Balkenkreuz

World War II Balkenkreuz used atop wings

World War II Balkenkreuz used on fuselages and underwing surfaces

The Balkenkreuz is a straight-armed cross that was the emblem of the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces) and its branches in World War II. It was used by the Heer (Army), Luftwaffe (Air Force), and Kriegsmarine (Navy).

German Balken means "beam, bar", so a literal translation of Balkenkreuz would be "beam cross" or "bar cross".^[1]

History

The "Knowlton" Fokker D.VII with late-1918 Balkenkreuz on fuselage.

The Smithsonian's faithfully-restored Fw 190F, showing both forms of Balkenkreuz in "low-visibility" (flanks-only) form

Germany's Luftstreitkräfte (air force) first officially adopted the Balkenkreuz in mid-April 1918 (about a week before the death of Manfred von Richthofen), and used it from that time until World War I ended in November 1918. The IdFlieg directive of 20 March 1918 to all manufacturers states in the first sentence (translated to English): "To improve the recognition of our aircraft, the following is ordered: [...]". In paragraph 2, the second sentence specifies: "This alteration is to be carried out by 15 April 1918." The closing sentence reads: "Order 41390 is to be speedily executed."

Panzer I tank in a museum, with Polish-campaign "white cross" German insignia

Its use resumed, with new standardized dimensions, from the beginning of the Third Reich's Luftwaffe in 1935, as part of the new Wehrmacht unified German military forces founded in mid-March 1935. German armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) during the invasion of Poland (September-October 1939) used a plain white cross, but before the onset of Operation Weserübung (April 1940), the black core cross with white "flanks" that the Luftwaffe used had become the basic German AFV national insignia, as used for the rest of the war (to 1945).

The Luftwaffe would use two specifications for the Balkenkreuz:^[2]

one with narrower white "flanks" on upper wing surfaces - before July 1939, it was used in all six regular positions on an airframe
one with wider white "flanks" surrounding the same width (25% wide as long from end to end for both versions) central black cross beneath the wings and on the fuselage sides of German military aircraft during the war years

Late in World War II it became increasingly common for the Balkenkreuz national insignia to be painted on without the black-color "core cross", using only the quartet of right-angled "flanks" for its form to reduce its visibility - this could be done in either white or black, and with both the narrow and wide-flank forms of the cross.

Later use

The Iron Cross used by today's German Bundeswehr unified defense forces inherits the four white, or lighter-colored, "flanks" of the older Balkenkreuz that do not "cap" the ends of the cross in either case, but with the "flanks" following the flared arms of the earlier German Empire's cross pattée instead from the 1916-March 1918 era.

References

↑ "Dictionary of Vexillology: B (Banner Roll - Bauceant)". Dictionary of Vexillology. FOTW Flags Of The World. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012. ; etymologizing "balk cross" in "Dictionary of Vexillology: B (Backing - Banner of Victory)". Dictionary of Vexillology. FOTW Flags Of The World. Retrieved 19 August 2012. . C.f. th erroneous rendition as "Balkan Cross" in John Cochrane, Stuart Elliott, Military Aircraft Insignia of the World, Naval Institute Press, 1998, p. 50.
↑ Bert Hartmann. "Luftarchiv.de - Kennzeichen - Allgemein, Abb.4". Luftarchiv.de. Retrieved November 21, 2012.

Variants of Christian crosses
In modern use	Anchored/St. Clement's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Armenian Cross Arrow/Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Byzantine cross Byzantine cross (variant) Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Celtic cross (variant) Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Cruciform halo Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross St. Florian Cross (variant) Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine/St. Nino's Cross Greek cross Huguenot cross St. James/Santiago Cross Jerusalem/Crusaders' cross Jerusalem cross (variant) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Orthodox cross (Greek) Orthodox cross (Slavic) Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross/Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Ringed cross Cross quadrate Cross of Salem Saltire/St. Andrew's Cross Serbian cross Syriac cross Tau/St. Anthony's Cross St. Thomas Cross
Historical	Avellane cross Carolingian cross Cuthbert's pectoral cross Engrailed cross Chi Rho/Chrismon/Labarum Coptic ankh Early Coptic cross Cross erminée Lazarus' cross Lorraine cross Lorraine cross (variant) Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Staurogram/Monogrammatic Cross Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two-barred cross * Victory Cross Voided cross
By function	Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood/Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross
See also	Ankh Armenian eternity sign Ashur sun cross Balkenkreuz Black sun Caddo sun cross Kolovrat Nordic Cross flags Sauwastika Sunwheel swastika/Odinic fylfot Sun cross Sun cross (variant) Swastika Triskelion/Triskele
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