Barbara Christian
| Barbara Christian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
Barbara T. Christian December 12, 1943 St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands]] |
| Died |
June 25, 2000 (aged 56) Berkeley, Alameda County, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | educator, feminist, writer |
| Years active | 1963-2000 |
| Known for | African-American feminist studies |
Barbara Christian (December 12, 1943 in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands – June 25, 2000 in Berkeley, California) was an author and professor of African-American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Among several books, and over 100 published articles, Christian was most well known for the 1980 study Black Women Novelists: The Development of a Tradition.
Early life
Barbara Christian was born on December 12, 1943 in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands to Ruth and Alphonso Christian. Her father was a judge in St. Thomas and both of her parents strongly encouraged their children in pursing academic goals. Christian was an avid reader and questioned why there were no African-American or Afro-Caribbean women included in her education or the stories she read.[1] At the age of fifteen, Christian moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to attend Marquette University, graduating in 1963 cum laude. Though her parents urged her to pursue medicine, Christian enrolled in graduate studies for literature at Columbia University in New York City.[2] The school did not offer black studies at that time, but Christian chose Columbia because it would give her access to the Harlem intellectual community. Becoming friends with Langston Hughes, she was introduced to the works of black writers. Zora Neale Hurston, overlooked at the time, was an influence, especially her work, Their Eyes Were Watching God. During her graduate studies, Christian taught English briefly during 1963 and 1964 at both the College of the Virgin Islands and Hunter College. The following year, she became a lecturer at the City College of the City University of New York and worked in a program to promote higher education to minority and underprivileged scholars, known as Search for Education, Elevation, and Knowledge (SEEK). Upon completion of her dissertation, Spirit Bloom in Harlem: The Search for Black Aesthetic during the Harlem Renaissance: The Poetry of Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, and Jean Toomer, Christian earned her PhD in American and British Literature in 1970.[1]
Career
Immediately following her degree, Christian was promoted to an assistant professorship at City College, teaching English.[1] The following year, she became an assistant professor at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) and in 1972, was a pivotal player in creating the African-American studies department at the university.[2] Committed to increasing educational opportunities for minorities and the disadvantaged she was a founding member and an instructor at the University Without Walls in 1971.[1] In 1978, Christian was granted tenure at UC Berkeley, the first African American woman to be tenured and the same year she was elected chair of the Department of African American Studies.[1][2][3] During the 1970s, Christian began work editing part of the Norton Anthology of African American Literature, which she would continue for the next two decades. She was one of the first scholars to bring the works of Toni Morrison and Alice Walker to the attention of academia.[4]
Christian published her first book, Black Women Novelists:The Development of a Tradition, 1892–1976 in 1980. It was a groundbreaking analysis, being the first comprehensive study, on works from nineteenth century to contemporary times (mid-1970s) of the black feminist literature. The book quickly became a reference for other scholars, leading to the development the academic study of black feminists, and her most known work.[1] Christian held the chair of African American Studies until 1983. In 1985, she published Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. In it, she expressed that obsession with theory and the use of literature to advance ideological viewpoints were thwarting scholars from focusing on literary traditions of the work itself.[1] In 1986, Christian was promoted, as the first woman of African descent, to full professor.[2][3] That same year, she became the inaugural chair of the newly created doctoral program of ethnic studies; a position she held for three years.[1] In 1991, Christian received the Distinguished Teaching Award from UC Berkeley[2] and in 1994, was honored with the MELUS Distinguished Contribution to Ethnic Studies Award bestowed by the The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States.[1][4] In April 2000, Christian was awarded the UC Berkeley's highest honor, the Berkeley Citation.[1][3]
Death and legacy
Christian died on June 25, 2000 from complications of lung cancer at her home in Berkeley. She was survived by her ex-husband, the writer, David Henderson, with whom she had a daughter, Najuma Ide Henderson.[2][3] Her papers are preserved at UC Berkeley.[4] The year following her death, a literary award bearing her name, was created in her honor by the Caribbean Studies Association of the University of the West Indies to recognize "the best book published over the previous three-year period which explicitly examines the topics of race, gender, sexuality, class and intersectionality".[5]
Selected works
- Christian, Barbara (1980). Black Women Novelist: The Development of a Tradition, 1892-1976. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-20750-1.
- Christian, Barbara T.; Sterling, Dorothy (1980). Teaching Guide to Accompany 'Black Foremothers, Three Lives' by Dorothy Sterling. Old Westbury, New York: Feminist Press. ISBN 978-0-912-67074-4.
- Christian, Barbara (1985). Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black women writers. New York, New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-031956-8.
- Christian, Barbara (1987). From the Inside Out: Afro-American Women's Literary Tradition and the State. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Center for Humanistic Studies, University of Minnesota. OCLC 15696270.
- Christian, Barbara (1987). Alice Walker's 'The Color Purple' and Other Works: A Critical Commentary. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-64861-9.
References
Citations
Bibliography
- Nedervelt, Ross Michael (2016). "Christian, Barbara (1943–2000)". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-93579-6. – via Oxford University Press's Reference Online (subscription required)
- Russell, Heather D. (November 4, 2015). "Barbara T. Christian Literary Award". Caribbean Studies Association. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- "Barbara Christian, 56, Leader In Modern Literary Feminism". New York City, New York: The New York Times. July 9, 2000. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- "Barbara Christian, professor and pioneer of contemporary American literary feminism, dies at age 56". Berkeleyan. Berkely, California: The Regents of the University of California, Public Affairs Office. 29 (1). August 16, 2000. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- "Finding Aid to the Barbara Christian Papers, 1967-2000". The Online Archive of California. Oakland, California: California Digital Library. 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.