Bamana Empire

Bamana Empire
1712–1861
Some of the cities in Mali which were under the control of the Bambara Empire.
Capital Ségou
Languages Bambara
Religion Ancestor Worship
Government Monarchy
King
 •  1712 Mamary Coulibaly
Historical era Early modern period
 • Kaladian establishes dynasty c.1640
 •  Established 1712
 •  Disestablished 1861
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Saadi dynasty
Toucouleur Empire
Tomb of Biton Mamary Coulibaly at Segou koro, near Ségou.

The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire) was a large West African state based at Ségou, now in Mali. This state was established after the fall of the Mali Empire and the Keita dynasty, as a smaller Bambara Empire founded by other Bambara families related to the Keita clan. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by Kaladian Coulibaly also known as Fa Sine or Biton-si-u. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1861 invasion of Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall.

The Coulibaly Dynasty

In around 1640, Fa Sine became the third Faama (Mande word for King) of a small kingdom of Bambara people in the city of Ségou in Mali. Though he made many successful conquests of neighboring tribes and kingdoms, he failed to set up a significant administrative framework, and the new kingdom disintegrated following his death (c. 1660).

In the early 18th century, Mamari Kulubali (sometimes cited as Mamari Bitòn) settled in Ségou and joined an egalitarian youth organization known as a tòn. Mamari soon reorganized the tòn as a personal army, assumed the title of bitòn, and set about subduing rival chiefs. He established control over Ségou, making it the capital of a new Bambara Empire.

Fortifying the capital with Songhai techniques, Bitòn Kulubali built an army of several thousand men and a navy of war canoes to patrol the Niger. He then proceeded to launch successful assaults against his neighbors, the Fulani, the Soninke, and the Mossi. He also attacked Tomboctou, though he held the city only briefly. During this time he founded the city of Bla as an outpost and armory.

Mamari Coulubali was the last ruler to be called Bitòn. All future rulers were simply titled Faama. Bakari, the first Faama after Mamari reigned from (1710–1711). Faama De-Koro ascended in 1712 reigning until 1736. The kingdom had three more faamas with unstable 4-year reigns until falling into anarchy in 1748.

The Ngolosi

In 1750, a freed slave named Ngolo Diarra seized the throne and re-established stability, reigning for nearly forty years of relative prosperity. The Ngolosi, his descendants, would continue to rule the Empire until its fall. Ngolo's son Mansong Diarra took the throne following his father's 1795 death and began a series of successful conquests, including that of Tomboctou (c. 1800) and the Macina region.

Economy and structure

The Bambara Empire was structured around traditional Bambara institutions, including the kòmò, a body to resolve theological concerns. The kòmò often consulted religious sculptures in their decisions, particularly the four state boliw, large altars designed to aid the acquisition of political power.

The economy of the Bambara Empire flourished through trade, especially that of the slaves captured in their many wars. The demand for slaves then led to further fighting, leaving the Bambara in a perpetual state of war with their neighbors.

Mungo Park, passing through the Bambara capital of Ségou two years after Diarra's 1795 death, recorded a testament to the Empire's prosperity:

The view of this extensive city, the numerous canoes on the river, the crowded population, and the cultivated state of the surrounding countryside, formed altogether a prospect of civilization and magnificence that I little expected to find in the bosom of Africa.[1]

Literacy and the N'ko alphabet

A study on the Haitian Revolution led to the discovery that writing existed in the Ségou Empire.[2] The 1791 testimony of Tamerlan,[3] a literate Bambara traditional priest sold into slavery in Saint-Domingue (Haiti), revealed that N'Ko, the Bambara language writing system, was in use during Ngolo Diarra's reign at the latest. In fact, Ngolo Diarra who studied in Timbuktu in his youth,[4] may have later invented the N'Ko alphabet which was taught to many, including Tamerlan who became teacher to Prince Bambougou N'Dji, Ngolo Diarra's oldest son.

Jihad and fall

At the Battle of Noukouma in 1818, Bambara forces met and were defeated by Fula Muslim fighters rallied by the jihad of Cheikou Amadu (or Seku Amadu) of Massina. The Bambara Empire survived but was irreversibly weakened. Seku Amadu's forces decisively defeated the Bambara, taking Djenné and much of the territory around Mopti and forming into a Massina Empire. Timbuktu would fall as well in 1845.

The real end of the empire, however, came at the hands of El Hadj Umar Tall, a Toucouleur conqueror who swept across West Africa from Dinguiraye. Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the Bambara Empire (which effectively became part of the Toucouleur Empire).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Quoted in Davidson, Basil (1995). Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 0-684-82667-4.
  2. ↑ Salnave, Rodney. "Tamerlan wasn't muslim". Bwa Kay Il-Ment. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  3. ↑ Malenfant, Colonel (1814). Des colonies et particulièrement de celle de Saint-Domingue : mémoire historique. Paris: Audibert. p. 213.
  4. ↑ Traoré, Samba Lamine (2012). La Saga de la ville historique de Ségou (L'Harmattan ed.). Paris. p. 43.

Further reading

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