Backspace

A backspace key in the wild.

Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the typewriter carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer systems moves the display cursor one position backwards,[note 1] deletes the character at that position, and shifts back the text after that position by one position.

Typewriter

In some[note 2] typewriters, a typist would, for example, type a lowercase letter A with acute accent (á) by typing a lowercase letter A, backspace, and then the acute accent key. This technique (also known as overstrike) is the basis for such spacing modifiers in computer character sets such as the ASCII caret (^, for the circumflex accent). Backspace composition no longer works with typical modern digital displays or typesetting systems[note 3] It has to some degree been replaced with the combining diacritical marks mechanism of Unicode, though such characters do not work well with many fonts, and precomposed characters continue to be used. Some software like TeX or Microsoft Windows use the opposite method for diacritical marks, namely positioning the accent first, and then the base letter on its position.

Computers

Although the term "backspace" is the traditional name of the key which deletes the character to the left of the cursor, the actual key may be labeled in a variety of ways, for example delete,[1] Erase (for example in One Laptop Per Child),[2] or with a left pointing arrow.[3] A dedicated symbol for "backspace" exists as U+232B ⌫ but its use as a keyboard label is moderately rare.

The backspace is distinct from the delete key, which in paper media for computers would punch out all the holes to strike out a character, and in modern computers deletes text following it. Also, the delete key often works as a generic command to remove an object (such as an image inside a document, or a file in a file manager), while backspace usually does not.[4][5][6]

Common use

In modern systems, the backspace key is often mapped to the delete character (0x7f in ASCII or Unicode), although the backspace key's function of deleting the character before the cursor remains.[3]

The backspace key is commonly used to go back a page or up one level in graphical web or file browsers.

^H

Pressing the backspace key on a computer terminal would generate the ASCII code 08, BS or Backspace, a control code which would delete the preceding character. That control code could also be accessed by pressing Control-H, as H is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet. Terminals which did not have the backspace code mapped to the function of moving the cursor backwards and deleting the preceding character would display the symbols ^H (caret, H) when the backspace key was pressed. Even if a terminal did interpret backspace by deleting the preceding character, the system receiving the text might not. Then, the sender's screen would show a message without the supposedly deleted text, while that text, and the deletion codes, would be visible to the recipient. This sequence is still used humorously for epanorthosis by computer literates, denoting the deletion of a pretended blunder, much like a strikethrough; in this case, however, the ^H symbol is faked by typing a regular '^' key followed by typing a regular 'H' key.

Example:

Be nice to this fool^H^H^H^Hgentleman; he's visiting from corporate HQ.[7]

^W and ^U

An alternative sometimes seen is ^W, which is the shortcut to delete the previous word in the Berkeley Unix terminal line discipline. This shortcut has also made it into the insert mode of the Vi text editor and its clone Vim.[8]

^U deletes a line.[9]

Other meanings

In a mainframe environment, to backspace means to move a magnetic tape backwards, typically to the previous block.

Notes

  1. ↑ "Backwards" means to the left for left-to-right languages.
  2. ↑ Many typewriters don't advance accent characters, so that no backspace is needed. However, it is still used e.g. for combining "o" with "/".
  3. ↑ There is no reason why a digital display or typesetting system could not be designed to allow backspace composition, a.k.a. overstrike, if an engineer chose to do that. As most contemporary computer display and typesetting systems are raster graphics-based rather than character-based (as of the year 2012), they make overstrike actually quite easy to implement. However, the use of proportional-width rather than fixed-width (monospaced) fonts makes the practical implementation of overstrike more complicated, and the original physical motivation for the technique is not present in digital computer systems.
Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 PrtScn/
SysRq		 Scroll
Lock		 Pause/
Break
Tilde Exclamation mark At sign Number sign Dollar sign Percent sign Caret Ampersand Asterisk Parenthesis Parenthesis Underscore Plus sign Backspace Grave accent 1 (number) 2 (number) 3 (number) 4 (number) 5 (number) 6 (number) 7 (number) 8 (number) 9 (number) 0 (number) Hyphen-minus Equals sign Backspace Tab key Q W E R T Y U I O P Curly bracket Curly bracket Vertical bar Tab key Q W E R T Y U I O P Square bracket Square bracket Backslash Caps lock A S D F G H J K L Colon (punctuation) Quotation mark Enter key Caps lock A S D F G H J K L Semicolon Apostrophe Enter key Shift key Z X C V B N M Bracket Bracket Question mark Shift key Shift key Z X C V B N M Comma (punctuation) Full stop Slash (punctuation) Shift key Control key Windows key Alt key Space bar Alt key Windows key Menu key Control keyKB United States-NoAltGr.svg
 Insert Home PgUp Num
Lock		 ∕ ∗ −
Delete End PgDn 7 8 9 +
4 5 6
↑ 1 2 3 Enter
← ↓ →    0
   Ins		  . 
Del

References

Look up backspace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Backspace.
  1. ↑ "User Mistakes or Mac Mistakes?, Backspace vs. Delete, and It's Too Easy to Zap an Icon in the Dock". 2007.
  2. ↑ OLPC Wiki. "OLPC Human Interface Guidelines/The Sugar Interface/Input Systems". Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  3. 1 2 "9.8 Keyboard configuration". Debian Policy Manual.
  4. ↑ "Windows keyboard shortcuts overview". Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  5. ↑ "Windows keyboard shortcuts overview". Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  6. ↑ "Keyboard shortcuts for PCmanFM-QT [bug]/[Missing feature]". Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  7. ↑ Chapter 5. Hacker Writing Style, The Jargon File, version 4.4.7
  8. ↑ "VIM USER MANUAL". FreeBSD. November 2, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  9. ↑ "FreeBSD Man Pages; vi". Vimonline. March 9, 2002. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
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