Bcl-2

BCL2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesBCL2, Bcl-2, PPP1R50, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2, apoptosis regulator
External IDsOMIM: 151430 MGI: 88138 HomoloGene: 527 GeneCards: BCL2
RNA expression pattern




More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

596

12043

Ensembl

ENSG00000171791

ENSMUSG00000057329

UniProt

P10415

P10417

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000633
NM_000657

NM_009741
NM_177410

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000624
NP_000648

NP_033871
NP_803129

Location (UCSC)Chr 18: 63.12 – 63.32 MbChr 1: 106.54 – 106.71 Mb
PubMed search[1][2]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis), by either inducing (pro-apoptotic) or inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) apoptosis.[3][4] Bcl-2 is specifically considered an important anti-apoptotic protein but it is NOT considered a proto-oncogene because it is not a growth signal transducer.

Bcl-2 derives its name from B-cell lymphoma 2, as it is the second member of a range of proteins initially described in chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 18 in follicular lymphomas. Orthologs[5] (such as Bcl2 in mice) have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available.

Like BCL3, BCL5, BCL6, BCL7A, BCL9, and BCL10, it has clinical significance in lymphoma.

Isoforms

The two isoforms of Bcl-2, Isoform 1, also known as 1G5M, and Isoform 2, also known as 1G5O/1GJH, exhibit a similar fold. However, results in the ability of these isoforms to bind to the BAD and BAK proteins, as well as in the structural topology and electrostatic potential of the binding groove, suggest differences in antiapoptotic activity for the two isoforms.[6]

Normal physiological function

BCL-2 is localized to the outer membrane of mitochondria, where it plays an important role in promoting cellular survival and inhibiting the actions of pro-apoptotic proteins. The pro-apoptotic proteins in the BCL-2 family, including Bax and Bak, normally act on the mitochondrial membrane to promote permeabilization and release of cytochrome C and ROS, that are important signals in the apoptosis cascade. These pro-apoptotic proteins are in turn activated by BH3-only proteins, and are inhibited by the function of BCL-2 and its relative BCL-Xl.[7]

There are additional non-canonical roles of BCL-2 that are being explored. BLC-2 is known to regulate mitochondrial dynamics, and is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Additionally, in pancreatic beta-cells, BCL-2 and BCL-Xl are known to be involved in controlling metabolic activity and insulin secretion, with inhibition of BCL-2/Xl showing increasing metabolic activity, but also additional ROS production; this suggests it has a protective metabolic effect in conditions of high demand.

Role in disease

Damage to the Bcl-2 gene has been identified as a cause of a number of cancers, including melanoma, breast, prostate, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and lung cancer, and a possible cause of schizophrenia and autoimmunity. It is also a cause of resistance to cancer treatments.

Cancer

Cancer can be seen as a disturbance in the homeostatic balance between cell growth and cell death. Over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes, and under-expression of pro-apoptotic genes, can result in the lack of cell death that is characteristic of cancer. An example can be seen in lymphomas. The over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in lymphocytes alone does not cause cancer. But simultaneous over-expression of Bcl-2 and the proto-oncogene myc may produce aggressive B-cell malignancies including lymphoma.[8] In follicular lymphoma, a chromosomal translocation commonly occurs between the fourteenth and the eighteenth chromosomes — t(14;18) — which places the Bcl-2 gene from chromosome 18 next to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. This fusion gene is deregulated, leading to the transcription of excessively high levels of Bcl-2.[9] This decreases the propensity of these cells for apoptosis.

Auto-immune diseases

Apoptosis plays an active role in regulating the immune system. When it is functional, it can cause immune unresponsiveness to self-antigens via both central and peripheral tolerance. In the case of defective apoptosis, it may contribute to etiological aspects of autoimmune diseases.[10] The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes can be caused by defective apoptosis, which leads to aberrant T cell AICD and defective peripheral tolerance. Due to the fact that dendritic cells are the immune system's most important antigen-presenting cells, their activity must be tightly regulated by mechanisms such as apoptosis. Researchers have found that mice containing dendritic cells that are Bim -/-, thus unable to induce effective apoptosis, suffer autoimmune diseases more so than those that have normal dendritic cells.[10] Other studies have shown that dendritic cell lifespan may be partly controlled by a timer dependent on anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.[10]

Other

Apoptosis plays an important role in regulating a variety of diseases. For example, schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disease that may result from an abnormal ratio of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors.[11] Some evidence suggests that this may result from abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and increased expression of caspase-3.[11]

Diagnostic use

Antibodies to Bcl-2 can be used with immunohistochemistry to identify cells containing the antigen. In healthy tissue, these antibodies react with B-cells in the mantle zone, as well as some T-cells. However, positive cells increase considerably in follicular lymphoma, as well as many other forms of cancer. In some cases, the presence or absence of Bcl-2 staining in biopsies may be significant for the patient's prognosis or likelihood of relapse.[12]

Targeted therapies

Targeted and selective Bcl-2 inhibitors currently in the clinic include:

Genasense

An antisense oligonucleotide drug Genasense (G3139) was developed by Genta Incorporated to target Bcl-2. An antisense DNA or RNA strand is non-coding and complementary to the coding strand (which is the template for producing respectively RNA or protein). An antisense drug is a short sequence of RNA that hybridises with and inactivates mRNA, preventing the protein from being formed.

Human lymphoma cell proliferation (with t(14;18) translocation) could be inhibited by antisense RNA targeted at the start codon region of Bcl-2 mRNA. In vitro studies led to the identification of Genasense, which is complementary to the first 6 codons of Bcl-2 mRNA.[13]

These showed successful results in Phase I/II trials for lymphoma. A large Phase III trial was launched in 2004.[14] As of 2016, the drug had not been approved and its developer was out of business.[15]

ABT-737 and Navitoclax (ABT-263)

In the mid-2000s, Abbott Laboratories developed a novel inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, known as ABT-737. This compound is part of a group of BH3 mimetic small molecule inhibitors (SMI) that target these Bcl-2 family proteins, but not A1 or Mcl-1. ABT-737 is superior to previous BCL-2 inhibitors given its higher affinity for Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w. In vitro studies showed that primary cells from patients with B-cell malignancies are sensitive to ABT-737.[16] ABT-737 does not directly induce apoptosis; it enhances the effects of apoptotic signals and causes single-agent-mechanism-based killing of cells in small-cell lung carcinoma and lymphoma lines.

In animal models, it improves survival, causes tumor regression and cures a high percentage of mice.[17] In preclinical studies utilizing patient xenografts, ABT-737 showed efficacy for treating lymphoma and other blood cancers.[18] Because of its unfavorable pharmacologic properties ABT-737 is not appropriate for clinical trials, while its orally bioavailable derivative navitoclax (ABT-263) has similar activity on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and has entered clinical trials.[19] While clinical responses with navitoclax were promising, mechanistic dose-limiting thrombocytopoenia was observed in patients under treatment due to Bcl-xL inhibition in platelets.[20][21][22]

Venetoclax (ABT-199)

Due to dose-limiting thrombocytopoenia of navitoclax as a result of Bcl-xL inhibition, Abbvie Laboratories successfully developed the highly selective inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199), which inhibits Bcl-2, but not Bcl-xL or Bcl-w.[23] Clinical trials studied the effects of venetoclax, a BH3-mimetic drug designed to block the function of the Bcl-2 protein, on patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[24][25] Good responses have been reported and thrombocytopoenia was no longer observed.[25][26] A phase 3 trial started in Dec 2015.[27] It was approved by the US FDA in April 2016 for CLL associated with 17-p deletion.[28] This is the first FDA approval of a protein-protein inhibitor of BCL-2.[28]

Interactions

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

Bcl-2 has been shown to interact with:

Human BCL-2 genes

BAK; BAK1; BAX; BCL2; BCL2A1; BCL2L1; BCL2L10; BCL2L13; BCL2L14; BCL2L2; BCL2L7P1; BOK; MCL1; LGALS7 (Galectin-7)

See also

References

  1. "Human PubMed Reference:".
  2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  3. Tsujimoto Y, Finger LR, Yunis J, Nowell PC, Croce CM (Nov 1984). "Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation". Science. 226 (4678): 1097–9. Bibcode:1984Sci...226.1097T. PMID 6093263. doi:10.1126/science.6093263.
  4. Cleary ML, Smith SD, Sklar J (Oct 1986). "Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation". Cell. 47 (1): 19–28. PMID 2875799. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90362-4.
  5. "OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: Bcl-2 coding sequence".
  6. "Human Bcl2, Isoform 1".
  7. Hardwick JM, Soane L (2013). "Multiple functions of BCL-2 family proteins". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 5 (2): a008722. PMC 3552500Freely accessible. PMID 23378584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008722.
  8. Otake Y, Soundararajan S, Sengupta TK, Kio EA, Smith JC, Pineda-Roman M, Stuart RK, Spicer EK, Fernandes DJ (Apr 2007). "Overexpression of nucleolin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induces stabilization of bcl2 mRNA". Blood. 109 (7): 3069–75. PMC 1852223Freely accessible. PMID 17179226. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-043257.
  9. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM (Sep 1988). "Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells". Nature. 335 (6189): 440–2. Bibcode:1988Natur.335..440V. PMID 3262202. doi:10.1038/335440a0.
  10. 1 2 3 Li A, Ojogho O, Escher A (2006). "Saving death: apoptosis for intervention in transplantation and autoimmunity". Clinical & Developmental Immunology. 13 (2–4): 273–82. PMC 2270759Freely accessible. PMID 17162368. doi:10.1080/17402520600834704.
  11. 1 2 Glantz LA, Gilmore JH, Lieberman JA, Jarskog LF (Jan 2006). "Apoptotic mechanisms and the synaptic pathology of schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 81 (1): 47–63. PMID 16226876. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.014.
  12. Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. pp. XX. ISBN 1-84110-100-1.
  13. Dias N, Stein CA (Nov 2002). "Potential roles of antisense oligonucleotides in cancer therapy. The example of Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides". European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 54 (3): 263–9. PMID 12445555. doi:10.1016/S0939-6411(02)00060-7.
  14. Mavromatis BH, Cheson BD (Jun 2004). "Novel therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Blood Reviews. 18 (2): 137–48. PMID 15010151. doi:10.1016/S0268-960X(03)00039-0.
  15. "Genasense (oblimersen sodium) FDA Approval Status - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  16. Vogler, Meike, et al. "Bcl-2 inhibitors: small molecules with a big impact on cancer therapy." Cell Death & Differentiation 16.3 (2008): 360–367.
  17. Oltersdorf T; et al. (2005). "An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours". Nature. 435 (7042): 677–681. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..677O. PMID 15902208. doi:10.1038/nature03579.
  18. Hann CL; et al. (2008). "Therapeutic efficacy of ABT-737, a selective inhibitor of BCL-2, in small cell lung cancer". Cancer Research. 68 (7): 2321–2328. PMC 3159963Freely accessible. PMID 18381439. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5031.
  19. "Alterations in the Noxa/Mcl-1 axis determine sensitivity of small cell lung cancer to the BH3 mimetic ABT-737".
  20. Gandhi, Leena; Camidge, D. Ross; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Moacyr; Bonomi, Philip; Gandara, David; Khaira, Divis; Hann, Christine L.; McKeegan, Evelyn M.; Litvinovich, Elizabeth (2011-03-01). "Phase I study of Navitoclax (ABT-263), a novel Bcl-2 family inhibitor, in patients with small-cell lung cancer and other solid tumors". Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 29 (7): 909–916. ISSN 1527-7755. PMC 4668282Freely accessible. PMID 21282543. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.31.6208.
  21. Rudin, Charles M.; Hann, Christine L.; Garon, Edward B.; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Moacyr; Bonomi, Philip D.; Camidge, D. Ross; Chu, Quincy; Giaccone, Giuseppe; Khaira, Divis (2012-06-01). "Phase II study of single-agent navitoclax (ABT-263) and biomarker correlates in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer". Clinical Cancer Researchearch. 18 (11): 3163–3169. ISSN 1078-0432. PMC 3715059Freely accessible. PMID 22496272. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3090.
  22. Kaefer, Aksana; Yang, Jianning; Noertersheuser, Peter; Mensing, Sven; Humerickhouse, Rod; Awni, Walid; Xiong, Hao (2014-09-01). "Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic meta-analysis of navitoclax (ABT-263) induced thrombocytopenia". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 74 (3): 593–602. ISSN 1432-0843. PMID 25053389. doi:10.1007/s00280-014-2530-9.
  23. Pan, Rongqing; Hogdal, Leah J.; Benito, Juliana M.; Bucci, Donna; Han, Lina; Borthakur, Gautam; Cortes, Jorge; DeAngelo, Daniel J.; Debose, Lakeisha (2014-03-01). "Selective BCL-2 inhibition by ABT-199 causes on-target cell death in acute myeloid leukemia". Cancer Discovery. 4 (3): 362–375. ISSN 2159-8290. PMC 3975047Freely accessible. PMID 24346116. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0609.
  24. Liao, Grace (August 12, 2011). "ABT-199 BH-3 Mimetic Enters Phase Ia Trial For Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Asian Scientist. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved February 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  25. 1 2 Roberts, Andrew W.; Davids, Matthew S.; Pagel, John M.; Kahl, Brad S.; Puvvada, Soham D.; Gerecitano, John F.; Kipps, Thomas J.; Anderson, Mary Ann; Brown, Jennifer R. (2016-01-28). "Targeting BCL2 with Venetoclax in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 311–322. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 26639348. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1513257.
  26. "'Miracle drug cured my cancer!': Amazing three-week recovery of Staffordshire sufferer". Stoke Sentinel.
  27. Michael Smith (7 December 2015). "Hard-to-Treat CLL Yields to Investigational Drug".
  28. 1 2 [chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) associated with 17-p deletion. FDA Approves AbbVie's BCL-2 Targeting Drug for CLL. April 2016]
  29. 1 2 3 4 Lin B, Kolluri SK, Lin F, Liu W, Han YH, Cao X, Dawson MI, Reed JC, Zhang XK (Feb 2004). "Conversion of Bcl-2 from protector to killer by interaction with nuclear orphan receptor Nur77/TR3". Cell. 116 (4): 527–40. PMID 14980220. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00162-x.
  30. Enyedy IJ, Ling Y, Nacro K, Tomita Y, Wu X, Cao Y, Guo R, Li B, Zhu X, Huang Y, Long YQ, Roller PP, Yang D, Wang S (Dec 2001). "Discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2 through structure-based computer screening". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 44 (25): 4313–24. PMID 11728179. doi:10.1021/jm010016f.
  31. Ng FW, Nguyen M, Kwan T, Branton PE, Nicholson DW, Cromlish JA, Shore GC (Oct 1997). "p28 Bap31, a Bcl-2/Bcl-XL- and procaspase-8-associated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum". The Journal of Cell Biology. 139 (2): 327–38. PMC 2139787Freely accessible. PMID 9334338. doi:10.1083/jcb.139.2.327.
  32. Zhang H, Nimmer P, Rosenberg SH, Ng SC, Joseph M (Aug 2002). "Development of a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for Bcl-x(L)". Analytical Biochemistry. 307 (1): 70–5. PMID 12137781. doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00028-3.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (Feb 2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Molecular Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. PMID 15694340. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030.
  34. O'Connor L, Strasser A, O'Reilly LA, Hausmann G, Adams JM, Cory S, Huang DC (Jan 1998). "Bim: a novel member of the Bcl-2 family that promotes apoptosis". The EMBO Journal. 17 (2): 384–95. PMC 1170389Freely accessible. PMID 9430630. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.2.384.
  35. Hsu SY, Lin P, Hsueh AJ (Sep 1998). "BOD (Bcl-2-related ovarian death gene) is an ovarian BH3 domain-containing proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein capable of dimerization with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 members". Molecular Endocrinology. 12 (9): 1432–40. PMID 9731710. doi:10.1210/mend.12.9.0166.
  36. Liang XH, Kleeman LK, Jiang HH, Gordon G, Goldman JE, Berry G, Herman B, Levine B (Nov 1998). "Protection against fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis by beclin, a novel Bcl-2-interacting protein". Journal of Virology. 72 (11): 8586–96. PMC 110269Freely accessible. PMID 9765397.
  37. Real PJ, Cao Y, Wang R, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Sanz-Ortiz J, Wang S, Fernandez-Luna JL (Nov 2004). "Breast cancer cells can evade apoptosis-mediated selective killing by a novel small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2". Cancer Research. 64 (21): 7947–53. PMID 15520201. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0945.
  38. Puthalakath H, Villunger A, O'Reilly LA, Beaumont JG, Coultas L, Cheney RE, Huang DC, Strasser A (Sep 2001). "Bmf: a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis". Science. 293 (5536): 1829–32. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1829P. PMID 11546872. doi:10.1126/science.1062257.
  39. 1 2 Qin W, Hu J, Guo M, Xu J, Li J, Yao G, Zhou X, Jiang H, Zhang P, Shen L, Wan D, Gu J (Aug 2003). "BNIPL-2, a novel homologue of BNIP-2, interacts with Bcl-2 and Cdc42GAP in apoptosis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 308 (2): 379–85. PMID 12901880. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01387-1.
  40. 1 2 Boyd JM, Malstrom S, Subramanian T, Venkatesh LK, Schaeper U, Elangovan B, D'Sa-Eipper C, Chinnadurai G (Oct 1994). "Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa and Bcl-2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins". Cell. 79 (2): 341–51. PMID 7954800. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90202-X.
  41. Ray R, Chen G, Vande Velde C, Cizeau J, Park JH, Reed JC, Gietz RD, Greenberg AH (Jan 2000). "BNIP3 heterodimerizes with Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) and induces cell death independent of a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain at both mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial sites". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (2): 1439–48. PMID 10625696. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.2.1439.
  42. Yasuda M, Han JW, Dionne CA, Boyd JM, Chinnadurai G (Feb 1999). "BNIP3alpha: a human homolog of mitochondrial proapoptotic protein BNIP3". Cancer Research. 59 (3): 533–7. PMID 9973195.
  43. Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (Jan 1995). "Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death". Cell. 80 (2): 285–91. PMID 7834748. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90411-5.
  44. 1 2 Komatsu K, Miyashita T, Hang H, Hopkins KM, Zheng W, Cuddeback S, Yamada M, Lieberman HB, Wang HG (Jan 2000). "Human homologue of S. pombe Rad9 interacts with BCL-2/BCL-xL and promotes apoptosis". Nature Cell Biology. 2 (1): 1–6. PMID 10620799. doi:10.1038/71316.
  45. Hoetelmans RW (Jun 2004). "Nuclear partners of Bcl-2: Bax and PML". DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (6): 351–4. PMID 15231068. doi:10.1089/104454904323145236.
  46. Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (Aug 1993). "Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death". Cell. 74 (4): 609–19. PMID 8358790. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90509-O.
  47. Gillissen B, Essmann F, Graupner V, Stärck L, Radetzki S, Dörken B, Schulze-Osthoff K, Daniel PT (Jul 2003). "Induction of cell death by the BH3-only Bcl-2 homolog Nbk/Bik is mediated by an entirely Bax-dependent mitochondrial pathway". The EMBO Journal. 22 (14): 3580–90. PMC 165613Freely accessible. PMID 12853473. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg343.
  48. Wang HG, Rapp UR, Reed JC (Nov 1996). "Bcl-2 targets the protein kinase Raf-1 to mitochondria". Cell. 87 (4): 629–38. PMID 8929532. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81383-5.
  49. Gil-Parrado S, Fernández-Montalván A, Assfalg-Machleidt I, Popp O, Bestvater F, Holloschi A, Knoch TA, Auerswald EA, Welsh K, Reed JC, Fritz H, Fuentes-Prior P, Spiess E, Salvesen GS, Machleidt W (Jul 2002). "Ionomycin-activated calpain triggers apoptosis. A probable role for Bcl-2 family members". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (30): 27217–26. PMID 12000759. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202945200.
  50. Poulaki V, Mitsiades N, Romero ME, Tsokos M (Jun 2001). "Fas-mediated apoptosis in neuroblastoma requires mitochondrial activation and is inhibited by FLICE inhibitor protein and Bcl-2". Cancer Research. 61 (12): 4864–72. PMID 11406564.
  51. Guo Y, Srinivasula SM, Druilhe A, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (Apr 2002). "Caspase-2 induces apoptosis by releasing proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13430–7. PMID 11832478. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108029200.
  52. Pathan N, Aime-Sempe C, Kitada S, Basu A, Haldar S, Reed JC (2001). "Microtubule-targeting drugs induce bcl-2 phosphorylation and association with Pin1". Neoplasia. 3 (6): 550–9. PMC 1506558Freely accessible. PMID 11774038. doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900213.
  53. Pathan N, Aime-Sempe C, Kitada S, Haldar S, Reed JC (2001). "Microtubule-targeting drugs induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation and association with Pin1". Neoplasia. 3 (1): 70–9. PMC 1505024Freely accessible. PMID 11326318. doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900131.
  54. Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (Apr 1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". The EMBO Journal. 16 (7): 1686–94. PMC 1169772Freely accessible. PMID 9130713. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686.
  55. Ueno H, Kondo E, Yamamoto-Honda R, Tobe K, Nakamoto T, Sasaki K, Mitani K, Furusaka A, Tanaka T, Tsujimoto Y, Kadowaki T, Hirai H (Feb 2000). "Association of insulin receptor substrate proteins with Bcl-2 and their effects on its phosphorylation and antiapoptotic function". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 11 (2): 735–46. PMC 14806Freely accessible. PMID 10679027. doi:10.1091/mbc.11.2.735.
  56. Jin Z, Gao F, Flagg T, Deng X (Sep 2004). "Tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone promotes functional cooperation of Bcl2 and c-Myc through phosphorylation in regulating cell survival and proliferation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (38): 40209–19. PMID 15210690. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404056200.
  57. Oda E, Ohki R, Murasawa H, Nemoto J, Shibue T, Yamashita T, Tokino T, Taniguchi T, Tanaka N (May 2000). "Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis". Science. 288 (5468): 1053–8. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1053O. PMID 10807576. doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1053.
  58. Deng X, Ito T, Carr B, Mumby M, May WS (Dec 1998). "Reversible phosphorylation of Bcl2 following interleukin 3 or bryostatin 1 is mediated by direct interaction with protein phosphatase 2A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (51): 34157–63. PMID 9852076. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.51.34157.
  59. Alberici A, Moratto D, Benussi L, Gasparini L, Ghidoni R, Gatta LB, Finazzi D, Frisoni GB, Trabucchi M, Growdon JH, Nitsch RM, Binetti G (Oct 1999). "Presenilin 1 protein directly interacts with Bcl-2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (43): 30764–9. PMID 10521466. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30764.
  60. Fernandez-Sarabia MJ, Bischoff JR (Nov 1993). "Bcl-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-ras p23". Nature. 366 (6452): 274–5. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..274F. PMID 8232588. doi:10.1038/366274a0.
  61. Tagami S, Eguchi Y, Kinoshita M, Takeda M, Tsujimoto Y (Nov 2000). "A novel protein, RTN-XS, interacts with both Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 on endoplasmic reticulum and reduces their anti-apoptotic activity". Oncogene. 19 (50): 5736–46. PMID 11126360. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203948.
  62. Iwahashi H, Eguchi Y, Yasuhara N, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y, Tsujimoto Y (Nov 1997). "Synergistic anti-apoptotic activity between Bcl-2 and SMN implicated in spinal muscular atrophy". Nature. 390 (6658): 413–7. Bibcode:1997Natur.390..413I. PMID 9389483. doi:10.1038/37144.
  63. Pasinelli P, Belford ME, Lennon N, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT, Trotti D, Brown RH (Jul 2004). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated SOD1 mutant proteins bind and aggregate with Bcl-2 in spinal cord mitochondria". Neuron. 43 (1): 19–30. PMID 15233914. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.021.
  64. Naumovski L, Cleary ML (Jul 1996). "The p53-binding protein 53BP2 also interacts with Bc12 and impedes cell cycle progression at G2/M". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (7): 3884–92. PMC 231385Freely accessible. PMID 8668206.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.