Aurunci

Map showing the territory of the Aurunci.

The Aurunci were an Italic tribe which lived in southern Italy from around the 1st millennium BC. They were eventually defeated by Rome and subsumed into the Roman Republic during the second half of the 4th century BC.[1]

Identity

Aurunci is the name given by Roman writers to an ancient race or nation of Italy. It appears that "Aurunci" was the appellation the Romans gave to the people called "Ausones" by the Greeks: indeed, the two names are merely different forms of the same, as the letter "r" was a common variation for "s" in Latin[2] (Aurunci = Auronici = Auruni = Ausuni).[3]

The identity of the two is distinctly asserted by Servius,[4] and clearly implied by Cassius Dio,[5] where he says that the name of Ausonia was properly applied only to the land of the Auruncans, between the Volscians and the Campanians. In like manner, Festus makes the mythical hero Auson the founder of the city of Aurunea.[6][7] Servius terms the Aurunci one of the most ancient nations of Italy.[8] They appear to have been much more powerful and widely spread at an early period than we subsequently find them, but it does not appear that the name was ever employed by the Romans in the vague and extended sense in which "Ausones" was used by the Greeks.[3]

At a later period, in the fourth century BC, the two names of Aurunci and Ausones had assumed a distinct signification, and came to be applied to two petty nations, evidently mere subdivisions of the same great race, both dwelling on the frontiers of Latium and Campania; the Ausones on the west of the Liris, extending from thence to the mountains of the Volscians; the Auruncans, on the other hand, being confined to the detached group of volcanic mountains now called Monte Santa Croce, or Rocca Monfina, on the left bank of the Liris, together with the hills that slope from thence towards the sea. Their ancient stronghold or metropolis, Aurunca was situated near the summit of the mountain, while Suessa, which they subsequently made their capital, was on its south-western slope, commanding the fertile plains from thence to the sea. On the east and south they bordered closely on the Sidicini of Teanum and the people of Cales, who, according to Livy,[9] were also of Ausonian race, but were politically distinct from the Auruncans. Virgil evidently regards these hills as the original abode of the Auruncan,[10] and speaks of them as merely a petty people.

In contrast, Dionysius of Halicarnassus refers to them as being in 495 BC a warlike people of great strength and fierceness, who occupied the fairest plains of Campania; so that it seems certain the name is here used as including the people to whom the name of Ausones (in its more limited sense) is afterwards applied.[3]

History

But the first occasion on which they appear in Roman history exhibits them in a very different light, as a warlike and powerful nation, who had extended their conquests to the very borders of Latium.[3]

Thus, in 503 and 502 BC, the Latin cities of Cora and Pometia revolted and allied themselves with the Aurunci, and these powerful neighbours supporting them with a large army against the infant republic, however Rome ultimately prevailed.[11][12]

And a few years later in 495 BC, at around the time of a Volscian attack upon Rome the Aurunci took up arms against Rome in support of the Volscian cause, and advanced with their army as far as Aricia, where they were defeated by the Roman consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus.[13]

From this time, the name of the Aurunci does not again occur until 344 BC, when it is evident that Livy is speaking only of the petty people who inhabited the mountain of Rocca Monfina, who were defeated and reduced to submission without difficulty.[14]

A few years later (337 BC), they were compelled by the attacks of their neighbours the Sidicini, to apply for aid to Rome, and meanwhile abandoned their stronghold on the mountain and established themselves in their new city of Suessa.[15]

No mention of their name is found in the subsequent wars of the Romans in this part of Italy; and as in 313 BC, a Roman colony was established at Suessa,[16] their national existence must have been thenceforth at an end. Their territory was subsequently included in Campania.[3][17]

Legacy

The Aurunci mountains and the modern town of Sessa Aurunca bears the Aurunci's name.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2918-1.
  2. ↑ This phenomenon was noted by the Romans themselves:
    "In multis verbis, in quo antiqui dicebant s, postea dicunt r... foedesum foederum, plusima plurima, meliosem meliorem, asenam arenam."
    — Varr. De lingua Latina, VII, 26.
    See Latin: Rhotacism
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bunbury 1854, p. 343.
  4. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Servius ad Aen. vii. 727.
  5. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Cassius Dio Fr. 2.
  6. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Festus, s. v. Ausonia
  7. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343
  8. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Servius ad Aen. vii. 206.
  9. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy, viii. 16.
  10. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Virgil, Aen. vii. 727.
  11. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy, ii. 16, 17.
  12. ↑ Liv. 2.16.8.2 http://latin.packhum.org/loc/914/1/76/1446-1453
  13. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy, ii. 26; Dionys vi. 32.
  14. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy vii. 28.
  15. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy, viii. 15.
  16. ↑ Bunbury 1854, p. 343 cites Livy, ix. 28.
  17. ↑ William Smith (1869). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. James Walton. pp. 343–.
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