Lower Greensand Group

The Lower Greensand Group is a geological unit, which forms part of the underlying geological structure of southeast England. South of London in the counties of West Sussex, East Sussex and Kent, which together form the wider Weald, the Lower Greensand can usually be subdivided to formational levels with varying properties into the Atherfield Clay Formation, the Hythe Formation, the Sandgate Formation, Bargate Formation and the Folkestone Formation. In areas north and west of London, including Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire the Lower Greensand is referred to as the Woburn Sand Formation.

Lithology

The Lower Greensand typically comprises loose, unconsolidated sandstone (termed rubblestone/rubble in construction) and sands of varying grain size with subordinate amounts of siltstones, mudstones (containing smectites and similar) and limestones.

In the Weald of East Sussex the lowermost part of the group is recognised by green glauconitic clays with a basal bed of phosphate nodules. These clays are overlain by green sandy clays and silts and finally homogeneous fine grained sands.[1] The sediments are noted to become increasingly fine grained and glauconitic to the east.

Deposition

The Lower Greensand Group and the Woburn Sands Formation were deposited during the Early Cretaceous Period, which lasted for approximately 40 million years from 140 to 100 million years ago, also described as "of Aptian to Early Albian".[2] The Group is the lowermost of two geological units that take their name from their colouration due the presence of the mineral glauconite, the other being the Upper Greensand.

Engineering geology

The Lower Greensand is one of the most landslide-susceptible formations in the UK which to the year 2000 had at least 288 known occurrences in South-East England.[3] Of the formations within the Lower Greensand, the Atherfield Clay is the most prone to landslip.[4]

A common geomorphological feature at the base of the Lower Greensand is an escarpment, where the Hythe Beds overlie the Atherfield and Weald Clays, which is particularly susceptible to landslide.[5] Most slip progress is attributed to massive sandstones overlying weaker shales and clays. The back part of the slip in some locations moves vertically downwards on a rotational slip plane. This movement leaves a steep back face, or back-scar, with a toe raised to a significantly lesser extent.[4]

At ‘The Roughs’ in Kent, where a rotational slump occurred, slips in the Atherfield Clay have undermined sandstone blocks of Hythe Beds. Subsequent translational slides have developed along a shear zone at the boundary between the slip material and the undisturbed underlying Weald Clay.[3] This sort of rotational slip occurs regularly along the coastline between Hythe and Folkestone.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lake, R.D. & Shepard-Thorn, E.R. (1987) Geology of the country around Hastings and Dungeness: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheets 320 and 321. British Geological Survey, London.
  2. ↑ Hopson, P.M., Wilkinson, I.P. and Woods, M.A. (2010) A stratigraphical framework for the Lower Cretaceous of England. Research Report RR/08/03. British Geological Survey, Keyworth.
  3. 1 2 Collison , A., Wade, S., Griffiths, J. & DEHN, M. (2000) Modelling the impact of predicted climate change on landslide frequency and magnitude in SE England. Engineering Geology, 55, 205-218.
  4. 1 2 3 Codd, J.W. (2007) Analysis of the distribution and characteristics of landslips in the Weald of East Sussex. MSc dissertation, University of Brighton.
  5. ↑ Gallois, R.W. & Edmunds, M.A. (1965) British Regional Geology: The Wealden District. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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