate Silver turned his full attention to his FiveThirtyEight political analysis website; he resigned his executive post at BP and handed over management of PECOTA to other BP staff.

Given the competing career opportunities for some of BP's best-known and most statistics-savvy analysts, maintaining a fresh supply of sabermetrically sophisticated writers remains a challenge.[31] During the 2009 baseball season, BP ran a multi-week open talent search competition in the spirit of the popular television program American Idol, in which aspiring writers submitted articles for evaluation by BP's staff members, with one contestant a week from among the final ten selected by the staff then voted off by the subscribers. At least three new regular BP writers (winner Ken Funck, Tim Kniker, and Matt Swartz) were discovered through this Prospectus Idol contest.[32] In addition, BP had added Eric Seidman to its staff early in 2009 and then acquired Russell Carleton ("Pizza Cutter") and Colin Wyers in December 2009 to bolster its coverage of technical sabermetric issues. As late as the Fall of 2008, Seidman, Swartz, Carleton, Wyers, Daniel Novick and BP Idol finalist Brian Cartwright made up the entire staff of "Statistically Speaking" aka StatSpeak at MVN.com.[33] Carleton left the BP staff in May 2010, but returned in July 2012. Seidman and Swartz left in February 2011.

Wyers was hired away by the Houston Astros in October 2013. In the press release announcing his hire, Jeff Luhnow noted, "Colin Wyers is a brilliant man with lots of well thought-out, practical, ideas. He is insuring the financial security of this company for years to come. Oh yes, and his personal hygiene is above reproach". Wyers' final article for BP reviewed the history and process of the "brain drain" of sabermetricians as writers to baseball analytics specialists working for Major League Baseball itself: "Colleges can crank out people who know and understand the tools, but the sabermetrics community has given teams people who have demonstrated that they can use those tools to find useful insights into the game of baseball. So teams court them as part of their effort to win games".[34]

Although the site maintains a strong sabermetric core and has expanded its statistical databases, it regularly attends to issues such as baseball prospects (the First Year Player Draft and minor league baseball), international baseball, the economics and business of baseball (valuation of players, team and stadium finances, the player marketplace),[35] and fantasy baseball (PECOTA, the "Fantasy Focus" series of articles, forecast manager and other fantasy tools). BP HAS also published monographs on specialized topics, including the application of sabermetric analysis to historical topics – an emphasis clearly seen in Mind Game (2005 – a history of the Boston Red Sox), Baseball Between the Numbers (2006 – which addresses some historical comparisons), and It Ain't Over 'til It's Over (2007 – about historical pennant races).

By the beginning of the 2011 baseball season, none of BP's founders was an active contributor to the website or publications, though some of their earlier articles were included in two Best of Baseball Prospectus compendia that were published in 2011.

BP products

Baseball Prospectus creates several products:

Web site

Other books

Radio show

Podcast

Internet Baseball Awards

Basketball

Ice hockey

Theories

Baseball Prospectus writers promote several theories on proper baseball management and analysis, many of which are contrary to those of conventional baseball wisdom.

Clutch hitting

Baseball Prospectus researchers have concluded that there is no repeatable ability of clutch hitting. As writer Joe Sheehan said, "Over the course of a game, a month, a season or a career, there is virtually no evidence that any player or group of players possesses an ability to outperform his established level of ability in clutch situations, however defined."[44] They cite studies which find that there is insignificant correlation between year-to-year performance in clutch situations.

In an article published in 2006, Nate Silver argued that clutch hitting ability does exist to a degree. He argued that although not as important as traditional baseball analysis would suggest, clutch hitting ability was more significant than other sabermetric studies had shown. The article also found there to be a connection between clutch hitting ability and situational hitting, or the ability to adjust a hitting approach to fit the given situation.[45]

Views on traditional statistics

Baseball Prospectus writers often successfully argue that traditional baseball statistics such as RBIs, wins, and Batting average are poor reflections of a player's true contributions. For example, they have argued that RBIs are too dependent on factors outside of the player's control, namely the production of other hitters in the lineup.[46][47] They similarly argue that wins are too affected by factors such as the team's offense and bullpen.[48]

Closer usage

Baseball Prospectus writers assert that teams are typically inefficient in their use of their best relievers. Teams typically assign their most effective reliever to the position of closer, using him in only save situations. According to many Baseball Prospectus writers, a team's best reliever should be used when the opposing team has its best chance at increasing its chances of winning.[49]

Views on sacrifice bunts and stolen bases

Many writers argue that the sacrifice bunt and stolen base are overused in baseball. Teams will often attempt these plays when the score is close. Writers for Baseball Prospectus often argue that teams are, on average, actually lowering their expected number of runs scored. They argue that stolen base attempts are not completed frequently enough for them to be beneficial to the offense.[50] For sacrifice bunts, they argue that the team is giving up more by sacrificing an out than they gain by advancing a runner one base. Their thinking is derived from the grid of expected runs in an inning based on the outs and runner situation, which shows that the sacrifice is detrimental to a team given average players in most of the situations in which it is typically used.[51]

In a series of articles in 2004, James Click argued that sacrifice bunts are beneficial in some situations, dependent on the quality of the batter at the plate and the situation in the game.[52]

Statistical tools

Baseball Prospectus writers use a wide variety of sabermetric tools. Among the major tools that they are credited with inventing are:

Voros McCracken's pathbreaking article on Defense Independent Pitching Statistics also first appeared on the BP website.[59]

Notable contributors

Contributors to Baseball Prospectus include multiple notable sports figures, including:

Criticism

Criticism of methodology

Baseball Prospectus, as well as other sabermetric analysts, are criticized for taking the human aspect out of the game of baseball. For example, Murray Chass of The New York Times wrote in an article that he did not want to hear or read about new-age baseball statistics any more (referencing Value over replacement player specifically), saying:

"I suppose that if stats mongers want to sit at their computers and play with these things all day long, that's their prerogative. But their attempt to introduce these new-age statistics into the game threatens to undermine most fans' enjoyment of baseball and the human factor therein. People play baseball. Numbers don't."[60]

Nate Silver, BP's Managing Partner at the time, responded to this criticism in "An Open Letter to Murray Chass", including offering to meet Chass to watch a ballgame.[61] He expounded on the case for a positive impact of sabermetrics on the game of baseball in an article "How Sabermetrics Helps Build a Better Ballgame", published on Baseball Analysts.com.[62]

Another type of criticism comes from those who believe that by broadening its coverage and audience, Baseball Prospectus is becoming more like the mainstream media and losing what made it unique. In response to a question along this line in an on-line chat, Silver wrote:

From a brand standpoint, we're more concerned about differentiation based on quality than differentiation based on where we fall on sort of the "saberpolitical" spectrum.[63]

Criticism of journalistic standards

Baseball Prospectus was widely criticized for publishing and aggressively promoting a 2003 story claiming that banished player/manager Pete Rose had reached an agreement to return to baseball.[64] Will Carroll made the rounds on television and radio, claiming to have spoken to unnamed sources who had actually seen the agreement.[65] Spokesmen for both Rose and Major League Baseball refuted the claim,[66][67] but Carroll and his colleagues insisted their reporting was accurate. No other news source confirmed the story. In fact, Rose was not reinstated and remains banned from baseball.[68]

Notes

  1. ↑ Former BP writer Keith Law, who writes for ESPN.com, is also a member of the BBWAA.
  2. ↑ BP masthead.
  3. ↑ BasketballProspectus.com
  4. ↑ Sheehan as Managing Editor
  5. ↑ Kevin Pelton and Bradford Doolittle, "Pro Basketball Prospectus, 2009–10: Our Newest Book", BasketballProspectus (September 2, 2009).
  6. ↑ Imagine Sports strategic partnership.
  7. ↑ Baseball Digest Daily
  8. ↑ Press Release: "Prospectus Entertainment Ventures (Owner of Baseball Prospectus) Announces Acquisition of Baseball Digest Daily (BDD)", by Joe Hamrahi, Tuesday, October 14, 2008.
  9. ↑ Puck Prospectus
  10. ↑ http://puckprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=4
  11. ↑ Nate Silver and Kevin Goldstein, "State of the Prospectus: Spring 2009", BaseballProspectus.com, March 24, 2009.
  12. ↑ Kevin Goldstein, "State of the Prospectus: The Year and the Decade to Come", BaseballProspectus.com, January 4, 2010.
  13. ↑ Cot's Baseball Contracts
  14. ↑ Marc Normandin, "The New BP Fantasy", BaseballProspectus.com, February 25, 2010.
  15. ↑ Kevin Goldstein, "Organizational Announcement", BaseballProspectus.com, November 28, 2012.
  16. ↑ Joe Hamrahi, "Thank you, Steven Goldman", BaseballProspectus.com, March 2, 2012.
  17. ↑ Joe Hamrahi, "BP Names New Managing Editor", BaseballProspectus.com, March 5, 2012
  18. ↑ Joe Hamrahi, "Lindbergh and Evans Help Chart New Course for BP", BaseballProspectus.com, July 13, 2012
  19. ↑ Joe Hamrahi, "Brooks Baseball Joins Forces with Baseball Prospectus", BaseballProspectus.com, April 30, 2012.
  20. ↑ Dave Pease, "State of Basketball Prospectus: A Brief Announcement Basketball Prospectus.com, March 15, 2013.
  21. ↑ Zak Stambor, "Number Cruncher", University of Chicago Magazine, July–August 2008.
  22. ↑ See, for example, James Fraser, "'Baseball Prospectus' — Escaping Bill James' Shadow", By the Numbers (Newsletter of the SABR Statistical Analysis Committee) 10, No. 2 (May 2000).
  23. ↑ Dave Pease, "Welcome to Big September", BaseballProspectus.com, September 19, 2011: "On September 19, 1996, we registered the domain name baseballprospectus.com. At the time, the main reason we wanted the site is so all our Usenet friends and customers could get more information about the Baseball Prospectus annual, which we'd just self-published with an imposing print run of about 200".
  24. ↑ "Press Release: BP Announces Free Access to Archives", BaseballProspectus.com, May 23, 2011.
  25. ↑ Nate Silver, "The State of the Prospectus: Now Serving Beer ... and Tacos", BaseballProspectus.com, February 27, 2006; and Nate Silver, "State of the Prospectus: New Features", BaseballProspectus.com, December 1, 2006.
  26. ↑ Keith Woolner is Manager of Baseball Research & Analytics for the Indians. From 2001 to 2007 he wrote "Aim For The Head" columns for BP.com. Woolner invented Value over replacement player and a variation on Pitcher Abuse Points. Woolner left BP in May 2007 to join the front office of the Cleveland Indians.
  27. ↑ James Click is a Coordinator of Baseball Operations and Chaim Bloom is Assistant Director of Minor League Operations for the Tampa Bay Rays.
  28. ↑ Dan Fox joined the Pirates front office in April 2008 to become their Director of Player Systems Development. See Dan Fox, "Schrodinger's Bat: Opus 100", BaseballProspectus.com, April 17, 2008. As evidence of what Fox is doing for the Pirates, see this article on Fox's MITT.
  29. ↑ Aaron Gleeman, "Astros hire Baseball Prospectus analysis Mike Fast, HardballTalk.com, January 24, 2012.
  30. ↑ In 2012 Goldstein became the Pro Scouting Coordinator for the Astros. See Kevin Goldstein, "Goodbye to the Internet", BaseballProspectus.com August 31, 2012.
  31. ↑ Josh Levin, "Moneyball's Deep: How Baseball Prospectus is Like the Oakland A's", Deadspin, June 5, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Prospectus Idol: Meet the Finalists", BaseballProspectus.com, May 17, 2009.
  33. ↑ The MVN.com network went belly up in December 2009 for financial reasons. See Evan Brunell, "The End of the Most Valuable Network, MVN.com", EvanBrunnel.com, December 7, 2009.
  34. ↑ Colin Wyers, "Manufactured Runs: Moments of Transition, Moments of Revelation", Baseball Prospectus, November 1, 2013.
  35. ↑ This carries on the tradition established by the late Doug Pappas, who wrote regularly for BP from 2001 until his untimely death in 2004.
  36. ↑ Tim Lemke, "Baseball Prospectus Finds Niche", The Washington Times (December 10, 2006).
  37. ↑ Baseball Prospectus: UNFILTERED
  38. ↑ Best Books of 2006: Sports
  39. ↑ "Announcing MLB Roundtrip with Baseball Prospectus", BaseballProspectus.com, July 14, 2011.
  40. ↑ http://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/effectively-wild-episode-998/
  41. ↑ BasketballProspectus.com
  42. ↑ Dave Pease, "State of Basketball Prospectus A Brief Announcement", BasketballProspectus.com, March 8, 2013. [Accessed March 17, 2013]
  43. ↑ http://www.hockeyprospectus.com/
  44. ↑ Sheehan, Joe. "The Concept of Clutch". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  45. ↑ Silver, Nate (2006). Jonah Keri, ed. Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know about the Game Is Wrong. New York: Basic Books. pp. 14–34. ISBN 0-465-00596-9.
  46. ↑ Keri, Jonah (2006). Jonah Keri, ed. Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know about the Game Is Wrong. New York: Basic Books. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0-465-00596-9.
  47. ↑ Perry, Dayn. "Measuring Offense". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  48. ↑ Perry, Dayn; Woolner, Keith (2006). Jonah Keri, ed. Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know about the Game Is Wrong. New York: Basic Books. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-465-00596-9.
  49. ↑ Zumsteg, Derek. "How to Run a Bullpen". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  50. ↑ Sheehan, Joe. "Stolen Bases and How to Use Them". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  51. ↑ Run expectancy matrix available here for all users and here for paid subscribers.
  52. ↑ Click, James. "When Does it Make Sense to Sacrifice?" (links to part 1 of series).
  53. ↑ Keith, Woolner. "Introduction to VORP: Value Over Replacement Player". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  54. ↑ Jazayerli, Rany. "How We Measure Pitcher Usage". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  55. ↑ Davenport, Clay. "About EqA". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  56. ↑ Baseball Prospectus | Glossary
  57. ↑ Silver, Nate. "The Science of Forecasting". Baseball Prospectus Basics.
  58. ↑ This new statistic was incorporated into BP's regular daily and seasonal statistical reports effective with the 2008 season but also calculated for previous seasons. It has also been incorporated into PECOTA estimates for 2008. The fundamental work on this metric was developed in a series of columns by Dan Fox. See, for example, Dan Fox, Schrodinger's Bat: The Running Man", BaseballProspectus.com, September 7, 2006, "Schrodinger's Bat: The Baserunning Edition", Baseball Prospectus, October 18, 2007, and "A Running Comparison", Baseball Prospectus/Unfiltered, November 14, 2007. Also see Dan Fox, "The Tortoise, the Hare, and Juan Pierre: Translating Baserunning into Runs", in S. Goldman and C. Kahrl, Eds., Baseball Prospectus 2008 (New York: Plume, 2008): 558–563.
  59. ↑ Baseball Prospectus | Articles | Pitching and Defense
  60. ↑ Chass, Murray (February 27, 2007). "As Season Approaches, Some Topics Should Be Off Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
  61. ↑ Nate Silver, "An Open Letter to Murray Chass,"BaseballProspectus.com, February 27, 2007.
  62. ↑ Nate Silver, "How Sabermetrics Helps Build a Better Ballgame", Baseball Analysts, May 10, 2007.
  63. ↑ Nate Silver, "Chat", BaseballProspectus.com, June 27, 2007.
  64. ↑ Derek Zumsteg & Will Carroll,"The Return of Pete Rose: Exclusive – He's Back in Baseball in 2004", August 12, 2003.
  65. ↑ King Kaufman, "Sports Daily", August 12, 2003.
  66. ↑ ESPN.com, "Report called 'unfounded' and 'irresponsible'", August 12, 2003.
  67. ↑ "Baseball Denies Deal with Rose", August 14, 2003.
  68. ↑ Baseball Hall of Fame website, "Why isn't Pete Rose in the Hall of Fame?"
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