Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
  • Awtonomong Rehiyon sa Muslim Mindanao (Filipino)
  • الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو (Arabic)
Region

Flag
Seal

Location in the Philippines
Coordinates: 7°13′N 124°15′E / 7.22°N 124.25°E / 7.22; 124.25Coordinates: 7°13′N 124°15′E / 7.22°N 124.25°E / 7.22; 124.25
Country Philippines
Island group Mindanao
Regional center Cotabato City (provisional and de facto seat of government)
Parang (de jure seat of government, 1995–2001)[1]
Government
 • Regional Governor Mujiv S. Hataman (LP)
 • Regional Vice Governor Haroun Alrashid A. Lucman Jr. (LP)
Area[2]
 • Total 12,535.79 km2 (4,840.10 sq mi)
Population (2015 census)[3]
 • Total 3,781,387
 • Density 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
Time zone PST (UTC+8)
ISO 3166 code PH-14
Provinces
Cities
Municipalities 116
Barangays 2,490
Cong. districts 8
Languages
Website www.armm.gov.ph

The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Filipino: Awtonomong Rehiyon sa Muslim Mindanao,[4] Arabic: الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو‎‎ Al-ḥukm adh-dhātiyy al-'aqlīmiyy limuslimiyy mindanāu;[5] abbreviated ARMM) is an autonomous region of the Philippines, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that consists of five predominantly Muslim provinces: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. It is the only region that has its own government. The region's de facto seat of government is Cotabato City, although this self-governing city is outside of its jurisdiction.

The ARMM previously included the province of Shariff Kabunsuan until 16 July 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan ceased to exist as a province after the Supreme Court of the Philippines declared the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it, unconstitutional in Sema vs. COMELEC.[6]

On 7 October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government aimed to have peace in the autonomous region and that it will become known as Bangsamoro Autonomous Region,[7] a compound of bangsa (nation) and Moro.[8]

Geography

The ARMM spans two geographical areas: Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao (except Cotabato City) in southwestern Mindanao, and the island provinces of Basilan (except Isabela City), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in the Sulu Archipelago. The region covers a total of 12,288 km².[9]

History

For the most part of Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Muslim missionaries arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started the conversion of the native population to Islam. In 1457, the Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that the sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule, these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty, but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato,[10] until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War.

The Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Japanese, Filipinos, Spanish, and Americans is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation).[11] The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.[12]

In 1942, during the early stages of Pacific War of the Second World War, troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao and the native Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese. Three years later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying the region.

ARMM's precursors

In the 1970s, escalating hostilities between government forces and the Moro National Liberation Front prompted Ferdinand Marcos to issue a proclamation forming an Autonomous Region in the Southern Philippines. This was however, turned down by a plebiscite. In 1979, Batas Pambansa No. 20 created a Regional Autonomous Government in the Western and Central Mindanao regions.[13]

Establishment of the ARMM

The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act No. 6734 (otherwise known as the Organic Act) in pursuance with a constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao.[14] A plebiscite was held in the provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Palawan, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur; and in the cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Koronadal, Iligan, Marawi, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa and Zamboanga to determine if their residents wished to be part of the ARMM. Of these areas, only four provinces — Lanao del Sur (except Marawi City), Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi — voted in favor of inclusion in the new autonomous region. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990[15] in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 42, enacted on September 22, 1995, sought to permanently fix the seat of regional government at Parang in Maguindanao, pending the completion of required buildings and infrastructure.[1] However the move to Parang was never made. Until the passage of Republic Act No. 9054 in 2001, which directed the ARMM Regional Government to once again fix a new permanent seat of government in an area within its jurisdiction,[16] Cotabato City remained the de facto seat of ARMM's government, and remains so at present.

2001 expansion of the ARMM

A new law, Republic Act No. 9054, was passed by the Congress on February 7, 2001 with a view to expand the territory and powers of the ARMM by amending the original Organic Act (R.A. No. 6734) and calling for a plebiscite to ratify the amendments and confirm which other provinces and cities would like to join the region.[16] RA 9054 lapsed into law on March 31, 2001, without the signature of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[16] A plebiscite was held on August 14 in the provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Palawan, Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay, and the cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Iligan, Kidapawan, Marawi, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Digos, Koronadal, Tacurong and Zamboanga. In the plebiscite, a majority of votes cast in the original four provinces were in favor of the amendments; outside these areas, only Marawi and the province of Basilan (excluding Isabela City) opted to be included in the ARMM.[16]

Creation and disestablishment of Shariff Kabunsuan

The ARMM's sixth province, Shariff Kabunsuan, was carved out of Maguindanao on October 28, 2006.[17] However, on July 16, 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines voided the creation of Shariff Kabunsuan, declaring unconstitutional Section 19 in RA 9054 which granted the ARMM Regional Assembly the power to create provinces and cities. The Supreme Court held that only the Congress of the Philippines was empowered to create provinces and cities because the creation of such necessarily included the power to create legislative districts, which explicitly under the Philippine Constitution was within the sole prerogative of Congress to establish.[18]

Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain

On July 18, 2008, Hermogenes Esperon, peace advisor to former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, in his talks with Moro Islamic Liberation Front rebels in Malaysia, revealed the planned expansion of the region.[19] The deal, negotiated in secret talks with the MILF and subject to approval, would give the ARMM control of an additional 712 villages on the south west portion of Mindanao, as well as broader political and economic powers.[19]

Massive protests, however, have greeted the move of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and MILF panels in signing a Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain as a majority of the Local Government Units where these Barangays are connected have already opted not to join the ARMM in two instances, 1989 and 2001.

On August 4, 2008, after local officials from Cotabato asked the Supreme Court to block the signing of the agreement between GRP and MILF, the Court issued a Temporary Restraining Order against the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD) between the Philippine government and the MILF rebels in Malaysia.[20] Several lawmakers had filed petitions with the Supreme Court to stop the Philippine government from concluding the MOA-AD due to lack of transparency and for MILF's failure to cut ties with the al-Qaeda-linked terrorist network Jemaah Islamiyah, which aims to establish a pan-Islamic state in Southeast Asia using MILF camps in south western Mindanao as training grounds and staging points for attacks.[21]

On October 14, 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines, by a vote of 8–7, declared “contrary to law and the Constitution” the Ancestral Domain Aspect (MOA-AD) of the Tripoli Agreement on Peace of 2001 between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).[22][23] The 89-page decision, written by Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales ruled: “In sum, the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process committed grave abuse of discretion when he failed to carry out the pertinent consultation process, as mandated by EO No. 3, RA 7160, and RA 8371. The furtive process by which the MOA-AD was designed and crafted runs contrary to and in excess of the legal authority, and amounts to a whimsical, capricious, oppressive, arbitrary and despotic exercise thereof. It illustrates a gross evasion of positive duty and a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined.”[24][25][26]

Bangsamoro state

Due to the failure to establish the Bangsamoro entity in the administration of then President Noynoy Aquino, the Mayor Rodrigo Duterte in his campaign speeches announced his intent to establish a federal form of government which would replace the unitary form of government. He won the 2016 polls. In his plan, ARMM, along with the areas that voted to be included in ARMM in 2001 plus Isabela City and Cotabato City, will become part of a federal state. Aquilino Pimentel Jr., a Duterte ally and advocate for federalism in the Philippines, said in an interview that Isabela City, Basilan, Lamitan, Sulu, and Tawi-tawi may be a single federal state, while Lanao del Sur, Marawi, Cotabato City and Maguindanao may be a single federal state as well because the Muslims of the Sulu archipelago have a different heritage from the Muslims in mainland Mindanao.

Demographics

Coastal village in Basilan
Population census of ARMM
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 2,108,061—    
2000 2,803,045+2.89%
2010 3,256,140+1.51%
2015 3,781,387+2.89%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][27]

Administrative divisions

The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao consists of 2 component cities, 116 municipalities and 2,490 barangays. The cities of Isabela and Cotabato are not under the administrative jurisdiction of the ARMM.

Province Capital Population (2015)[3] Area[2] Density Cities Muni. Bgy.
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Basilan Lamitan 9.2% 346,579 1,103.50 426.06 310 800 1 11 210
Lanao del Sur Marawi 27.6% 1,045,429 3,872.89 1,495.33 270 700 1 39 1,159
Maguindanao[a] Buluan 31.0% 1,173,933 4,871.60 1,880.94 240 620 0 36 508
Sulu Jolo 21.8% 824,731 1,600.40 617.92 520 1,300 0 19 410
Tawi-Tawi Bongao 10.3% 390,715 1,087.40 419.85 360 930 0 11 203
Total 3,781,387 12,535.79 4,836.23 300 780 2 116 2,490
  1. ^ Figures exclude the independent component city of Cotabato, which is under the jurisdiction of SOCCSKSARGEN.

Government

ARMM organizational structure

The Office of the Bangsamoro People, the seat of the ARMM regional government in Cotabato City[28]

Executive

The region is headed by a Regional Governor. The Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor are elected directly like regular local executives. Regional ordinances are created by the Regional Assembly, composed of Assemblymen, also elected by direct vote. Regional elections are usually held one year after general elections (national and local) depending on what legislation from the Philippine Congress. Regional officials have a fixed term of three years, which can be extended by an act of Congress.

The Regional Governor is the chief executive of the regional government, and is assisted by a cabinet not exceeding 10 members. He appoints the members of the cabinet, subject to confirmation by the Regional Legislative Assembly. He has control of all the regional executive commissions, agencies, boards, bureaus and offices.

Executive council

The executive council advises the Regional Governor (Christian Pineda) on matters of governance of the autonomous region. It is composed of the regional governor, 1 regional vice governor, and 3 deputy regional governors (each representing the Christians, the Muslims, and the indigenous cultural communities). The regional governor and regional vice governor have a 3-year term, maximum of 3 terms; deputies' terms are coterminous with the term of the regional governor who appointed them.

Term Governor Party Vice Governor Party
1990–1993 Zacaria Candao Lakas-NUCD Benjamin Loong Lakas-NUCD
1993–1996 Lininding Pangandaman Lakas-NUCD-UMDP Nabil Tan Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
1996–2001 Nurallaj Misuari Lakas-NUCD-UMDP Guimid P. Matalam Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
2001 Alvarez Isnaji[a] Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
2001–2005 Parouk S. Hussin Lakas-NUCD-UMDP Mahid M. Mutilan Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
2005–2009 Zaldy Ampatuan Lakas Kampi CMD Ansaruddin-Abdulmalik A. Adiong Lakas Kampi CMD
2009–2011 Ansaruddin-Abdulmalik A. Adiong[a] Lakas Kampi CMD Reggie M. Sahali-Generale[a] Lakas Kampi CMD
2011–Present Mujiv S. Hataman[b] Liberal Haroun Al-Rashid Lucman II[b] Liberal
  1. 1 2 3 Acting capacity
  2. 1 2 Officer-in-charge until June 30, 2013.

Legislative

The ARMM has a unicameral Regional Legislative Assembly headed by a Speaker. It is composed of three members for every congressional district. The current membership is 24, where 6 are from Lanao del Sur including Marawi City, 6 from Maguindanao, 6 from Sulu, 3 from Basilan and 3 from Tawi-Tawi.

The Regional Legislative Assembly is the legislative branch of the ARMM government. The regular members (3 members/district) and sectoral representatives, have 3-year terms; maximum of 3 consecutive terms. It exercises legislative power in the autonomous region, except on the following matters: foreign affairs, national defense and security, postal service, coinage and fiscal and monetary policies, administration of justice, quarantine, customs and tariff, citizenship, naturalization, immigration and deportation, general auditing, national elections, maritime, land and air transportation, communications, patents, trademarks, trade names and copyrights, foreign trade, and may legislate on matters covered by the Shari’ah, the law governing Muslims.

ARMM powers and basic principles

RA 9054 provides that ARMM "shall remain an integral and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic." The President exercises general supervision over the Regional Governor. The Regional Government has the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to Constitutional provisions and the provisions of RA 9054. The Shariah applies only to Muslims; its applications are limited by pertinent constitutional provisions (prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment).[13]

Provincial Governors

ARMM voter registration

On June 16, 2012, the registration of 1,778,817 voters of the municipalities/cities in the ARMM was voided by a joint resolution of both Houses of Congress and approved by Philippine President Benigno Aquino III. The joint resolution mentioned the “presence of hundreds of thousands of illegal and fictitious registrants in the ARMM which needs to be deleted.”[29]

Economy

The region is one of the most impoverished areas in the Philippines. It has a per capita gross regional domestic product of only ₱3,433 in 2005, 75.8 percent lower than the national average of ₱14,186. It is the lowest among the Philippines' 18 regions, the second lowest region has a per capita income almost double the ARMM's.[30] ARMM has a population of 4.1 million based on the 2007 census. It is the country's poorest region, where average annual income was just ₱89,000 ($2,025) in 2006, less than ⅓ of Manila level.[31]

Poverty incidence in the region is a high 45.4 percent in 2003, almost twice the national average of 24.4 percent. Significant progress has been made in reducing poverty in the region, which was reduced by 10.5 percent from the 2000 figure, only the Caraga region has a higher poverty incidence in 2003. Lanao del Sur reduced its poverty incidence by as much as 26.9 percent, placing itself as the 12th most successful province in poverty reduction. Tawi-Tawi and Sulu have reduced their figures by 18 and 17.6 percent, respectively. In 2000, all the four provinces of the ARMM were among the 10 poorest in the Philippines. By 2003, Lanao del Sur, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi were out of the bottom 10, leaving only Maguindanao, which remains to be the second poorest or the second with the highest incidence of poverty among the Philippines' provinces.[32][33]

Province Poverty Incidence
2003 2000
Percent Rank[a] Percent Rank[b]
Basilan[c][d] 33.5 40 31.5 31
Lanao del Sur 37.6 56 54.7 73
Maguindanao[e] 60.4 78 59.3 76
Sulu 45.1 67 58.9 75
Tawi-Tawi 34.6 49 52.4 70
  1. ^ 79 provinces in 2003.
  2. ^ 77 provinces with data in 2000.
  3. ^ Not yet part of the ARMM in 2000. 2000 figures include Isabela City.
  4. ^ 2003 figures exclude Isabela City.
  5. ^ Figures exclude Cotabato City.

Despite the autonomy, ARMM receives approximately 98% of its operating revenue from the National Government of the Philippines, and has yet to create significant, viable sources of additional revenue. Perhaps for this reason, the per capita spending on such vital services as education and infrastructure are among the lowest in the Philippines, and the five provinces of the ARMM continue to be ranked consistently on the lower rungs of economic development within the country. The per student expenditure on education, for example, is less than $100, with the result that students within ARMM schools generally score poorly, in comparison with other provinces, on standardized achievement tests administered throughout the country.

ARMM is one of the country's top producers of fish and marine resources, particularly seaweed, which is used in some toothpastes, cosmetics and paints. It has large mineral deposits, including copper and gold.[31]

Cultural heritage

The native Maguindanaon and other native Muslim/non-Muslim groups have a culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines.

Comparisons

Body Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao  Republic of the Philippines (Central Government only)
Constitutional Document ARMM Organic Act (Republic Act No. 6734) Constitution of the Philippines
Head of State / Territory Regional Governor of the ARMM President of the Philippines
Head of Government
Executive Executive Departments of the ARMM Executive Departments of the Philippines
Legislative Regional Legislative Assembly Bicameral: Senate and Congress
Judiciary None (under Philippine government) Supreme Court
Legal Supervisory
or Prosecution		 None (under Philippine government) Department of Justice
Police Force(s) Philippine National Police;
under the Central Government		 Philippine National Police
Military Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);
under the Central Government		 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
Currency Philippine peso Philippine peso
Official Language(s) English, Arabic, Tausug, Maranao, Zamboangueño, Yakan, Sama, Badjao, Maguindanaoan, Iranun, Manobo, Bagobo, Tiruray, T'boli Filipino, English
Foreign relations None full rights
Shariah law Yes, for Muslims only "Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines" issued in 1977 under Presidential Directive 1083[34]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Regional Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (September 22, 1995). "An Act Fixing the Permanent Seat of Government for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao at the Municipality of Parang, Province of Maguindanao" (PDF). Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report, Chapter 10" (PDF). Bangsamoro Development Agency. 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-31. See also talk page.
  3. 1 2 3 Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  4. ↑ Panukalang Batas Blg. 4494.
  5. ↑ "Official Issuances". Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  6. ↑ Llanto, Jesus F. (17 July 2008). "Supreme Court voids creation of Shariff Kabunsuan". ABS-CBN News.
  7. ↑ "Govt reaches deal with MILF to end rebellion". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  8. ↑ "The Bangsamoro reframes the Muslim-Filipino identity". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  9. ↑ abs-cbnnews.com/storypage, Quick facts on the ARMM polls, by MANNY MOGATO, Reuters
  10. ↑ Mindanao Peace Process, Fr. Eliseo R. Mercado, Jr., OMI.
  11. ↑ Banlaoi 2012, p. 24.
  12. ↑ Banlaoi 2005 Archived 2016-02-10 at the Wayback Machine., p. 68.
  13. 1 2 "ARMM history and organization". GMA News Online. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "Republic Act No. 6734". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. August 1, 1989.
  15. ↑ "Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Congress of the Philippines (March 31, 2001). "Republic Act No. 9054 - An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao," as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "Did you know that… ARMM now has Six Provinces". Philippine Statistics Authority. March 26, 2007. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  18. ↑ Llanto, Jesus F. (16 July 2008). "Supreme Court voids creation of Shariff Kabunsuan". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  19. 1 2 "Philippines Muslim area to expand". BBC News. July 17, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Errorpage - ABS-CBN News". Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  21. ↑ SENATORS: GOVT FAILED TO CUT TIES OF MILF W/ TERROR NETWORK JI Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (August 26, 2008)
  22. ↑ Agreement on peace between the government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, June 22, 2001.
  23. ↑ MoA with MILF unconstitutional - SC, Manila Bulletin, October 15, 2008.
  24. ↑ SC Declares MOA-AD Unconstitutional, Manila Bulletin, October 15, 2008.
  25. ↑ abs-cbnnews, Palace loses ancestral domain case with 8-7 SC vote
  26. ↑ "SC: MILF deal unconstitutional - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  27. ↑ "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing Population. National Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  28. ↑ Office of the Bangsamoro People inaugurated | The Manila Times
  29. ↑ Aquino, Leslie Anne G. (17 June 2012). "ARMM Voters’ List Now Void". mb.com.ph. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  30. ↑ 2005 Gross Regional Domestic Product-Per Capita, National Statistical Coordination Board.
  31. 1 2 abs-cbnnews.com/storypage, Quick facts on the ARMM polls, by MANNY MOGATO, Reuters
  32. ↑ Which provinces did best in reducing poverty? Archived September 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., National Statistical Coordination Board.
  33. ↑ Poverty Statistics : Table 1. Annual Per Capita Poverty Thresholds, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Families: 2000 and 2003 Archived July 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., National Statistical Coordination Board.
  34. ↑ http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1083_1977.html
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