Canons Regular

For all orders and groups following the Rule of St. Augustine of Hippo, see Augustinians

Canons Regular are priests living in community under a rule ("regula" in Latin), usually the Rule of St. Augustine and thus Augustinian Canons, and sharing their property in common.

Distinct from monks, who live a cloistered, contemplative life and sometimes engage in ministry to those from outside the monastery, the purpose of the life of a canon is to engage in public ministry of liturgy and sacraments for those who visit their churches (historically the monastic life was by its nature lay, whereas canonical life was essentially clerical).

Distinct from Clerks Regular (Regular Clerics)—an example of which is the Society of Jesus—they are members of a particular community of a particular place, and are bound to the public praying of the Liturgy of the Hours in choir.

Secular canons, by contrast, belong to a community of priests attached to a church but do not take vows or live in common under a Rule.

Canons Regular are sometimes called Black or White Canons, depending on the color of the religious habit worn by the congregation to which they belong.

Canons live together in community and take the three vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience; though this is a later development, the first communities of Canons took vows of common property and stability. Some congregations of Canons Regular have retained the vow of stability.

Famous Canons Regular include Pope Adrian IV, Thomas à Kempis, and Desiderius Erasmus.

The Canons Regular are not to be confused with the Order of Saint Augustine. Pope Urban II wrote of two forms of religious life: the monastic (like the Benedictines and Cistercians) and the canonical (like the Augustinian Canons). He likened the monks to the role of Mary, and the canons to that of her sister, Martha.[1] These clergy were called 'canon' because their names were kept in a list known as a 'kanon', a Greek word meaning 'rule'.[2]

The monks sought to reflect supernatural order and stability within their monasteries, with examples of worship, farming, medical care, librarianship, learning, etc. The canons worked in the disorder of the towns and cities, where the worship, medicines, education and the skills of the enclosed Benedictines were not present to the growing numbers of urban dwellers.

By 1125 hundreds of communities of Canons had sprung up in Western Europe. Usually they were quite autonomous of one another, and varied in their ministries.[1] One obvious place where a group of priests was required was within a cathedral, where there were many Masses to celebrate and the Divine Office to be prayed together in community. Canons often came to be associated with cathedrals, but other groups of canons also established themselves in smaller centres.[1]

When, in and after the 11th century, the various congregations of Canons Regular were formed, and adopted the Rule of St. Augustine, they were usually called Canonici Regulares Ordinis S. Augustini Congregationis, and in England "Austin Canons" or "Black Canons", but there have always been canons regular who never adopted the Rule of St. Augustine. In a word, canons regular may be considered as the genus, and Austin Canons as the species; or all Austin Canons are canons regular, but not all canons regular are Austin canons.

Background

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a canon regular is essentially a religious cleric; "The Order of Canons Regular is necessarily constituted by religious clerics, because they are essentially destined to those works which relate to the Divine mysteries, whereas it is not so with the monastic Orders." This is what constitutes a canon regular and what distinguishes him from a monk. The clerical state is essential to the Order of Canons Regular, whereas it is only accidental to the Monastic Order. Erasmus, himself a canon regular, declared that the canons regular are a "median point" between the monks and the secular clergy.[3] The outer appearance and observances of the canons regular can seem very similar to those of the monks. This is because the various reforms borrowed certain practices from the monks for the use of the canons.[2]

According to St. Augustine, a canon regular professes two things, "sanctitatem et clericatum". He lives in community, he leads the life of a religious, he sings the praises of God by the daily recitation of the Divine Office in choir; but at the same time, at the bidding of his superiors, he is prepared to follow the example of the Apostles by preaching, teaching, and the administration of the sacraments, or by giving hospitality to pilgrims and travellers, and tending the sick.[3] St. Augustine’s teaching and example has become the heritage of the Church as it sets about bringing to life again the common life of clerics.[4]

The canons regular do not confine themselves exclusively to canonical functions. They also give hospitality to pilgrims and travelers on the Great St. Bernard and on the Simplon, and in former times the hospitals of St. Bartholomew's Smithfield, in London, of S. Spirito, in Rome, of Lochleven, Monymusk and St. Andrew's, in Scotland, and others like them, were all served by canons regular. Many congregations of canons worked among the poor, the lepers, and the infirm. The clerics established by St. Patrick in Ireland had a Guest House for pilgrims and the sick whom they tended by day and by night. And the rule given by Chrodegang to his canons enjoined that a hospital should be near their house that they might tend the sick.[3]

History

Ordo Antiquus

St. Augustine of Hippo did not found the order of canons regular, not even those who are called Austin Canons. There were Canons Regular before St. Augustine. Although Augustine of Hippo is regarded by the Canons as their founder, Vincent of Beauvais, Sigebert, and Peter of Cluny all state that the canonical order traces back its origin to the earliest ages of the Church. In the first centuries after Christ, priests lived with the bishop and carried out the liturgy and sacraments in the cathedral church. While each could own his own property, they lived together and shared common meals and a common dormitory.[5]

From the 4th to the middle of the 11th century, the communities of canons were established exclusively by bishops. The oldest form of canonical life was known as "Ordo Antiquus". The first who successfully united the clerical state with the monastic observance was St Eusebius, Bishop of Vercelli. This way of living was also established by St Zeno, Bishop of Verona, and St. Ambrose at Milan.

Augustine

It was under St Augustine that the "canonical life" reached its apotheosis. None of the holy fathers was so enthusiastic about and enthralled by the community life of the Apostolic Church of Jerusalem (Acts 4:31-35) as St. Augustine. To live this out in the midst of like-minded confreres was the goal of his monastic foundations in Thagaste, in the “Garden Monastery” at Hippo and at his bishop’s house. The “rules” of St. Augustine intended to help put the vita apostolica into effect for the circumstances of his time and the community of his day.[4] From the time of his elevation to the episcopal see in 395 AD, he changed his episcopal palace into a monastery for clerics and established the essential characteristics-the common life with renunciation of private property, chastity, obedience, the liturgical life and the care of souls: to these can be added two other characteristics typically Augustinian—a close bond of brotherly affection and a wise moderation in all things. This spirit permeates the whole of the so-called Rule of St Augustine which at least in substance can be attributed to the Doctor of Africa.[6]

The invasion of Africa by the Vandals destroyed the Augustinian foundation but we can deduce it as almost certain that it took refuge in Gaul.[6] The regulations which St. Austin had given to the clerics who lived with him soon spread and were adopted by other religious communities of canons regular not only in Africa, but in Italy, in France and elsewhere. Pope Gelasius, about the year 492, re-established the regular life in the Lateran Basilica. From there the reform spread till at length the Rule was universally adopted by almost all the canons regular.

Chrodegang and the Rule of Aix

Chrodegang

Over time there crept in the abuses in clerical life of concubinage and independent living with the scandals and disedification of the faithful which followed. Vigorous reforms were undertaken at the time of the emperor Charlemagne (AD 800).[2] Important milestones for the Ordo Antiquus form of canonical life include the reform and rule of the Benedictine Bishop of Metz, Chrodegang (763), and the Synods of Aachen (816–819), which gave a rule of life for canons in the Carolingian Empire.

The ecclesiastical constitution or ordinance of Chrodegang, Regula vitæ communis (Rule of Common Life) was at once a restoration and an adaptation of the Rule of St. Augustine, and its chief provisions were that the ecclesiastics who adopted it had to live in common under the episcopal roof, recite common prayers, perform a certain amount of manual labour, keep silence at certain times, and go to confession twice a year. They did not take the vow of poverty and they could hold a life interest in property. Twice a day they met to hear a chapter from the rule of their founder, hence the meeting itself was soon called "chapter". This discipline was also recommended shortly after by the Councils of Aix-la-Chapelle (789) and Mainz (813).

In 816 the Institutio canonicorum Aquisgranensis was drawn up at the Council of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle).[7] This included a rule of 147 articles, known as the Rule of Aix, to be applied to all canons. These statues were held as binding.[8] The principal difference between Chrodegang's rule and that of Aix was their attitude toward private property. While both permitted the canons to hold and dispose of property as they saw fit, Chrodegang counseled a renunciation of private property, while the Synod of Aachen did not since it was not part of the tradition of the canons. From this period dates the daily recitation by the canons of the Divine Office or canonical hours.[9]

Reforms

In the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, laxity crept in; community life was no longer strictly observed; the sources of revenue were divided, and the portions allocated to the individual canons. This soon led to differences of income, consequently to avarice, covetousness, and the partial destruction of the canonical life.[9]

In the 11th century the Canonical Order was reformed and renewed, chiefly owing to the efforts of Hildebrand (c. 1020-1085), later Pope Gregory VII, culminating in the Lateran Synod of 1059. Here for the first time the Apostolic See officially recognized and approved the life of the religious clergy, which had been founded by bishops and others. Gregory VII's reformation resulted in a distinction being made between the clerics who lived in separate houses and those who still preserved the old discipline.

Toward the end of the 11th century, the more cathedral and other chapters of canons opted for the vita apostolica after the example of St. Augustine, the more urgent became a separation and decision, first vis-à-vis those canons, who held to private ownership, but also vis-à-vis Benedictine monasticism, which till then was the mainstay of the Gregorian Reform. Pope Urban II deserves the credit for having recognized the way of life of the "canonici regulares" as sharply distinguished from the principles of the "canonici saeculares", and at the same time as an equal way of communal perfection apart from monasticism. In numerous privileges for reformed houses of canons he clearly emphasized the nature and goal, the rights and duties of the canons regular. Thus from the renewal of the vita canonica there inevitably arose a new “order”—which initially had not been the intention. In the privileges of Pope Urban II we find officially for the first time the new name Canonici secundum regulam sancti Augustini viventes, which would give the new ordo of canonical life a distinctive stamp.[4]

The norm of life of the canons regular was concretized from the last third of the 11th century by a general following of the vita apostolica and the vita communis of the early church based more and more on the regulations handed on by Augustine. Secundum regulam Augustini vivere, first employed in Rheims in 1067, signified a life according to the example of Augustine that was known from his numerous writings.[8]

From that time the Order of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, as it was already beginning to be called, increased rapidly. A great number of congregations of canons regular sprang into existence, each with its own distinctive constitutions, grounded on the Rule of St. Augustine and the statutes which Blessed Peter de Honestis, about the year 1100, gave to his canons at Ravenna. In some houses the Canonical Life was combined with hospitality to travelers, nursing the sick and other charitable works. Often a number of houses were grouped together in a Congregation. One of the most famous houses was the Abbey of Saint Victor, founded in Paris in 1108, celebrated for its liturgy, pastoral work and spirituality. Also worth mention are the Abbey of Saint Maurice of Agaune, the Hospice of Saint Bernard of Mont Joux in Switzerland, and the Austrian Abbeys.[10]

The highpoint of the Canons Regular can be situated in the first half of the 12th century. During this time they contributed not only a series of popes – Honorius II, Innocent II, Lucius II, as well as Hadrian IV shortly after mid-century and finally Gregory VIII in the second half of the century – but they also gave inestimable momentum for the area of the German Empire.[8]

In the Middle Ages, some cathedrals were given over to the care of the regular canons, as were certain places of pilgrimage. The shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham in England was just such a shrine, and the cathedrals of St. John Lateran in Rome, Salzburg and Gurk in Austria, Toledo and Saragossa in Spain, St. Andrew’s in Scotland, were among many others to be reformed by the regular canons. The canons also took a leading role in the intellectual life of the Church by founding cathedral and collegiate schools throughout Europe. For example, the University of Paris finds part of its ancestry in the famous Abbey school of St. Victor.[5]

Later, Congregations properly so called, governed by a Superior General, were established within the Order so as to maintain their common observances. Among these Congregations, which gave new life to the Order, were the Windesheim Congregation, whose spirituality (known as the “devotio moderna”) had a wide influence. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Lateran Congregation added to the Order’s luster by its spirituality and scholarship. In the 17th and 18th centuries the French Congregation of Saint Genevieve and later the Congregation of Our Savior founded by Saint Peter Fourier (1566-1640), responded to new needs by combining the religious life with pastoral work. Finally, in the 19th century Adrien Grea (1828-1917), founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Conception, in his writing put in its proper perspective the ecclesial dimension of the Canonical Life.[10]

The Canons Regular were more similar to the Benedictines in their independence and their local character. Another similarity is that, aside from a few congregations, the Canons Regular maintained and still maintain the vow of stability to a particular house. The individual houses often have differences in the form of the habit, even within the same congregation.[5]

Already in the Middle Ages canons regular were engaged in missionary work. Saint Vicelin (c. 1090-1154) took the gospel to the pagan Slavs of Lower Germany; his disciple Meinhard (died 1196) evangelized the people of eastern Livonia. In the 16th century the Portuguese Congregation of Saint John the Baptist took the good news of salvation to the Congo, Ethiopia and India. At the general chapter of the Lateran Congregation held at Ravenna in 1558, at the request of many Spanish canons, Don Francis de Agala, a professed canon regular from Spain, who for some ten years had already laboured in the newly discovered country, was created vicar-general in America, with powers to gather into communities all the members of the canonical institute who were then dispersed in those parts, and the obligation to report to the authorities of the order. From the 19th century onwards the Order has definitely undertaken the work of evangelization.[10]

Ordo Novo

By the 13th century, there was universal adherence to the Rule of St. Augustine. This acceptance of Augustine's rule occurred over the 11th and 12th centuries in piecemeal fashion. There were in fact three different rules of St. Augustine from which to choose:

England

Of all the new monastic and religious groups to settle in the British Isles in the course of the 12th century the regular canons, known as the "Black Canons", were the most prolific.[11] At the heart of their existence was the vita apostolica, but even more than other such groups the regular canons became involved in active spiritual care of their communities. Perhaps as a result of this feature they also enjoyed sustained support from founders, patrons and benefactors, and new foundations continued to be made long after the main force of the expansion of the monastic orders had declined.

In England, in the 12th century there was a great revival in the canonical order on account of various congregations newly found in France, Italy and the Low countries, and it was some of these new canons that came with the Conqueror. In England alone, from the Conquest to the death of Henry II Plantagenet, no fewer than fifty-four houses were founded where the canons regular were established. The first foundation was Colchester in 1096, followed by Holy Trinity, Aldgate, established by Queen Maud, in 1108. Andrew of St. Victor served as abbot of the newly founded abbey at Wigmore beginning in 1147. The first General Chapter of the Augustinian Canons in England, intended to regulate the affairs of the Order, took place in 1217.[1]

In the 12th century the Canons Regular of the Lateran, otherwise known as the Augustinian Canons, established a priory in Bodmin. This became the largest religious house in Cornwall. The priory was suppressed on 27 February 1538.[12] In England houses of canons were more numerous than Benedictine houses. The Black Plague left the canons regular were fairly decimated, and they never quite recovered. Between 1538 and 1540, the canonical houses were suppressed, and the religious dispersed, persecuted, little by little disappeared from the land altogether. Abbot Gasquet's computation ninety-one houses belonging to the canons regular were suppressed or surrendered at the time of the Reformation.

The canonical order was in the early 20th century represented in England by Premonstratensians at Crowley, Manchester, Spalding and Storrington; the Canons Regular of the Lateran Congregation at Bodmin, Truro, St Ives, and Newquay, in Cornwall; at Spettisbury and Swanage, in Dorsetshire; at Stroud Green and Eltham, in London. Besides the occupations of the regular life at home and the public recitation of the Divine Office in choir, they were chiefly employed in serving missions, preaching retreats, supplying for priests who ask their service, and hearing confessions, either as ordinary or extraordinary confessors to convents or other religious communities.

Scotland

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, anno 565, relates that Columba, Masspreost (Mass-Priest), "came to the Picts to convert them to Christ". Columba was the disciple of St. Finnian, who was a follower of St. Patrick; both then had learned and embraced the regular life which the great Apostle had established in Ireland. Tradition places the first landing of Columba on leaving Ireland at Oronsay, and Fordun (Bower) notices the island as "Hornsey, ubi est monasterium nigrorum Canonicorum, quod fundavit S. Columba" (where is the monastery of Black Canons which St. Columba founded). According to Smith and Ratcliff there was a homogeneity among the Augustinian houses in Scotland before 1215 which had much to do with David I who gave them a common economic policy, and Bishop Robert of St Andrews who had himself been an Augustinian and united the houses through his patronage and by engaging them as his advisors.[13]

At the time of the Reformation the chief houses were:

Many of the houses founded by St. Columba remained in possession of the canons till the Reformation, including Oronsay and Crusay.

Ireland

Ballybeg Priory, founded in 1229 by Philip de Barry for the Canons Regular of St Augustine

The Augustinian Canons Regular established 130 religious houses in Ireland in the period of church reform early in the 12th century. The role of the Augustinian Canons within the secular community was the main reason for their being the largest single order in Ireland. The Canons Regular were less rigorous in their observances than the Cistercians, and through this more flexible approach to religious life they participated in a great variety of pastoral activities in parishes, hospitals and schools. The Rule of Augustine was appropriate to the new monastic reforms and the pastoral activities were a significant instrument for the restoration of religious discipline which had seriously declined in Irish monasteries. St Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, was a prime mover in the reform movement in the Irish church in the 12th century and by the time of his death in 1148, there were forty-one Augustinian houses.[14]

It is not improbable that at the outbreak of the dissolution by Henry VIII, some of the Irish canons may have retired to foreign monasteries. By 1646 the canons were sufficiently numerous to be formed by Innocent X into a separate "Congregation of St. Patrick", which the pope declared to inherit all the rights, privileges and possessions of the old Irish canons. In the year 1698 the Irish Congregation, by a Bull of Innocent XII, was affiliated and aggregated to the Lateran Congregation.

Congregations

Canons Regular of Saint Augustine

The Canons Regular of Saint Augustine (C.R.S.A. or Can.Reg.), also referred to as "Augustinian Canons" or "Austin Canons" ('Austin' being a corruption of 'Augustinian'), is one of the oldest Latin Rite Orders. In contrast to many other orders of the Catholic Church, Augustinian Canons (Canons Regular of St. Augustine, Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini, CRSA) cannot be traced back to an individual founder or to a particular founding group. They are more the result of a process that lasted for centuries. Because of their manifold roots they have undergone various forms in medieval and modern Europe.[15] Since the 12th century, Canons Regular have been known as Augustinian or Austin Canons taking their name from St Augustine, the great Doctor of the Church, for he realized in an ideal way the common life of the Clergy, and because from that time the Canons adopted the "Rule" of Augustine.[6]

Confederation

On May 4, 1959 Pope John XXIII founded the Confederation of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine with his apostolic letter "Caritas Unitas" on the 900th anniversary of the First Lateran Synod. The Confederation is a union of charity that binds nine congregations of Canons Regular together for mutual aid and support.[5] The initial four congregations were:

Subsequently other congregations of Canons Regular joined the Confederation:

The Abbot Primate, who is elected by all the congregations and serves for a six-year term, works to foster contact and mutual cooperation among the diverse communities of Canons Regular in the Catholic Church. On the 11th October 2016, Mgr Jean-Michel Girard, Abbot of the Congregation of St. Nicholas and St. Bernard of Mont Joux (Great St. Bernard, Switzerland) was elected as the 10th Abbot Primate of the Confederation of the Canons Regular of St Augustine.

The Order has houses in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, England, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Peru, Porto Rico, Spain, Taiwan, Switzerland, the United States and Uruguay.

Other orders

Other Orders sprang up which followed the Rule of St. Augustine and the canonical life. As canons regular became separated into different congregations they took their names from the locality in which they lived, or from the distinctive habit they wore, or from the one who led the way in remodelling their lives. Hence we have the White Canons of Prémontré; the White Canons of St. John Lateran; the Black Canons of St. Augustine; the Canons of St. Victor at Paris and also at Marseilles.[9]

The Norbertines

The Premonstratensian Order was founded at Prémontré, near Laon, in Picardy (northern France), by St. Norbert in the year 1120. The Order received formal approval from Pope Honorius II in 1126, the same year in which Norbert was appointed Archbishop of Magdeburg.[24] According to the spirit of its founder, this congregation unites the active with the contemplative life, the institute embracing in its scope the sanctification of its members and the administration of the sacraments. It grew large even during the lifetime of its founder, and now has charge of many parishes and schools, especially in the Habsburg provinces of Austria and Hungary. The Premonstratensians wear a white habit with white cincture. They are governed by an abbot general, vicars and visitors.

The Crosiers

The origin of the Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross appears to be uncertain, although all admit its great antiquity. It has been divided into four chief branches: the Italian, the Bohemian, the Belgian and the Spanish. Of this last very little is known. The branch once flourishing in Italy, after several attempts at reformation, was finally suppressed by Alexander VII in 1656. In Bohemia there are still some houses of Crosier Canons, as they are called, who, however, seem to be different from the well known Belgian Crosiers, who trace their origin to the time of Innocent III and recognize for their Father Blessed Theodore de Celles, who founded their first house at Huy, near Liège. These Belgian Croisier Canons have a great affinity with the Dominicans. They follow the Rule of St. Augustine, and their constitutions are mainly those compiled for the Dominican Order by St. Raymond of Penafort. Besides the usual duties of canons in the church, they are engaged in preaching, administering the sacraments, and teaching. Formerly they had houses in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, England, Ireland and Scotland. Till around 1900 they served missions in North America, since they had five monasteries in Belgium, of which St. Agatha is considered the mother-house. To these Croisier Canons belongs the privilege, granted to them by Pope Leo X and confirmed by Leo XIII, of blessing beads with an indulgence of 500 days. Their habit was formerly black, but is now a white soutane with a black scapular and a cross, white and red on the breast. In choir they wear in summer the rochet with a black almuce.[25]

The Congregatio Canonicorum Sancti Augustini is a new Protestant religious community of Canons founded in 2008 at the ecumenical Priory of St. Wigbert in Werningshausen near Erfurt in Germany.

Extinct congregations

Extinct congregations also include those of St. Rufus, founded in 1039, and once flourishing in Dauphiné; of Aroasia (Diocese of Arras, in France), founded in 1097; Marbach (1100); of the Holy Redeemer of Bologna, also called the Renana (1136), now united to the Lateran Congregation; of the Holy Spirit in Sassia (1198); of St. George in Alga, at Venice (1404); of Our Saviour in Lorraine, reformed in 1628 by St. Peter Fourier.

Canonesses regular

There are canonesses regular, as well as canons regular; the Apostolic origin is common to both. Communities of Canonesses Regular developed from the groups of women who took the name and the Rule of life laid down for the various congregations of canons regular. As with regard to origin and antiquity the same is to be said of orders of women both in general and in particular as of orders of men. St. Basil in his rules addresses both men and women.[3] Augustine of Hippo drew up the first general rule for communities of women in the year 423.[26]

The occupations of the canonesses consisted in the recitation of the Divine Office, the care of the church vestments, and the education of the young, particularly the daughters of the nobility. The regular canonesses, for the most part, follow the Rule of St. Augustine.[26]

Some congregations still extant include:

Influence

Among the Orders which sprang from the canonical life were the Order of Preachers or Dominicans, as well as the Order of the Most Holy trinity, or Trinitarians. St. Anthony of Padua started his religious life as a canon regular in Portugal before moving to the Franciscans.[5] St. Bruno, was originally a canon living under the Rule of Aachen for over 20 years, at the age of 51, he and several companions began a new community at the Grande Chartreuse, and founded the Carthusian Order.

See also

Notes

Specific references:

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Canons, Augnet". Augnet.org. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. 1 2 3 "Canons Regular, St. Michael's Abbey, Silverado, California". Stmichaelsabbey.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Allaria, Anthony. "Canons and Canonesses Regular." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 14 Jun. 2013". Newadvent.org. 1908-11-01. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  4. 1 2 3 "Mois, Jacob. "Spirit and Rule of St. Augustine in the Canonical Reform of the 11th – 12th Century", "Geist und Regel des hl. Augustinus in der Kanoniker-Reform des 11. – 12. Jahrhunderts", ''In Unum Congregati'' 6 (1959), Heft 1, pp. 52-59., ( tr. by Theodore J. Antry, O. Praem.), 5 May 2002" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of the Canons, Canons Regular of Saint Augustine". Newsite.augustiniancanons.org. 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  6. 1 2 3 "Egger C.R.L., Dr. Karl. "Canons Regular", ''Canonicorum Regularium Sodalitates'', Chapter III, edited by Pius Frank C.R., (Stift Vorau, Austria, 1954)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  7. ↑ Yannick Veyrenche, "Quia vos estis qui sanctorum patrum vitam probabilem renovatis... Naissance des chanoines réguliers, jusqu'à Urbain II," in Les chanoines réguliers: émergence et expansion (XIe-XIIIe siècles); actes du sixième colloque international du CERCOR, Le Puy en Velay, 19 juin-1er juillet 2006, ed. Michel Parisse (Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 2009), 30–2.
  8. 1 2 3 Weinfurter, Stefan (1977-04-01). "Neuere Forschung zu den Regularkanonikern im Deutschen Reich des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts". Historische Zeitschrift. 224 (2): 379–397. JSTOR 27620086. Translated by Theodore J. Antry, "Weinfurter, Stefan. "Recent Research on Canons Regular in the German Empire of the 11th and 12th Centuries", (translated by , O. Praem.), "Neuere Forschung zu den Regularkanonikern im deutschen Reich des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts", ''Historische Zeitschrift'' 224 (1977) pp. 379-397." (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  9. 1 2 3 "Dunford, David. "Canon." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 14 Jun. 2013". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  10. 1 2 3 "Declaration on the Canonical Life, Confederation of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, 1969". Augustiniancanons.org. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  11. ↑ Dickinson, J.C. (1951). "English Regular Canons and the Continent in the Twelfth Century". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5th ser. 1: 71–89. JSTOR 3678563. doi:10.2307/3678563.
  12. ↑ "The Catholic Parish of St. Mary and St. Petroc, Bodmin". Stmarysbodmin.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  13. ↑ "Smith, Andrew and Ratcliff, Garrett. ''The Regular Canons in the Medieval British Isles'', edited by: Janet Burton, Karen Stober, pp.115–44, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, ISBN 9782503532486". History.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  14. ↑ "Clontuskert Abbey". Lawrencetown.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  15. ↑ "Schopf, Hubert. "Augustinian Canons", (translated by Theodore J. Antry, O. Praem.), Peter Dinzelbacher und James Lester Hogg, Hrsg. ''Kulturgeschichte der christlichen Orden in Einzeldarstellungen.'' Stuttgart, Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1997. pp. 37-54." (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  16. ↑ Congrégation du Grand-Saint-Bernard "Hospice du Gd-St-Bernard:L'hospice hier et aujourd'hui (in French)
  17. ↑ Congrégation "Le bienheureux Maurice Tomay" (in French)
  18. ↑ "The American Project". Canons Regular of Saint Augustine. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  19. ↑ "Thomas a Kempis, ''The Chronicle of the Canons Regular of Mt. St. Agnes'', translated by J.P. Arthur" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  20. ↑ "History, Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception". Cricusa.com. 1913-02-11. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  21. ↑ Cf. Björn Gebert, Sankt Viktor von Paris und die Viktoriner. Institutionelle Strukturen eines mittelalterlichen Klosterverbandes, in: Anette Löffler; Björn Gebert (eds.), Legitur in necrologio victorino. Studien zum Nekrolog der Abtei Saint-Victor zu Paris (Corpus Victorinum, Instrumenta 7), Münster i.W. 2015, ISBN 978-3-402-10441-5, pp. 119-171, with a list of 42 abbeys and independent priories influenced by St. Victor in Paris until 1261 on pp. 170-171.
  22. ↑ Allaria, Anthony. "Abbey of Saint-Victor." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912
  23. ↑ "Congregations and Houses", Augustinian Canons
  24. ↑ Alexander, Fr (2011-06-09). "The priest whose asceticism killed three disciples, ''Catholic Herald'', 9 June 2011". Catholicherald.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  25. ↑ "Order of Canon Regulars of the Holy Cross". Cruzios.org. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  26. 1 2 Dunford, David. "Canoness." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 13 Oct. 2014
  27. ↑ Congregation de Notre Dame, Canonesses of St. Augustine
  28. ↑ "Our Association Worldwide", Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre
  29. ↑ The Canonesses of St Victor d' Ypres
  30. ↑ "Welcome to Boarbank Hall", Augustinian Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus
  31. ↑ "Ince Blundel Hall Nursing Home", Augustinian Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus
  32. ↑ "Canonesses Regular of St Augustine Windesheim Congregation", Association of British Contemplatives Directory

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