Augustynolophus

Augustynolophus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 70–66 Ma
↓
Holotype skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Order: †Ornithischia
Suborder: †Ornithopoda
Family: †Hadrosauridae
Subfamily: †Saurolophinae
Genus: Augustynolophus
Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
Species: A. morrisi
Binomial name
Augustynolophus morrisi
Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
Synonyms

Saurolophus morrisi (Prieto-Márquez, 2013)

Augustynolophus is an extinct genus of herbivorous saurolophine hadrosaur dinosaur which was discovered in the Moreno Formation in California,[1] dating to the late Maastrichtian age, making it one of the last dinosaurs known from the fossil record for the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction.[2]

Discovery and material

Pectoral and limb elements

The generic name derives from a combination of the Augustyn family, who helped support the Los Angeles County Museum, and the suffix "-lophus," referring to its relation to Saurolophus. The specific name refers to palaeontologist William Morris.[3] It was originally described as a species of Saurolophus, S. morrisi.[4][5] However, when a more in-depth study took place, the end results revealed that its cranial structure was vastly different when it was juxtaposed with the other known members of the tribe Saurolophini, most notably Saurolophus osborni[6][7][8] and Saurolophus angustirostris[9][10] and Prosaurolophus maximus[11] and therefore, it was determined to be a separate genus. Like all species of hadrosaur, Augustynolophus morrisi was a herbivorous dinosaur which had a diet consisting of the plant life in the area, it was specialized to chew its food since hadrosaurs were one of the few known species of dinosaur that chewed its food.[12]

All known specimens of Augustynolophus have been found only in California, which was a part of Laramidia, arguably one of the best known locations for dinosaur fossils.[13] There are currently two known specimens of Augustynolophus. The holotype, LACM/CIT 2852, was unearthed in 1943. It consisted of the majority of the skull (including the dentary and predentary), vertebrae, and bones of the limb and hand. The second specimen was designated LACM/CIT 2760. Discovered in 1939, it was made up of elements of the skull and limbs. Due to its smaller size, it may have been a juvenile.[5][14] It should be noted that it is one of three know dinosaurs from western coast of the United States, the other two being the Campanian ankylosauridae Aletopelta coombsi[15] and undescribed species of tyrannosaur from Washington state.[16] However, it should be noted that indeterminate hadrosaur remains have been found through out California and similar areas.[17][18]

Paleoecology

Facial and mandibular elements

Very is little is known about the fauna found in the coastal states of Laramida,[19] which is a stark similarity to the neighboring island continent of Appalachia which was on the opposite side of the Western Interior Seaway, when juxtaposed to the western Untied States which has a history for of rich fossil finds, most notable examples include the Hell Creek Formation and the Two Medicine Formation.[20] However, like with Appalachia, where as the land fauna, most notably the dinosaurs, is not well studied and are not well known thanks to the vast majority of vegetation the covers the eastern United States[21] and some of the fossil formations were destroyed by glaciation during the Pleistocene ice age, though some of the fossil formations present in Appalachia have revealed what types of dinosaurs lived in that environment, but a lot of fossils of the marine life that inhabited the Western Interior Seaway, and other examples of prehistoric marine life, have been unearthed in large quantities in the eastern United States.[22][23][24][25]

Partial skull

However, despite the fact that dinosaur fossils are rare in California, the Moreno Formation is one of the more well studied Mesozoic geological formations in California and like Appalachia, it is more well known for the large amount of marine fossils as mentioned earlier.[26][27][28][29] While ammonite fossils are been completely absent from the Moreno Formation, crustacean, algae and a multitude of diatom fossils have also been unearthed in Moreno Formation.[30][31][32][33][34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sues, H.D.; Bell, P.R.; Evans, D.C. (2010). "Revision of the status of Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) from California, USA.". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47 (11): 1417–1426. doi:10.1139/e10-062.
  2. ↑ Lehman, T.M. (1987). "Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 60: 189–217. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0.
  3. ↑ Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. (2014). "The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini". Geological Magazine. 152: 225–241. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284.
  4. ↑ Morris, W.J. "California dinosaurs". 1982.
  5. 1 2 Prieto-Márquez, A.; Wagner, J.R. (2013). "A new species of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Pacific coast of North America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58 (2): 255–268. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0049.
  6. ↑ Brown, B. (1912). "A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 131–136.
  7. ↑ Brown, B. (1913). "The skeleton of Saurolophus, a crestedduck-billed dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 32: 387–393.
  8. ↑ Bell, P.R. (February 2011). "Redescription of the skull of Saurolophus osborni Brown 1912 (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae)". Cretaceous Research. 32 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.002.
  9. ↑ Bell, P.R. (3 February 2012). "Standardized terminology and potential taxonomic utility for hadrosaurid skin impressions: a case study for Saurolophus from Canada and Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31295. PMC 3272031 Freely accessible. PMID 22319623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031295.
  10. ↑ Bell, P.R. (2011). "Cranial Osteology and Ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 703–722. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0061.
  11. ↑ McGarrity, Christopher T.; Campione, Nicolas E.; Evans, David C. (27 March 2013). "Cranial anatomy and variation in Prosaurolophus maximus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (4): 531–568. doi:10.1111/zoj.12009. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Galton, P.M. (1973). "The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs". Lethaia. 6 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x.
  13. ↑ Scott D. Sampson, Mark A. Loewen, Andrew A. Farke, Eric M. Roberts, Catherine A. Forster, Joshua A. Smith, Alan L. Titus (2010). Stepanova, Anna, ed. "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism". PLoS ONE. 5 (9): e12292. PMC 2929175 Freely accessible. PMID 20877459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012292.
  14. ↑ Hilton, Richard (2003). Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. University of California Press. p. 264.
  15. ↑ Ford, T.L. (1 October 2001). 12. Carlsbad Ankylosaur (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria): An Ankylosaurid and Not a Nodosaurid.= (1st ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 239–258. ISBN 0253339642. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  16. ↑ Peecook, Brandon; Sidor, Christian. (May 2015). "The First Dinosaur from Washington State and a Review of Pacific Coast Dinosaurs from North America". PLoS ONE. 10 (5): e0127792. PMC 4439161 Freely accessible. PMID 25993090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127792. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  17. ↑ Morris, W.J. (May 1973). "A review of Pacific coast hadrosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 47 (3): 551–561.
  18. ↑ HARPER, HILLIARD (20 May 1987). "Dinosaur Skeleton Found at Carlsbad Site". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Tan, X.; Kodama, K.P. (1998). "Compaction‐corrected inclinations from southern California Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks indicate no paleolatitudinal offset for the Peninsular Ranges terrane". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 103 (B11): 27169–27192. Bibcode:1998JGR...10327169T. doi:10.1029/98jb02343.
  20. ↑ Switek, Brian. "The Dinosaurs of California’s Lost World". KCET. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  21. ↑ Longrich, Nicholas R. "A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America, and implications for dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research. 57: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.08.004.
  22. ↑ Lindgren, J.; Siverson, M. (2004). "The first record of the mosasaur Clidastes from Europe and its palaeogeographical implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 49: 219–234.
  23. ↑ Kiernan, Caitlin R (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:sdahso]2.0.co;2.
  24. ↑ Kear, Benjamin P. "The relationships of Alabama halisaurine mosasaurs". Academia.edu. 4th Triennial International Mosasaur Meeting, Program & Abstracts. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  25. ↑ Bardet N, Suberbiola P, Iarochene M, Bouyahyaoui F, Bouya B, Amaghzaz M (2002). "A new species of Halisaurus from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, and the phylogenetical relationships of the Halisaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauridae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (3): 447–472. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00152.x. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  26. ↑ Ford, K.W. (2006). "Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 35: 407–410.
  27. ↑ Popenoe, W.P. (1973). "Southern California Cretaceous formations and faunas with especial reference to the Simi Hills and Santa Monica Mountains". Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, Southern California. Pacific Section, SEPM, Geological Guidebook, Los Angeles, California: 15–20.
  28. ↑ Reeside, J.B. (1957). "Paleoecology of the Cretaceous seas of the Western Interior of the United States". Geological Society of America Memoirs. 67: 505–542.
  29. ↑ Stock, C. (1939). "Occurrence of Cretaceous reptiles in the Moreno shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 25 (12): 617–620. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617.
  30. ↑ Nyborg, T.; Ossó, A.; Vega, F.J. (2013). "A new species of icriocarcinid crab (Crustacea, Portunoidea) from the uppermost Cretaceous of California, USA: paleobiological implications". Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Mesozoic and Cenozoic Decapod Crustaceans, Krakow, Poland: 83–93.
  31. ↑ Hanna, G.D. (1927). "Cretaceous diatoms from California".
  32. ↑ Hanna, G.D. (September 1934). "Additional notes on diatoms from the Cretaceous of California". Journal of Paleontology. 8 (3): 352–355.
  33. ↑ Long, J.A.; Fuge, F.D.; Smith, James (March 1946). "Diatoms of the Moreno Shale". Journal of Paleontology. 20 (2): 89–118.
  34. ↑ Lipps, J. H.; Wetmore, K. L. (1993). "Transfers of algal, microfossil, plant, and vertebrate materials to the University of California Museum of Paleontology". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (05): 894–898. doi:10.1017/s0022336000037161.
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