Vultee BT-13 Valiant

BT-13 Valiant
BT-13 Valiant in flight
Role	Trainer
Manufacturer	Vultee Aircraft
First flight	March 1939
Introduction	June 1940
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces United States Navy
Number built	9,525

The Vultee BT-13 Valiant was an American World War II-era basic trainer aircraft built by Vultee Aircraft for the United States Army Air Corps, and later US Army Air Forces. A subsequent variant of the BT-13 in USAAC/USAAF service was known as the BT-15 Valiant, while an identical version for the US Navy was known as the SNV and was used to train naval aviators for the US Navy and its sister services, the US Marine Corps and US Coast Guard.^[1]

Design and development

The Vultee BT-13 was the basic trainer flown by most American pilots during World War II. It was the second phase of the three phase training program for pilots. After primary training in PT-13, PT-17, or PT-19 trainers, the student pilot moved to the more complex Vultee for continued flight training. The BT-13 had a more powerful engine and was faster and heavier than the primary trainer. It required the student pilot to use two way radio communications with the ground and to operate landing flaps and a two-position Hamilton Standard controllable-pitch propeller. It did not, however, have retractable landing gear nor a hydraulic system. The flaps were operated by a crank-and-cable system. Its pilots nicknamed it the "Vultee Vibrator."

Due to the demand for this aircraft, and others which used the same Pratt & Whitney engine, some were equipped with Wright powerplants of similar size and power built in 1941–42. The Wright-equipped aircraft were designated BT-15.

The Navy adopted the P&W powered aircraft as their main basic trainer, designating it the SNV. The BT-13 production run outnumbered all other Basic Trainer (BT) types produced.^[2][3][4]

In 1938, Vultee chief designer Richard Palmer began designing a single-engine fighter aircraft. About that time, the Army Air Corps issued a solicitation for an advanced trainer, with the promise of a substantial order if selected. Palmer adapted his design concept from a fighter to an advanced trainer, resulting in the V-51 prototype.

Vultee BC-3 prototype in flight

The prototype flew on 24 March 1939^[5] as a cantilever low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction, with fabric-covered control surfaces. It was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-S3H1-G Wasp radial engine of 600 hp (450 kW), driving a two-blade variable-pitch metal propeller. It had an enclosed cockpit for the instructor and student, integral wing fuel tanks, and a hydraulic system to operate the flaps and retractable main landing gear.

The V-51 was entered into the USAAC competition as the BC-51 in May 1939. The USAAC instead chose the North American BC-2 in the competition, but also purchased the BC-51 prototype for further study, designating it the BC-3. Palmer refined his design, resulting in the VF-54, with the goal of selling the trainer to other countries.. It used the same basic airframe as the VF-51, but was fitted with a lower powered engine. However, no export sales resulted from this proposal.

The V-54 was further refined, resulting in the VF-54A, with a well-faired fixed landing gear, manually-operated landing flaps, powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-985-T3B Wasp Jr. radial rated at 450 hp (340 kW). It was offered to the USAAC in this form, and in August 1939 the type was ordered as the BT-13. The initial order was for 300 aircraft with a Pratt & Whitney R-985-25 radial. The first aircraft was delivered to the USAAC in June 1940.

Vultee BT-13 on runway at Minter Field, California, 1 March 1943

Vultee BT-13 Valiant at the Museum of Aviation at Robins AFB, Georgia

The BT-13A was produced to the extent of 7,037 aircraft and differed only in the substitution of a Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 radial engine, and deletion of the landing gear fairings. 1,125 units designated BT-13B were then produced; they differed from the A model in replacing the 12v electrical system with a 24v system.

Due an industry-wide demand for the Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine, a total of 1,263 units were then produced incorporating the Wright R-975-11 engine of equal power rating. They were accepted by the USAAC as BT-15.

The US Navy also ordered 1,150 BT-13A models under the designation SNV-1. It also ordered another 650 units designated SNV-2, based on the BT-13B.

Once in service, the aircraft quickly got its nickname of "Vibrator." There are several explanations given for this nickname. 1: Because it had a tendency to shake quite violently as it approached its stall speed. 2. During more adventurous maneuvers the canopy vibrated. 3. On takeoff, the aircraft caused windows on the ground to vibrate. 4. The two-position propeller had an irritating vibration in high pitch. The BT-13 served its intended purpose well. It and its successors were unforgiving aircraft to fly, but were also extremely agile. Thus the BT-13 made a good aircraft to help transition many hundreds of pilots toward their advanced trainers and fighters yet to be mastered. The BT-13 was not without its faults. The tail was held on with only three bolts and after several in-flight failures, the Navy restricted the aircraft from aerobatic and violent maneuvers. The Navy declared the SNV obsolete in May 1945 and replaced it in the basic training role with the SNJ (AT-6). The Army also replaced the BT-13 with the AT-6 before the end of the war.

After World War II, virtually all were sold as surplus for a few hundred dollars each. Many were purchased just to obtain their engines, which were mounted on surplus biplanes (such as Stearmans) to replace their less powerful engines for use as cropdusters. The BT airframes were then scrapped. Several others were modified as multi-passenger civilian aircraft; one as the "Viceroy" and at least two others by a different firm. Today, some "BT's" (collectively, BT-13s, BT-15s and SNVs) are still flying, though in very limited numbers (and none in military or government service).

Variants

BT-15

SNV-2

BC-3

Vultee Model V.51 with retractable landing gear and a 600hp P&W R-1340-45, one built, not developed.

BT-13

Vultee Model V.54 with fixed undercarriage and a 450hp P&W R-985-25 engine, 300 built.

BT-13A

As BT-13 but fitted with a 450hp R-985-AN-1 engine and minor changes, 6407 built, survivors re-designated T-13A in 1948.

BT-13B

As BT-13A but with a 24-volt electrical system, 1125 built.

BT-15

As BT-13A with a 450hp Wright R-975-11 engine, 1693 built.

XBT-16

One BT-13A was re-built in 1942 by Vidal with an all-plastic fuselage as the XBT-16.

SNV-1

BT-13As for the United States Navy, 1350 transferred from USAAF.

SNV-2

BT-13Bs for the United States Navy, 650 transferred from USAAF.

T-13A

Surviving BT-13As were re-designated in 1948, due to dual allocation of T-13 with the PT-13 in practice they were still known as the BT-13 to avoid confusion.

Operators

 Argentina

• Argentine Air Force^[6]
• Argentine Navy^[6]

 Bolivia

• Bolivian Air Force (BT-13)^[6]

 Brazil

• Brazilian Air Force (120 BT-15s)^[6]

 Chile

• Chilean Air Force^[6]

 China

 Colombia

• Colombian Air Force (Fourteen BT-15s)^[6]

 China^[7]

 Cuba

• Cuban Air Force

 Dominican Republic

• Dominican Air Force^[6]

 Ecuador

• Ecuadorian Air Force

 Egypt

 El Salvador

• Air Force of El Salvador^[6]

 France

• French Air Force^[8]

 Guatemala

• Guatemalan Air Force^[6]

 Haiti

• Armed Forces of Haiti^[6]

 Honduras

• Honduran Air Force^[6]

 Indonesia

• Indonesian Air Force^[7]

 Israel

• Israeli Air Force^[7]

 Mexico^[6]

 Nicaragua

• Nicaraguan Air Force^[6]

 Panama

 Paraguay^[6]

• Paraguayan Air Arm 10 BT-13A received through Lend-Lease 1942–1943. Two BT-13 bought in Argentina in 1947.
• Paraguayan Naval Aviation Three BT-13 donated by Argentina in the 1960s.

 Peru

• Peruvian Air Force^[6]

 Philippines^[7]

 Soviet Union

• Soviet Air Force

 United States

• United States Air Force
• United States Army Air Forces
• United States Navy

 Venezuela

• Venezuelan Air Force^[6]
• Centro de Instruccion Aeronautica Civil

Surviving aircraft

Australia

• 7710 - BT13A Airworthy as VH-JKV ^[9]operated by John Kempton, Albury N.S.W

Brazil

• 1072 – BT-15 on static display at the Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.^[10][11]
• 42-1216 – BT-13A in storage at Museu^[12] TAM in São Carlos, São Paulo.^[13]

Indonesia

• Unknown ID – Unknown Variant on display at Museum Pusat TNI-AU Dirgantara Mandala in Jogjakarta, Indonesia.
• Unknown ID – Unknown Variant on display at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali.

United States

• 3022 – SNV-1 on static display at Main Campus of the Kalamazoo Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.^[14][15]
• 156739 – SNV-1 airworthy at the Estrella Warbirds Museum in Paso Robles, California.^[16][17][18]
• 41-11538 – BT-13A airworthy with the Commemorative Air Force Minnesota Wing in South St. Paul, Minnesota.^[19][20][21]
• 41-11584 – BT-13A on static display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.^[22]
• 41-21487 – BT-13A on static display at the March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California.^[23] It is painted as 41-22365.^[24]
• 41-21933 – BT-13A on static display at the Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, California.^[25][26]
• 41-22124 – BT-13A in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Suitland, Maryland.^[27]
• 41-22441 – BT-13A airworthy at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.^[28][29][30]
• 41-23075 – BT-13A airworthy on loan from Rene J. Vercruyssen to the Chico Air Museum in Chico, California.^{[31][32][33][34]}
• 42-04130 – BT-13A on static display at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas.^[35]
• 42-41303 – Unknown Variant on static display at the Gunter Annex of Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama.^[36]
• 42-42353 – BT-13A on static display at the Pima Air Museum in Tucson, Arizona.^[37]
• 42-88708 – BT-13 on display at the Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum in Rio Grande, New Jersey.^[38][39]
• 42-89607 – BT-13B airworthy at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.^[40][41][42]
• 42-89678 – BT-13A on static display at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.^[43][44]
• 42-90018 – BT-13B on static display at the Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia.^[45]
• 42-90296 – BT-13B airworthy at the War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.^[46][47][48]
• 42-90629 – BT-13B on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.^[49]
• c/n 7832 – BT-13A on static display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.^[50]
• c/n 8408 – BT-13 on static display at the Fort Worth Aviation Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.^[51]
• c/n 74-2395 – BT-13A on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. It is painted as an SNV-1.^[52][53]
• N68178 – BT-13A Airworthy in a private collection at El Reno regional Airport, El Reno, Oklahoma
• N9743N – BT-13A Airworthy in a private collection at El Reno Regional Airport, El Reno, Oklahoma
• Unknown ID – Unknown Variant in storage in unrestored condition at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.^[54]
• Unknown ID – BT-13 under restoration at the Fargo Air Museum in Fargo, North Dakota.^[55]

Popular culture

Aichi D3A replica at the Geneseo Airshow. In 1968 a Vultee BT-13 Valiant (N56867) was converted to a Val replica for use in the filming of the movie "Tora! Tora! Tora!", flown as Val "AI-244" (Carrier Akagi). The BT-13 has been maintained in that configuration ever since, and is now flown at airshows as "BI-211" with markings of Carrier Soryu.

BT-13s were used by Twentieth Century Fox in the 1970 motion picture "Tora! Tora! Tora!"; 9 units were purchased in 1968 and modified to resemble Japanese "Val" dive bombers. The "Zero" fighters and "Kate" torpedo bombers in that movie were modified Harvard IV's.

After filming, the studio sold the altered aircraft to private owners. Many are still flying, several of them as part of the Commemorative Air Force's "Tora! Tora! Tora!" squadron, which performs air battle reenactments at air shows. Several "Tora" aircraft also appeared in the later "Pearl Harbor" film.

Specifications (BT-13A)

Data from United States Military Aircraft since 1909^[56]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 28 ft 10 in (8.79 m)
• Wingspan: 42 ft 0 in (12.80 m)
• Height: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
• Wing area: 239 sq ft (22.2 m²)
• Empty weight: 3,375 lb (1,531 kg)
• Gross weight: 4,496 lb (2,039 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 450 hp (340 kW)
• Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton-Standard 2-position

Performance

• Maximum speed: 180 mph (290 km/h; 156 kn)
• Range: 725 mi (630 nmi; 1,167 km)
• Service ceiling: 21,650 ft (6,600 m)
• Time to altitude: 9.2 minutes to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)

See also

Comparable aircraft:

• North American T-6 Texan

References

• Andersson, Lennart (2008). A History of Chinese Aviation: Encyclopedia of Aircraft and Aviation in China to 1949. Taipei, Republic of China: AHS of ROC. ISBN 978-957-28533-3-7. 
• Swanborough, F. G.; Bowers, Peter M. (1963). U.S. Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam. 
• Wegg, John (1990). General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. ISBN 0-85177-833-X. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vultee BT-13 Valiant.

• BT-13 Vultee Valiant – World War II Trainer Aircraft History and Information Site