140 William Street

140 William Street, Melbourne

Building façade from William Street
Record height
Tallest in Melbourne from 1972 to 1975[I]
Preceded by Marland House
Surpassed by Optus Centre
General information
Location Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
140 William Street in the CBD
Coordinates 37°48′57″S 144°57′31″E / 37.8158°S 144.9586°E / -37.8158; 144.9586Coordinates: 37°48′57″S 144°57′31″E / 37.8158°S 144.9586°E / -37.8158; 144.9586
Completed 1972
Height
Roof 152 metres (499 ft)
Technical details
Floor count 41
Design and construction
Architect Yuncken Freeman
Engineer Irwin Johnson & Partners

140 William Street (formerly BHP House) is a 41-storey steel, concrete and glass building located in the eastern side of the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Constructed between 1969 and 1972, BHP House was designed by the architectural practice Yuncken Freeman alongside engineers Irwin Johnson and Partners, with heavy influence of contemporary skyscrapers in Chicago, Illinois. The local architects sought technical advice from Fazlur Khan of renowned American architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), spending 10 weeks at their Chicago office in 1968.[1] At the time, BHP House was known to be the tallest steel framed building and the first office building in Australia to use a “total energy concept” – the generation of its own electricity using BHP natural gas.[2] The name BHP House came from the building being the national headquarters of the Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Company.[3] Since being erected, BHP House has been included in the Victorian Heritage Register (Number H1699) for significance to the State of Victoria for following three reasons:[4]

  1. Architectural – 140 William Street is one of the most noteworthy building designs by the Melbourne firm Yuncken Freeman.
  2. Technological – Its innovative structural application of steel and concrete, leading to open floor plates that are now a standard feature of high rise office buildings.
  3. Historical – The building signifies a changes in Melbourne's CBD as it transformed into a major corporate centre.

Key Influences and Design Approach

Containing 41 floors and standing at 152m tall, BHP House was designed in a ‘Modern Style’ during the 1960s.[5] At the time, the design was intentionally promoting the use of steel in Australian construction and sought to establish new national height standards for a steel-framed structure.[6] Consisting of three dominant materials - steel, concrete and glass - 'BHP House was in fact the tallest building in the city upon completion.[7] The buildings ‘sheer glazed curtain wall’ was juxtaposed by banded curtain walls of the 1950s and 1960s and thus was often compared to the works of Mies van der Rohe, due to its detachment from surrounding cityscape, and its presence as a ‘three dimensional sculptural monument’.[8] In the architectural field, BHP House is regarded as one of the more notable projects by Yuncken Freeman Architects due to cutting edge techniques for an office building such as flush glazing, minimalist interiors and expressed structural bracing.[9]

Yuncken Freeman carried out a series of experiments for the design proposals of BHP House in the construction processes of their own offices in 1970, located at 411-415 King Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Under the advice of Fazlur Khan, a structural engineer from Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), the design revolves around four basic components in order to reinvent the tower as a ‘cantilever’ and achieve the properties of a ‘giant stiff structural tube’. The four components consist of a steel-framed flooring system, a steel-framed central core, a steel and glass façade, and steel trusses that connect the central core to the façade.[10] Innovative techniques were employed to lay the foundations of the building – a concrete raft which was poured in a single continuous action. The weight of the floor structure was reduced by using steel beams rather than concrete in order to prop up steel decking and a lightweight layer of concrete. Along with cap and belt trusses, this flooring system performed a stiffening effect and allowed structural loads to be transferred down through the central steel-framed core and the outer steel-framed façade, eradicating the need for internal columns and providing flexibility for internal spaces. The design of the building also gained more attention through the ‘total energy system’ which allowed electrical generation using BHP natural gas. BHP House set the standard for many subsequent office buildings and led to the change of Melbourne Town Planning Codes which were altered to cater for increased building heights and floor areas.[11]

Building plaza and entrance from William Street.
Building façade from corner.
Typical floor plan.
William Street elevation.

Awards

References

  1. ↑ www.onmydoorstep.com.au
  2. ↑ urban.melbourne
  3. ↑ www.onmydoorstep.com.au
  4. ↑ vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au
  5. ↑ www.walkingmelbourne.com.au
  6. ↑ urban.melbourne
  7. ↑ vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au
  8. ↑ vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au
  9. ↑ www.architecture.com.au
  10. ↑ urban.melbourne
  11. ↑ vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au
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