Bourne, Lincolnshire

Bourne
Historic town centre, showing the town hall (with traditional Christmas tree), Burghley Arms and Lloyds Bank, all Victorian rebuilds of medieval originals
Bourne town centre
Map of ceremonial Lincolnshire, with position of Bourne located nearly in the centre of South Kesteven
Bourne
Bourne shown within Lincolnshire
Population 13,961 [1]
OS grid reference TF094202
• London 90 mi (140 km) S
Civil parish
  • Bourne
District
Shire county
Region
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town BOURNE
Postcode district PE10
Dialling code 01778
Police Lincolnshire
Fire Lincolnshire
Ambulance East Midlands
EU Parliament East Midlands
UK Parliament

Bourne is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. Bourne is situated on the eastern slopes of the Kesteven Uplands and the western edge of the Lincolnshire Fens.[2] The population taken at the 2001 census was 13,961 increasing to 14,456 at the 2011 census.[3]

The town

St. Peters' Pool, Wellhead Gardens. The pool referred to in the town's founding legend

The town is located on a Roman road now known as King Street and was built around the natural springs, hence the name "Bourne" (or "Bourn", as the town was originally known) which derives from the Anglo-Saxon meaning "water" or "stream".[2] It lies on the intersection of the A15 and the A151 roads. The civil parish includes the main township plus the hamlets of Cawthorpe, Dyke and Twenty.[4] In former years Austerby was regarded as a separate settlement, with its own shops and street plan, but is now an area of Bourne known as The Austerby (52°45′47″N 0°22′12″W / 52.763°N 0.370°W / 52.763; -0.370 (The Austerby)).[5]

Parish outline within Lincolnshire

The ecclesiastical parish of Bourne is part of the Beltisloe Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln and is based at the Abbey Church of St Peter and St Paul, in Church Walk. The incumbent is Revd Chris Atkinson.[6] Other religious denominations include Methodist, Baptist, United Reformed and Roman Catholic churches.

The town's economy was based on rural industries until the railway opened up a market for bottled mineral water. Although it is still focused on agriculture and food preparation for supermarkets, there are also important light engineering and tourism activities. The district has a fast-growing housing market, with considerable new building taking place in Bourne in the 2000s. The population was 12,000 in the 2001 Census data. There are approximately 5,424 households in Bourne as of 2007.

Agriculture

Typical fenland farmland on the east of town

Sugar beet was first grown as an English crop in the Fenland east of Bourne by British Sugar Ltd. It had been developed in Germany and France in the early 19th century. Although Britain's demand for sugar was mostly fulfilled by European beet imports until shortly after 1900, the successful sugar beet production in areas such as that around Twenty, fulfilled the nation's sugar requirements during the 20th century's two world wars.

Much of Bourne's 19th-century affluence came from the corn-trade boom that followed the mechanisation of fen drainage. The production of wheat is still important. In the 21st century, hydroponic food production plants have been built on the edge of the fen.

Manufacturing

Factory buildings in Cherry Holt Road
West Street

Although the Autocast foundry has closed because of the shrinking British car industry, there are a number of small machine shops and fabricators in the south and east of the town. These include Pilbeam Racing in Graham Hill Way and Trackline International, manufacturers of "crawler undercarriage systems". Bourne has two printing companies and manufacturers of double glazing and fibreglass mouldings.

Warehousing and distribution

In the same area are distribution warehouses for a large brewer and general transport and storage companies, and a game merchant operates from one of the smaller factory estates.

Retail

As well as town centre shops, there are garden centres in Cherry Holt Road, furniture and decorating shopping in Manning Road, and specialist suppliers of kitchen, decorative, catering and light engineering supplies.

Government

Signpost in Bourne

Lincolnshire County Council

Bourne has two County Council divisions:

Bourne North and Morton:

Bourne South and Thurlby:

South Kesteven District Council

Bourne has three District Council wards, two having two councillors and the new ward, Austerby, having three councillors:

Bourne East:

Bourne West:

Bourne Austerby:

Councillor Matthew Lee is the current (May 2017) Leader of South Kesteven District Council.

Bourne Town Council

Bourne Town Hall (1821) by local architect Bryan Browning.

Bourne Town Council has two wards which are identical to the South Kesteven District Council wards. Bourne East elects seven councillors to the town council and Bourne West eight.

From 1899 to 1974, Bourne had an urban district council in the former Parts of Kesteven. Under the Local Government Act 1972, Bourne UDC was dissolved into the newly formed South Kesteven district. Urban districts which disappeared in this way formed successor parishes and were given a dispensation to call their "parish" councils "town" councils, with their chairs to be known as mayor. These town councils were allowed to adopt the coat of arms granted to the former UDC.

A Bourne Rural District also existed from 1894 to 1931, when it was abolished to form part of a larger South Kesteven Rural District. The parish of Bourne had formed part of Bourne RD from 1894 to 1899. South Kesteven RDC had its own coat of arms, which disappeared along with that of Kesteven in 1974. Very few copies of either remain in existence.

Since October 1989, Bourne has been twinned with Doudeville, Seine Maritime, France.

Drainage

Parts of the west of Bourne are drained by one of two internal drainage boards, The Black Sluice IDB[9] and the Welland and Deepings IDB.[10]

Many houses in Bourne pay additional drainage rates to these authorities. Details of the designated flood risk areas can be found on a number of government web sites.[11][12]

Education

Bourne Westfield Primary Academy

Car Dyke and modern housing

Built in the 1970s as part of the large expansion of housing to the west of the town, it has been twice enlarged to cope with increasing rolls. It has a current roll of 629.[13] A November 2008 Ofsted inspection accorded the school a Grade 1 (outstanding).[14][15] Some former pupils of the school are now scattered worldwide, as far as Australia. The school hosts its own pre-school facility, the Bluebird Pre-school Playgroup.[16] As of 2009, the school is an award holder in the schools section of the Clean Air Awards Scheme,[17] under the auspices of Lincolnshire County Council.[18] It was cited as a Flagship School for the Food for Life Partnership 2009–2010, achieving a bronze award,[19] partly for its cookery club.[20] In 2010 it won Best School Garden in the East Midlands and a gold medal with Britain in Bloom. In 2009 the school had won a silver gilt medal in the same competition.[21] This was one of the first schools to be rated as a National Healthy School under the programme of the same name. It has been given the gold award for the quality and range of its sports provision under the Active Mark Scheme.[22] A pupil at the school received The Local's Rose Award in 2009 for caring for his mother during illness.[23] Local respect was demonstrated in 2008 for this school's educational and fundraising work, when its school fete received a flypast by a Spitfire and Dakota.[24] In 2007 and 2008, pupils filled 200 shoe boxes with gifts for needy children as part of the Operation Christmas Child appeal.[25][26] Pupils continue charity work outside the school; for example a pupil has contributed to the local newspaper's appeal to send gift boxes to military personnel serving abroad.[27]

In response to Bourne's tradition of agriculture and Lincolnshire's horticulture, and to its site and environment as detailed below, the school has its own gardening clubs and grows its own vegetables.[28] It has organised voluntary maintenance of public flower beds in Bourne by pupils since 2009.[29][30] An orchard has been donated to the school, and this has been maintained by the pupils with the aim of provision of some fruit to the school.[31] Besides the Food for Life Partnership award and the cookery club as mentioned above, the pupils cook pancakes for the Pancake Day celebrations.[32][33] The school has a choir which also sings in Bourne Methodist Church.[34] The choir has performed at local public events, such as the turning on of the Christmas lights in Bourne in 2007,[35] and charity events such as the Bourne Round Table dinner for pensioners in 2008.[36] As Lincolnshire champions and as representative of the East Midlands, the school's rugby team reached the finals of the Tag 2 Twickenham rugby tournament and competed at Rugby School in Warwickshire in 2009.[37] Cycling has been supported by the school, with a six-week Go-Ride cycling skills programme taking place in 2008.[38] Some pupils from the school take part in other sports such as motocross and skateboarding;[39] a pupil asked the council for a local skatepark in 2002, and the idea was being resurrected by the council as of 2010.[40][41] One pupil won three gold medals in the Cambridgeshire Gymnastics floor and vault competition in 2008.[42]

Westfield archaeological site

The school was built on the site of Westfield. Between the 9th and 20th centuries, Westfield was a set of three fields arranged and used as an existing medieval agricultural three-field system,[43] which was a form of crop rotation in use from the Middle Ages. It is this site which accounts for the name of the school. The site is close to and associated with Car Dyke,[44] and this may imply a connection between the three-field system and the dyke, involving drainage, irrigation and transport of crops and materials.[45][46][47] The historical association between Westfield and Car Dyke for crop and materials transport is a strong probability because droving roads and the later turnpikes were less viable than waterways until the A151 road was built.[48] In the tradition of UK primary schools, the pupils are taught geography and history in the context of the school's site environment as well as contemporary and worldwide context. That is to say, the school's site and environment directly affects the education of the pupils.[13][31]

School buildings

The original modern building was created in 1973 by a team of architects in Lincolnshire Council's building department. It would have been a flat-roofed building.[49][50] Since then, there has been a series of extensions which are now fused to form a cohesive unit. The most recent two projects on the site were designed by Wilson and Heath of Stamford,[51] who built a covered courtyard and library at the school.[50] This architectural firm has worked on Fishmongers' Hall in London and the University of Exeter, and has won a civic award in Stamford.[52] Two more classrooms and a covered way are now being planned by the school, which is again using the same architects.[53]

Communications

Road

West Road

Bourne Market Place is at the crossroads of the A15 road and the B1193. Strictly speaking, it was a staggered pair of T-junctions where the A15 was met by the A151 from Spalding to the east and the B676 from the west (the article A151 road explains) before the B676 was redesignated as an extension of the A151 to Colsterworth. The A151 was diverted from the town centre via Cherry Holt Road and a newly opened relief road in 2005. When the rapid expansion of the town was first proposed in the early 1990s, development was scheduled to the north-east of the town, and part of this would have been a north/south bypass on the A15 under Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. However, the chosen site was shifted to the south-west of the town, and the proposed by-pass was lost. A large volume of traffic is generated within the town, with the result that the A15 between Bourne and Peterborough is one of the busiest roads in the county. To the west of the town, the A6121 branches from the A151 and takes traffic towards Stamford.

When the relief road opened, the section of the A151 in the town centre was renumbered. However, ever since then, some published road maps are incorrect. The A151 now follows Cherry Holt Road, it no longer continues to the town centre. The only reliable map is the Ordnance Survey: TF1020. The error seems also to affect satellite navigation systems, causing large lorries to attempt a tight corner in the town centre rather than keeping to the correct roads.

Bus

There is a bus station at the top of North Street. The town's bus services are provided by the family-owned company Delaine. There is a daily long-distance coach from Grimsby to London Victoria, which stops at Bourne bus station about 11.00. The return journey arrives just after 17.30.

History

Baldock's Mill heritage centre

The Ancient Woodland of Bourne Woods is still extant, although much reduced. It originally formed part of the ancient Forest of Kesteven and is now managed by the Forestry Commission.

The earliest documentary reference to Brunna, meaning stream, is from a document of 960, and the town appeared in the Domesday Book as Brune.[2]

Bourne Abbey, (charter 1138), formerly held and maintained land in Bourne and other parishes. In later times this was known as the manor of Bourne Abbots. Whether the canons knew that name is less clear. The estate was given by the Abbey's founder, Baldwin fitz Gilbert de Clare, son of Gilbert fitz Richard, and later benefactors. The abbey was established under the Arrouaisian order. Its fundamental rule was that of Augustine and as time went on, it came to be regarded as Augustinian. The Ormulum, an important Middle English Biblical gloss, was probably written in the abbey in around 1175.

Bourne Castle was built on land that is now the Wellhead Gardens in South Street.[54][55][56]

Entry of Toft Tunnel

Bourne was an important junction on the Victorian railway system, but all such connections were severed after the Second World War (see Rail heading). The business stimulus it brought caused major development of the town, and many of the buildings around the medieval street plan were rebuilt, or at least refaced. Improved communications allowed a bottled water industry to develop, and to provide coal deliveries for the town's gas works.

The then local authority, Bourne Urban District Council, was very active in the interests of the town, taking over the gas works and the local watercress beds at times of financial difficulty and running them as commercial activities. Large numbers of good quality council houses were built by them in the early 20th century.

Bourne sent many men to both world wars, but was otherwise only lightly affected. During the Second World War a German bomber was shot down and crashed onto the Butcher's Arms public house in Eastgate. Nine people were killed, including the bomber's crew. In a separate incident, a number of bombs were dropped on the Hereward Camp approved school, a row of wooden huts adjacent to the woods that may have been mistaken for a military camp. Charles Richard Sharpe was injured in the second incident, but he was no stranger to fighting the Germans, having been awarded the Victoria Cross in the first conflict of the century.

Railways

The railways around Bourne and Stamford in 1915

The first local railway was the Earl of Ancaster's estate railway, which ran from the East Coast Main Line at Little Bytham, through the Grimsthorpe estate to Edenham.[57]

Later Bourne had a railway station which was on both the Great Northern line from Essendine[58] to Sleaford and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway connecting the Midlands[59] to East Anglia. Timetabled passenger services on both these lines ceased by the end of February 1959 and the lines were closed to occasional use by the Beeching Axe. With the exception of the Red Hall, the principal station buildings were demolished in 1964, a year after the Beeching Report. The main goods shed survived, however, and remains an unusual edifice: a goods store of a wooden construction. The mechanism of the locomotive turntable is now in the Wansford depot of the Nene Valley Railway.

Shipping

The Bourne-Morton Canal or Bourne Old Eau connected the town to the sea in Roman times.

Until the mid-19th century, the present Bourne Eau was capable of carrying commercial boat traffic from the Wash coast and Spalding. This resulted from the investment following the Bourne Navigation Act of 1780. Passage became impossible once the junction of the Eau and the River Glen was converted from gates to a sluice in 1860.

Sport

Bourne Town Football Club, nicknamed "The Wakes", plays football in the United Counties Football League and the junior club runs teams for young people at all ages in local league competitions. Bourne Cricket Club is one of the strongest in the Lincolnshire ECB Premier League having won the competition three times since it started in 2000. The club often provides players for the Lincolnshire Minor Counties team. These teams play their home games at the Abbey Lawn, a recreation ground privately owned by the Bourne United Charities. Also at "The Lawn" are the tennis and bowls clubs, Bourne Rugby Club is based outside the town at Milking Nook Drove 52°46.2420′N 0°20.2560′W / 52.7707000°N 0.3376000°W / 52.7707000; -0.3376000 (Bourne,Lincolnshire Rugby Club), with senior teams and thriving Junior and Mini sections – over 100 players are to be seen training and playing on Sundays from 10.30 am. The hockey club is obliged to play elsewhere, as there is not a suitable all-weather playing surface in the town. Bourne also hosts a number of other sporting clubs, particularly in the field of martial arts, and efforts to build a skate park continue. The leisure centre is attached to Bourne Academy and caters for a number of indoor activities, including a swimming pool.

On 4 July 2012, UK javelin thrower Goldie Sayers carried the Olympic Torch through Bourne.

Motor sports

Motor Racing Memorial

The racing-car marques English Racing Automobiles (E.R.A.) and British Racing Motors (BRM) were both founded in Bourne by Raymond Mays, an international racing driver and designer. E.R.A. started in 1934 and BRM's first car was unveiled in 1949 at Folkingham Airfield.

The former ERA and BRM workshops on Spalding road were being used in 2013 as an auction saleroom by Golding, Young and Mawer. They are adjacent to Eastgate House, the Mays' family home in the town's Eastgate.[60] The achievements of Raymond Mays are commemorated in a Memorial Room at the town's Heritage Centre (Baldock's Mill in South Street) where many of his trophies are displayed, having been donated by his PA Trissie Carlton and her daughter Anne Boggitt. The room contains photographs, memorabilia and silverware won by BRM cars and drivers. A collection of BRM cars paraded around the town in August 1999 and a memorial to Raymond Mays was unveiled in South Street in 2003.

In 1975 Mike Pilbeam, BRM's former Chief Designer, set up Pilbeam Racing Designs and achieved success in hillclimbing in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Landmarks

Bourne buildings

The Abbey and Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Hall, Bourne.

There are currently 71 listed buildings in the parish of Bourne, the most important being Bourne Abbey and the Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul" (1138), which is the only one scheduled Grade I. The others are Grade II, the most colourful being the aptly named Red Hall (c. 1620), finished in red brick with ashlar quoins, many gabled and featuring a fine Tuscan porch. From 1860 to 1959, it was the town's railway station booking office and waiting room. At two stages, in the 1890s and 1960s, it came close to demolition but the building is now well preserved by Bourne United Charities. The former station booking office serves as the BUC's office.

Baldock's Mill (1800), once a corn-grinding water mill, together with the miller's house, has been converted by Bourne Civic Society to serve as the town's Heritage Centre. It houses many interesting artefacts, most recently a water-wheel has been installed and a newly created replica of a Charles Frederick Worth dress is on display.

The Baptist Church dates from 1835, but the church itself was established there in the 1640s. This building, the Methodist Church (1841) and the United Reformed Church (1846) are all still in active use.

Under threat

The Old Grammar School[61] was a red-brick building with a Collyweston roof, built in the 17th century and largely rebuilt in 1738. The school closed in 1904, and the building, which stands in the Abbey churchyard, has since been used for a variety of purposes. The roof was condemned as unsafe in April 2003 but was repaired, although the building is no longer in regular use.

At the cemetery owned and run by the town council is a chapel built in 1855., In recent years, the building has not been used as a chapel, and the fabric has deteriorated. This is attributed to a lack of maintenance by the council due to financial constraints. However, the shallowness of the foundations is said to be the principal cause. The chapel now requires considerable expenditure if it is to survive, but on 23 January 2007 the town council took the decision to demolish it. In 2007, Bourne historian Rex Needle applied for and obtained a Grade II listing from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, which secures the building from demolition for the foreseeable future. In 2008, the effort is now under way to identify a source of funding (estimated around £400,000) to render the building fit for long-term community use.

In July 2008, the Ostler Memorial in the town's cemetery, an ornate Gothic water fountain originally erected in the market place in 1860 to the memory of local benefactor John Lely Ostler (1811–59), but neglected in recent years, was also given Grade II status by the DCMS bringing the total number of listed buildings in Bourne to 71.

Nearby landmarks

Waterway in memorial gardens
Lake in Bourne Woods

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ City Population Eastmidlands / Office for National Statistics, "."
  2. 1 2 3 Historic England. "Medieval town of Bourne (925899)". PastScape. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  3. ↑ "Town population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "Civil Parish details".
  5. ↑ "list of local placenames".
  6. ↑ "Ecclesiastical parish details".
  7. ↑ https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/ElectionsResultsAll.aspx
  8. ↑ https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/ElectionsResultsAll.aspx
  9. ↑ "Black Sluice IDB". Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  10. ↑ "Welland and Deepings IDB". Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  11. ↑ "Flood risk map". Environment agency. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  12. ↑ "Flood risk and history map". South Kesteven district Council. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Ofsted". Bourne Westfield Primary Academy. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  14. ↑ Ofsted (5–6 November 2008). "Bourne Westfield Primary School Inspection report" (PDF). Overall effectiveness of the school. p. 4. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  15. ↑ "The Local". Top marks for Westfield Primary in Ofsted inspection. 27 November 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  16. ↑ "Department for Education, Edubase2". Establishment: Bluebird Pre-School Playgroup. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  17. ↑ "Lincolnshire County Council". Clean air awards scheme. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  18. ↑ "Lincolnshire County Council". Clean Air Awards Scheme – award holders – schools. LCC. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  19. ↑ "Food for Life Partnership". Cooks network. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  20. ↑ "The Local". Young chefs take to the kitchen and cook up healthy tasty treats. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  21. ↑ Bright, T.H. (June 2010). "Bourne Westfield Primary Academy". Newsletter June 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  22. ↑ "Direct Gov". School profile: Bourne Westfield Primary School. UK govt. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  23. ↑ "The Local". Award for Jacob who kept asthma mum calm. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  24. ↑ "The Local". Sun shines on fete to raise £3,400 for school. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  25. ↑ "The Local". Operation Christmas Child. 19 November 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  26. ↑ "The Local". Pupils share gifts with needy children. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  27. ↑ "The Local". Ben determined to do his bit for the troops. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  28. ↑ "The Local". Pupils impress in Bloom judges. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  29. ↑ "The Local". Budding gardeners brighten up the town. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  30. ↑ "Rutland & Stamford Mercury". Bourne blooms for competition judges. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  31. 1 2 "Bourne Westfield Primary School". New Orchard. June 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  32. ↑ "The Local". Flippin' good pancake fun. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  33. ↑ "Spalding Today". Feast of Shrove Tuesday fun. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  34. ↑ "The Local". Primary school choir sings to a packed audience. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  35. ↑ Baker, John (4 December 2007). "Spalding Today". VIP turns on lights. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  36. ↑ "The Local". Huge thank-you for a wonderful dinner. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  37. ↑ "Rutland & Stamford Mercury". Finals reached in tournament. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  38. ↑ "The Local". CYCLING: Pupils pass Go-Ride programme. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  39. ↑ "The Local". MOTOCROSS: Promising start to careers for Tom (14) and Sam (6). 27 November 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  40. ↑ "Rutland & Stamford Mercury". Bourne youth skatepark plea. 14 February 2002. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  41. ↑ "The Local". Bourne skatepark plan could be revived. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  42. ↑ "The Local". GYMNASTICS: Three golds for Millie (9). 28 May 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  43. ↑ Butt, John J. Google books. Daily life in the age of Charlemagne. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  44. ↑ Cope-Faulkner, Paul; Taylor, Gary. "The Lincolnshire Car Dyke". Past Work, Management Needs and Future Possibilities. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  45. ↑ Simmons, B.B. (1979). The Lincolnshire Car Dyke: Navigation or Drainage?. Britannia X.
  46. ↑ Historic England. "Car Dyke (1034661)". PastScape. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  47. ↑ "The Bourne Archive Gallery". The Heg at Dyke, from the Bourne Abbots Estate Map of 1825. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  48. ↑ Young, A. (1813). General view of the agriculture of the county of Lincoln (2nd ed.). David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4781-2. facsimile 91970.
  49. ↑ No written records survive of this era, and information is given verbally by telephone.
  50. 1 2 "South Kesteven District Council". Planning and building control. 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  51. ↑ Also trading as P. S. Heath Ltd
  52. ↑ Information from Bourne Westfield Primary School
  53. ↑ Heath, Philip S. (15 February 2009). "Wilson and Heath (document)" (PDF). Design and access statement. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  54. ↑ "Mr. Jacob's description of Bourne Castle".
  55. ↑ Historic England. "Bourne Castle (348162)". PastScape. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  56. ↑ Cope-Faulkner, Paul (2002). Archaeological Watching Brief During Pipeline Trenching at Bourne Castle, Bourne, Lincolnshire (BCD 01). Archaeological Project Services.
  57. ↑ Historic England. "The Edenham Branch railway (1365600)". PastScape. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  58. ↑ Historic England. "Bourne and Essendine railway (1365423)". PastScape. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  59. ↑ Squires, Stewart; Hollamby, Ken (2009). Building a Railway: Bourne to Saxby. Lincoln Record Society. ISBN 978-0-901503-86-2. An extraordinary collection of photographs by resident engineer Charles Stansfield Wilson, taken in 1890–93, show the construction of this extension of the M&GN
  60. ↑ Richardsons Auctionrooms, History
  61. ↑ http://boar.org.uk/abiwxo2OGrammarS1.htm
  62. ↑ Bevis, T. translator De Gestis Herwardi Saxonis Westrydale Press. (1982) ISBN 0-901680-28-1 Chapter II
  63. ↑ De gestis Chapter XIV
  64. ↑ Kingsley, C. Hereward, the Last of the English (1866)

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