Austroboletus

Austroboletus
Austroboletus occidentalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Austroboletus
(Corner) Wolfe (1980)
Type species
Austroboletus dictyotus
(Boedijn) Wolfe (1980)
Synonyms
  • Boletus subgen. Austroboletus Corner (1972)

Austroboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The widely distributed genus contains 28 species that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants.

Taxonomy

E. J. H. Corner originally defined Austroboletus as a subgenus of Boletus in his 1972 work Boletus in Malaysia, before it was raised to genus level in 1979 by mycologist Carl B. Wolfe.[1] The type species is Austroboletus dictyotus, a fungus originally described by Karel Bernard Boedijn in 1960 as a member of genus Porphyrellus.[2] The generic name Austroboletus means "southern bolete".[3]

In a 2014 molecular genetics study, Wu and colleagues defined 22 clades within the Boletaceae. They found the genus as understood to be polyphyletic – composed of two distinct lineages. One with pitted stipes, which remained as Austroboletus, while those with smoother stipes were moved to Veloporphyrellus. They delineated a subfamily Austroboletoideae, which contained genera with pitted spores, including Austroboletus, Fistulinella, Mucilopilus and Veloporphyrellus. These genera were notable in the family in that their fruit bodies generally do not change colour when bruised.[4]

Description

Although they resemble other boletes macroscopically, Austroboletus is differentiated microscopically with spores that are pitted, rather than smooth.[5] The spore colour ranges from lilac- or pinkish-brown to wine-coloured.[6] The pores and tubes are whitish.[4] Members of the genus have a distinctive stipe marked by a coarse reticulate or lacunar (pitted) pattern—most prominent in species native to the western Pacific.[6] The caps are usually dry when young, and sometimes sticky in maturity, with a surface texture ranging from smooth to tomentose to scaly. Microscopically, Austroboletus lacks clamp connections in the hyphae, and the presence of pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (cystidia on the pore face and edge, respectively) is variable.[7]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Members of the genus are found mainly in the tropics, as well as Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia in the southern hemisphere and Japan and North America in the Northern Hemisphere.[6] Three species are found in North America: A. betula, A. gracilis, and A. subflavidus.[3] Majority of Austroboletus species form mycorrhizal relationships with plant species.[4]

Species

As of July 2015, Index Fungorum lists 27 valid species in Austroboletus.[8]

Spores are elliptical (in face view) or fusiform (in profile view), with average dimensions of 16.7 by 7.7 µm.
The pore surface is initially whitish, then later matures to pinkish or flesh-colored. The stipe is typically slim.[5]
Electron micrograph of A. mutabilis spores
Spores are elliptical (in face view) or fusiform (in profile view), with average dimensions of 12.9 by 5.9 µm.
The cap color ranges from whitish to pale grayish yellow; the mushroom has a bitter taste.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Wolfe CB. (1979). "Austroboletus and Tylopilus subgenus Porphyrellus, with emphasis on North American taxa". Bibliotheca Mycologica. 69: 1–148. ISBN 978-3-7682-1251-9.
  2. ↑ Boedijn KB. (1960). "The Strobilomycetaceae of Indonesia". Persoonia. 1 (3): 315–18.
  3. 1 2 Bessette AR, Bessette A, Roody WC (2000). North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
  4. 1 2 3 Wu G, Feng B, Xu J, Zhu XT, Li YC, Zeng NK, Hosen MI, Yang ZL. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae". Fungal Diversity. 69 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8.
  5. 1 2 3 Kuo M. "Boletellus and Austroboletus". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Halling RE, Osmundson TW, Neves MA (2006). "Austroboletus mutabilis sp nov from northern Queensland" (PDF). Muelleria. 24: 31–36.
  7. ↑ Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 458.
  8. ↑ Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 23rd June 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2015-07-06.
  9. ↑ Vasco-Palacios, Aí da Marcela; López-Quintero, Carlos; Franco-Molano, Ana Esperanza; Boekhout, Teun (2014). "Austroboletus amazonicus sp. nov. and Fistulinella campinaranae var. scrobiculata, two commonly occurring boletes from a forest dominated by Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) in Colombian Amazonia". Mycologia. 106 (5): 1004–1014. PMID 24891412. doi:10.3852/13-324.
  10. 1 2 Wolfe CB, Singer R, Walsh R (1988). "Notes on neotropical Austroboletus species". Mycologia. 80 (1): 46–53. JSTOR 3807492. doi:10.2307/3807492.
  11. ↑ May TW, Wood AE (1995). "Nomenclatural notes on Australian macrofungi". Mycotaxon. 54: 147–150.
  12. ↑ Das K, Dentinger BT (2015). "Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus, a new mushroom species from Sikkim, India with a distinctive green, glutinous pileus". Kew Bulletin. 70. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9563-z.
  13. 1 2 Singer R, Araujo I, Ivory M (1983). "The ectotrophically mycorrhizal fungi of the neotropical lowlands". Beihefte Nova Hedwigia. 77: 24–168. ISBN 978-3-7682-5477-9.
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