Australian passport

Australian passport
The front cover of a contemporary Australian ePassport (with chip )
Date first issued	24 October 2005 (biometric passport) June 2014 (current version)
Issued by	Australia
Type of document	Passport
Purpose	Identification
Eligibility requirements	Australian citizens
Expiration	10 years after issuance for adults and children aged 16+ 10 or 5 years for adults aged 75 and over 5 years for children until the age of 16
Cost	Adult: Ordinary: A$277 Frequent traveller: A$407 Aged 75 or over (5 year passport): A$139 Child: Under age of 16: A$139 Aged 16 or 17: A$277 [1][2]

Australian passports are travel documents issued to Australian citizens under Australian Passports Act 2005 by the Australian Passport Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, both in Australia and overseas, which enable the passport bearer to travel internationally. Australian citizens are allowed to hold passports from other countries.^[3] Since 1988 over a million Australian passports have been issued annually, and it reached 1.4 million in 2007, and increasing towards a projected 3 million annually by 2021.^[4]

The 100 point check personal identification system applies to new applicants for an Australian passport,^[5] and an Australian passport can in turn be used as an identification document of the passport holder (worth 70 points in the 100 point check scheme). The scheme's requirements do not apply to a renewal of a passport.

Since 24 October 2005 Australia has issued only biometric passports, called ePassports, which have an embedded microchip that contains the same personal information that is on the color photo page of the passport, including a digitized photograph. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport holders and ePassport holders of several other countries to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates.^[6]

History

Before 1901, Australia consisted of six separate British colonies. Passports usage was not common, and if required British or other national passports were used. In 1901, the six colonies joined to form the Commonwealth of Australia, but Australian passports did not exist. During World War I, the monitoring and identifying of those crossing international borders was regarded as critical to the security of Australia and its allies, and the War Precautions Act 1914 required all persons over 16 years of age, on leaving Australia, to possess some passport.^[7] Passports issued by Australia were issued only to "British subjects" and were described as "British Passports".

Australian nationality came into existence on 26 January 1949 when the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into force, and the words British Passport on the cover of Australian passports were replaced by Australian Passport. British subjects, who were not Australian citizens, continued to be entitled to an Australian passport. The term "British subject" had a particular meaning in Australian nationality law. The term encompassed all citizens of countries included in the list contained in the Australian Citizenship Act 1948. The list of countries was based on, but was not identical with, those countries (and their colonies) which were members of the Commonwealth from time to time. The list was amended from time to time as various former colonies became independent countries, but the list in the Act was not necessarily up-to-date as far as to constitute exactly a list of countries in the Commonwealth at any given time. This definition of "British subject" meant that, for the purposes of Australian nationality law, citizens of countries which had become republics, such as India, were classified as "British subjects".

In 1981, the Commonwealth, Queensland, New South Wales and Victorian governments set up the Stewart Royal Commission to inquire into various drug trafficking and related criminal activities, but which spent much of its time examining how criminals were using and abusing the passport system for criminal purposes. The Commission published its final report in 1983,^[8] making recommendations on how to prevent such abuses, most of which were acted upon by the government.^[9] The report's recommendations included that applicants for a passport attend a Passport Office and that mailed applications cease; that passports be issued only to citizens, so that British subjects cease to be entitled to a passport; that birth certificates not to be accepted as a sufficient proof of identity; that passports cease to be issued to travel or other agents; that all persons who change their names, whether by choice, marriage or adoption, be required to register the change with State Registrars of births, deaths and marriages.^[9] The legal category of British subject was abolished in 1984 by the Australian Citizenship Amendment Act 1984, and Australian passports began to be issued exclusively to Australian citizens,^[10] though existing passports held by non-citizens continued to be valid until each expired.

In 1980, large bound book registers were replaced by a computerised processing and registration system, called the Passport Issue and Control System (PICS).^[11][12] Since 1984, to speed up processing of incoming and outgoing passengers and data entry, Australia has been issuing passports with machine readable lines, to ICAO Document 9303 standard. Since 24 October 2005, Australia has issued only biometric passports, called ePassports, which have an embedded RFID microchip that contains the same personal information that is on the color photo page of the passport, including a digitized photograph. All Australian passports are now biometric, all pre-2006 passports having now expired. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport holders, and ePassport holders of several other countries, to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates^[6] to capture and save a biometric profile of passport holders as well as to compare against the immigration database and watchlist. Australia does not use fingerprinting of incoming passengers, as is done by some other countries.

• In 1917, 'X' series passports issued.
• In 1937, 'A' series passports issued. Passport cover included the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and the words ‘British Passport Commonwealth of Australia’.^[4]
• In 1949, after Australian nationality was created, the words Australian Passport replaced British Passport on the cover of Australian passports.^[7] The passports contained manually inserted photos with wet seals and raised embossed seals over the photo as security features. Two types of passport were issued:^[7]

1. 'B' series passports — issued (within Australia only) to British subjects who were not Australian citizens.
2. 'C' series passports — issued to Australian citizens.

• In 1950, ‘E’ series passport replaces ‘B’ and ‘C’ series.^[11]
• In 1964, ‘G’ series passport introduced, with the St Edward's Crown at the top of the cover, the word ‘Australia’ followed by the Australian Coat of Arms, and the words ‘British Passport’ at the bottom.^[11]
• In 1967, the word ‘British Passport’ was removed from passports but retain the Crown. The word ‘Australia’ appears below the Crown, followed by the Australian Coat of Arms and the word ‘Passport’.^[11]
• In 1975, responsibility for Australian passport functions were transferred to the Department of Foreign Affairs (since 1987, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade), from the then Department of Labor and Immigration.^[11]
• Before 1983, a married woman's passport application had to be authorised by her husband.^[7]
• In 1983, the Department partnered with Australia Post to enable the issue of Australian passports at most Australia Post outlets.^[7]
• In 1984, ‘T’ series passport introduced, with Crown emblem removed from cover.^[11] These were the first to have a laminate built into the document.^[7]
• In 1986, single identity passports were introduced, so that children could no longer be included on a parent's passport.^[7]
• In 1988, ‘H’ and ‘J’ series passports issued with Bicentennial logo. And until 1988, a woman could apply for and receive a passport in her married name, before she was actually married.^[7]
• In 1994, digitised colour printing of photograph and signature on the glue side of the laminate introduced.^[11]
• In 1995, ‘L’ series passports introduced, with kangaroo motif security laminate. The personal data pages initially included a photograph and a cut out piece of paper with the holders signature under a sheet of adhesive laminate.^[11]
• From approximately 1998, the personal data page for 'L' series passports was colour laser printed and under a sheet of adhesive laminate
• The 'M' series passport was issued from 27 November 2003, which included enhanced security features. The personal data page of these passports was printed by ink-jet onto the adhesive surface of the security laminate, the laminate itself containing a holographic design.
• From October 2005, the 'M' series was issued as a biometric or ePassport. An electronic passport logo was printed under the passport number on the personal data page. The front cover was printed in gold ink.
• Since May 2009 the 'N' series was issued as a biometric or ePassport. The passport was black instead of blue and had a slight font and case change to the word 'Passport' on the front cover. The front cover printing was in silver. Additional fraud counter-measures were included including a 'Ghost Image' and 'Retro-Reflective Floating Image' on the laminated page. Each page featured images of Australia printed throughout the document making every visa page unique and more difficult to reproduce.^[13]
• In late June 2014, the "'P' series" passports have been issued with innovative security features that make it even more difficult to forge, building on the already advanced features of the ePassport. They have an Australian flag blue with gold embossed cover, printed using the same technologies as Australian banknotes. Visible security features include a new security laminate with the world’s first colour floating image.^[14]

Types of passports

Emergency passport

Official passport

Diplomatic passport

Different types of passports

• Standard Passport (Blue or Black Cover) – Issued for ordinary travel, such as vacations and business trips, it has 34 visa pages (42 pages overall) with 10 years validity.
  • Frequent Traveler Passport – Issued to frequent travelers, such as business people (66 visa pages).
  • Child's Passport – Issued to Australian citizens aged under 18 years, for half the cost of a standard passport, it has 34 visa pages with 5 years validity.. Children 16 and over, are issued with 10 year validity passport.
  • Emergency Passport - Issued to Australian citizens that urgently need to travel on short notice or urgently need to replace their lost or stolen passport. Emergency passports are issued with a maximum 12 months validity.
• Official Passport (Grey-asparagus Cover) – Issued to individuals representing the Australian government on official business. (42 pages)
• Diplomatic Passport (Red Cover) – Issued to Australian diplomats, top ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers. (42 pages)

The embedded chip stores the owner's digitised photograph, name, gender, date of birth, nationality, passport number, and the passport expiry date. This is the same information that appears on the printed information page of every passport. Facial recognition technology was introduced with the release of the ePassport to improve identity verification and reduce identity-related fraud.

Physical appearance

The current 'P' series Australian passports are Australian-flag blue, with the Australian coat of arms emblazoned in gold in the centre of the front cover. The word "Passport" and the international e-passport symbol () are inscribed below the coat of arms, and "AUSTRALIA" above. The standard passport contains 42 (pps 17 & 18 unusable as they contain the contactless IC) visa pages, but it can be issued in a 74-page format upon request for an additional fee.

Identity Information Page

Australia N series ePassport information page

The Australian passport includes the following data:

• Photo of passport owner
• Type (P for passport)
• Code of Issuing State (AUS)
• Document No.
• Name
• Nationality (Australian)
• Date of Birth
• Sex (male, female and indeterminate). First reported in 2003 with recipient Alex MacFarlane, intersex people with "indeterminate" birth certificates could choose 'X'.^[15][16][17] In 2011, this was extended to permit intersex and trans people to choose this when supported by a doctor's statement. Individuals may report their identified gender without having had surgical intervention.^[18][19]
• Place of birth (Only the city or town is listed, even if born outside Australia)
• Date of issue
• Owner's signature
• Date of expiry
• Authority (Australia if issued in Australia, or the name of the issuing diplomatic mission if issued overseas – e.g. London^[20])

The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.

Passport note

The passports contain a note from Australia that is addressed to the authorities of all other states, identifying the bearer as a citizen of Australia and requesting that he or she be allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms. The note inside Australian passports states:

The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia, being the representative in Australia of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, requests all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer, an Australian Citizen, to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford him or her every assistance and protection of which he or she may stand in need.

Languages

The passport is printed in English. French translation is found on the identity information, observations, chip centre and notice pages.

Features

• Microprinting – for example, horizontal lines on the notice/bearer's information pages are made up of microprinted words.
  • In L-series passports, the first verse of Advance Australia Fair is used.
  • In M-series passports, the words are from Waltzing Matilda.
  • In N-series passports, the lines are made up of the word "Australia" repeated.
  • N-series passports also feature microprinted words from Clancy of the Overflow on the visa pages.
• The laminate of the identity information page on M-series and later passports contains retro-reflective floating images of kangaroos.

Renewal

Australian citizens, aged 18 years or over who have an adult Australian passport that was valid for at least two years when issued, and was issued on or after 1 July 2000, in the current name, date of birth and sex or have a child Australian passport that was valid for at least two years when issued, and was issued on or after 1 July 2005, and that were 16 years or over at the time of issue may apply online for a renewal. If overseas, this may be done by contacting the nearest Australian diplomatic mission.

Renewals are not available for lost or stolen passports, in which case an application for a new passport must be made.

Refusal to issue passport

Under the Australian Passports Act 2005, the Minister for Foreign Affairs has the power to refuse, cancel or suspend a passport on a number of grounds including national security or health.^[21] In addition, a court can order an accused in a criminal matter, or any other person, to surrender their passport, for example, as a condition of grant of bail or otherwise.

Visa requirements

Visa requirements for Australian citizens

An Australian passport does not, in itself, entitle the holder to enter another country. To enter another country, the traveller must comply with the visa and entry requirements of the other countries to be visited, which vary from country to country and may apply specifically to a particular passport type, the traveller's nationality, criminal history or many other factors.

As of 1 January 2017, Australian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 170 countries and territories, ranking the Australian passport 7th in terms of travel freedom (tied with South Korean passport) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.

Foreign travel statistics

According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

Foreign travel statistics
Destination	Number of Australian visitors
American Samoa[22]	860
Angola[note 1][23]	766
Antarctica[note 2][24]	4,237
Antigua and Barbuda[note 2][25]	708
Austria[note 3][note 2][26]	143,000
Azerbaijan[27]	2,233
Bahamas[note 4][28]	3,858
Belgium[29]	58,849
Bhutan[note 2][30]	1,818
Bolivia[note 1][31]	12,564
Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 2][32]	7,418
Botswana[33]	15,607
Brazil[34]	44,896
Brunei[note 5][35]	18,845
Cambodia[note 2][36]	146,806
Canada[note 2][37]	352,345
Cayman Islands[note 2][note 6][38]	1,653
Chile[note 2][39]	50,968
China[40]	637,300
Colombia[41]	13,356
Congo[note 7][42]	69
Cook Islands[note 2][43]	23,796
Costa Rica[note 2][44]	13,555
Croatia[note 2][45]	149,829
Cyprus[note 2][46]	10,930
Dominica[47]	437
Dominican Republic[note 2][48]	2,207
Ecuador[note 1][49]	13,686
Estonia[note 3][note 2][50]	6,888
Fiji[note 2][51]	360,370
Finland[52]	26,959
France[53]	1,266,509
French Polynesia[54]	9,167
Georgia[note 2][55]	2,732
Germany[note 2][56]	314,014
Greece[57]	183,165
Guatemala[note 1][58]	17,206
Guam[note 2][note 6][59]	2,197
Hong Kong[note 2][60]	575,812
Hungary[note 3][note 2][61]	41,231
Indonesia[note 2][62]	1,198,033
India[note 2][63]	293,625
Israel[note 2][64]	32,000
Italy[note 2][65]	884,000
Jamaica[note 2][66]	2,692
Japan[note 2][67]	445,200
Jordan[68]	20,461
Kazakhstan[69]	3,461
Kiribati[note 1][70]	625
Kyrgyzstan[71]	2,200
Laos[note 2][72]	33,077
Latvia[note 3][note 2][73]	6,440
Lebanon[note 4][74]	43,560
Luxembourg[75]	3,788
Macau[note 2][76]	93,286
Macedonia[note 2][note 3][77]	5,557
Madagascar[78]	1,098
Malaysia[note 2][79]	377,727
Malawi[note 8][80]	10,250
Maldives[note 2][81]	23,584
Mali[note 1][82]	860
Mauritius[note 2][83]	18,559
Mexico[note 2][note 6][84]	84,550
Micronesia[85]	1,075
Mongolia[86]	4,804
Montenegro[note 3][87]	5,287
Myanmar[88]	30,820
Namibia[89]	7,888
Nepal[90]	18,619
Netherlands[note 1][91]	188,000
New Caledonia[92]	20,926
New Zealand[note 2][93]	1,409,200
Niue[note 8][94]	461
Oman[note 4][95]	15,616
Pakistan[note 8][96]	13,200
Palau[97]	1,135
Panama[98]	4,349
Papua New Guinea[note 2][99]	88,092
Peru[100]	41,568
Philippines[101]	241,187
Romania[note 2][102]	12,223
Russia[note 2][103][104]	49,026
Samoa[105]	30,302
Serbia[note 2][note 3][106]	11,902
Seychelles[107]	1,661
Singapore[note 2][108]	1,027,309
Slovakia[note 2][note 3][109]	7,888
Slovenia[note 2][note 3][110]	29,766
Solomon Islands[111]	9,509
South Africa[112]	99,205
South Korea[note 2][113]	151,979
Sri Lanka[note 2][114]	74,496
Suriname[115]	188
Swaziland[note 2][116]	3,132
Taiwan[note 2][117]	82,361
Tanzania[note 4][118]	17,001
Tonga[119]	11,930
Thailand[note 2][120]	791,631
Timor-Leste[note 1][note 9][121]	13,429
Turkey[note 2][122]	97,626
Tuvalu[note 5][123]	116
Uganda[note 4][124]	7,842
Ukraine[note 2][125]	4,156
United Arab Emirates[note 2][126][127][128]	335,454
United Kingdom[note 2][129]	798,000
United States[note 10][130][131]	1,499,354
Vanuatu[132]	46,098
Vietnam[note 2][133]	320,678
Zambia[134]	12,363
Zimbabwe[135]	22,016

Declared area offence

Australian law makes it an offence for Australians to enter, or remain in, certain regions designated as 'declared areas'.^[136] The Government may declare an area (but not a whole country) if it considers terrorists are operating in that area. The maximum penalty is 10 years imprisonment, however it is a defence if a person can show they entered or remained for legitimate purposes prescribed in regulations. As at June 2015 declared areas include:

• Mosul district, Ninewa province in Iraq
• Raqqa province in Syria

See also

• Australian Certificate of Identity
• Australian nationality law
• Biometric passport
• Visa requirements for Australian citizens

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passports of Australia.

• Gateway to the IATA Timatic Web database from Qantas website
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT): Australian Passports website
• smarttraveller.gov.au – travel advisories and bulletins provided by DFAT including:
  • United States-New Entry Requirements
  • Europe: Entry Requirements : Schengen Convention
• Portrait of an Australian – a virtual artists' book in the form of an Australian passport created by Jonathan Tse; digitised and held by the Australian Library of Art, State Library of Queensland^[137]
• https://web.archive.org/web/20060805203832/http://www.silicon.com/publicsector/0%2C3800010403%2C39161215%2C00.htm
• A Passport Identifies who a Person Is

References

Citations

Sources

• http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/passports/ - Outdated, see this one instead: http://www.passports.gov.au/
• http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/passports/Policy/TravelDocuments/index.htm
• http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2005/fa132_05.html
• http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2006/fa045_06.html
• http://www.stlucia.gov.lc/faq/do_i_need_a_visa_to_enter_saint_lucia.htm#Do_Not_Require_Visas

Links to related articles

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The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Turkey has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia. 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