Astrakhan

Astrakhan (in English) Астрахань (Russian)
-  City[1]  -
Clockwise: Kremlin, Cathedral of the Dormition, Exchange building, St. Vladimir's Cathedral, pond "Swan Lake", Embankment named May 1
Location of Astrakhan Oblast in Russia
Astrakhan Location of Astrakhan in Astrakhan Oblast
Coordinates: 46°21′N 48°03′E / 46.350°N 48.050°E / 46.350; 48.050Coordinates: 46°21′N 48°03′E / 46.350°N 48.050°E / 46.350; 48.050
Coat of arms	Flag
Anthem	Anthem of Astrakhan[2]
City Day	Third Sunday of September[3]
Administrative status (as of September 2014)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Astrakhan Oblast[1]
Administratively subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Astrakhan[1]
Administrative center of	Astrakhan Oblast,[4] city of oblast significance of Astrakhan[1]
Municipal status (as of October 2014)
Urban okrug	Astrakhan Urban Okrug[5]
Administrative center of	Astrakhan Urban Okrug[5]
Head[6]	Oleg Polumordvinov[7]
Representative body	City Duma[8]
Statistics
Area (2003)	208.70 km2 (80.58 sq mi)[9]
Population (2010 Census)	520,339 inhabitants[10]
- Rank in 2010	33rd
Population (January 2014 est.)	530,900 inhabitants[11]
Density	2,493/km2 (6,460/sq mi)[12]
Time zone	SAMT (UTC+04:00)[13]
Founded	1558[14]
City status since	1717[14]
Postal code(s)[15]	414000, 414004, 414006, 414008, 414009, 414011–414019, 414021, 414022, 414024–414026, 414028–414030, 414032, 414038, 414040–414042, 414044–414046, 414050–414052, 414056, 414057, 414700, 414890, 414899, 414950, 414960, 414961, 414999
Dialing code(s)	+7 8512
Official website
Astrakhan on Wikimedia Commons

Astrakhan (Russian: Астрахань; IPA: [ˈastrəxənʲ]) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on two banks of the Volga River, close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 520,339;^[10] up from 504,501 recorded in the 2002 Census^[16] and 509,210 recorded in the 1989 Census.^[17]

The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga,^[18] it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia^[19] and the Caspian capital. The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization "United Cities and Local Governments"^[20] Its population is diverse and includes one hundred ethnicities and fourteen religious denominations.^[18]

The city is located in the upper part of the Volga delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression. The distance to Moscow by road is 1,411 kilometers (877 mi).^[21]

History

Medieval history

Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta, which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde. Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan. Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395. From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate. The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city.

In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress, or kremlin, built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city.^[14]

In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War (1568–70), Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottoman army, which had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. The Ottoman Empire, though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian's fort on the Terek river.^[22] In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia, Safavid Persia, Mughal India and Khiva khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character.

Modern history

Astrakhan in the 17th century

Astrahan Kremlin on the definitive postage stamp of Russia.

For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks. Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges.

The city rebelled against the Tsar once again in 1705, when it was held by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that.

In 1711, it became the seat of a governorate, whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia. It was granted town status in 1717. In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace.

Astrakhan's kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke. Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl, they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque.

In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, thousands of people were executed by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov. Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga.^[23]

During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never effected, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow. In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht, during Case Blue, the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad. Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 100 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, the Luftwaffe attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations.

• 
  The new Musical State Theater of Opera and Ballet in Astrakhan, built 2007-2011
• 
  Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin (1700–1710)
• 
  Our Lady of Assumption (Nôtre-Dame de l'Assomption) is a Roman Catholic church in Astrakhan (1778)

In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast with the RSFSR, which was maintained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union.

Mayoral election of 2012

After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia, in a hunger strike. Substantial evidence of fraud was cited by the protesters but an official investigation failed to find significant violations.^[24] The activists from Moscow found it difficult to gain traction over the issue with local residents who, like most Russians, accept political corruption as a given that is useless to protest.^[25] The emissaries from Moscow persisted, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, drawing 5,000 to a rally on April 14.^[26]

Administrative and municipal status

Astrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast.^[4] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug.^[5]

Religion

Astrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church, its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk.

Climate

Astrakhan features a temperate continental "Aralian" semi-arid climate with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year), which determines the "Aralian" type (as opposed to the "Turkmenon" type, with the wet season during the cold months)^[27][28].

It is this even distribution of rainfall and the relatively low annual temperature that causes the city to fall under this climate category as opposed to an arid climate.

Winters tend to be cold in the city, though by Russian standards, Astrakhan features relatively balmy winters. Summers in the city can be hot, with high temperatures in excess of +40 °C (104 °F). The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.2 °C (52.6 °F) (+25.6 °C (78.1 °F) in July and −3.6 °C (25.5 °F) in January), so the climate is truly continental (amplitudes superior or equal to 21 °C (38 °F) determines continental climates, while in semi-continental climates amplitudes vary between 18 °C (32 °F) and 21 °C (38 °F)). Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar parallels in Europe and worldwide for the 46th parallel.

Education

Main building of the Astrakhan State University

Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University.

Transportation

LiAZ-5280 trolleybus

The city is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov. It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector - opened in February 2011 - Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau, Istanbul, St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north (Volgograd and Moscow), the east (Atyrau and Kazakhstan) and the south (Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg, Baku, Kiev, Brest and other towns. Public local transport is mainly provided by trolleybuses, buses and minibuses called marshrutkas.

Symbol of "Azerbaijani-Russian Friendship"

Due to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a big role in the relations of both countries as Azerbaijani government has been heavily investing into the well being of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship nature of both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan which was named "Bridge of Friendship".^[31] Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored a secondary school number 11 which carries the name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev as well as the children entertainment center named "Dream".^[32] Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrkhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delagtions on several occasions.^{[33][34][35][36]}

Notable people

• Boris Kustodiev, painter
• Joseph Deniker, naturalist and anthropologist
• Ilya Ulyanov, father of Aleksandr Ulyanov and Vladimir Lenin.
• Rinat Dasayev, association football player
• Marziyya Davudova, actress
• Velimir Khlebnikov, poet
• Emiliya Turey, handball player
• Andrei Belyanin, science fiction writer
• Dmitri Dyuzhev, actor
• Vasily Trediakovsky, academic, poet, translator
• Tamara Milashkina, soprano
• Valeria Barsova, soprano
• Maria Maksakova, Sr., mezzo-soprano

Twin towns and sister cities

Astrakhan is twinned with:

• Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran
• Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran ^[37]
• Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
• Atyrau, Kazakhstan
• Brest, Belarus
• Grand-Popo, Benin
• Ljubljana, Slovenia
• Islamabad, Pakistan

References

Notes

Sources

• Государственная Дума Астраханской области. Закон №67/2006-ОЗ от 4 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №27/2016-ОЗ от 1 июня 2016 г. «О преобразовании муниципальных образований и административно-территориальных единиц "Вязовский сельсовет", "Каменноярский сельсовет", "Село Зубовка", "Село Поды", "Село Соленое Займище", "Село Ступино", "Солодниковский сельсовет", "Старицкий сельсовет" и "Черноярский сельсовет" и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Астраханской области». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №47, 19 октября 2006 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. Law #67/2006-OZ of October 4, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Astrakhan Oblast, as amended by the Law #27/2016-OZ of June 1, 2016 On the Transformation of the Municipal Formations and the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Vyazovsky Selsoviet", "Kamennoyarsky Selsoviet", "Selo of Zubovka", "Selo of Pody", "Selo of Solenoye Zaymishche", "Selo of Stupino", "Solodnikovsky Selsoviet", "Staritsky Selsoviet", and "Chernoyarsky Selsoviet" and on Amending Several Legislative Acts of Astrakhan Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication have passed.).
• Государственная Дума Астраханской области. Закон №43/2004-ОЗ от 6 августа 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №27/2016-ОЗ от 1 июня 2016 г. «О преобразовании муниципальных образований и административно-территориальных единиц "Вязовский сельсовет", "Каменноярский сельсовет", "Село Зубовка", "Село Поды", "Село Соленое Займище", "Село Ступино", "Солодниковский сельсовет", "Старицкий сельсовет" и "Черноярский сельсовет" и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Астраханской области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Астраханские известия", №34, 12 августа 2004 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. Law #43/2004-OZ of August 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District, as amended by the Law #27/2016-OZ of June 1, 2016 On the Transformation of the Municipal Formations and the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Vyazovsky Selsoviet", "Kamennoyarsky Selsoviet", "Selo of Zubovka", "Selo of Pody", "Selo of Solenoye Zaymishche", "Selo of Stupino", "Solodnikovsky Selsoviet", "Staritsky Selsoviet", and "Chernoyarsky Selsoviet" and on Amending Several Legislative Acts of Astrakhan Oblast. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).
• Городская Дума муниципального образования "Город Астрахань". Решение №24 от 31 марта 2016 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"», в ред. Решения №20 от 21 марта 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"». Вступил в силу 22 апреля 2016 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Астраханский вестник", №15, 21 апреля 2016 г. (City Duma of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan". Decision #24 of March 31, 2016 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan", as amended by the Decision #20 of March 21, 2017 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan". Effective as of April 22, 2016 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
• Государственная Дума Астраханской области. №21/2007-ОЗ 9 апреля 2007 г. «Устав Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №34/2017-ОЗ от 13 июля 2017 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 16 Устава Астраханской области». Вступил в силу 30 апреля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №18, 19 апреля 2007 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. #21/2007-OZ April 9, 2007 Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, as amended by the Law #34/2017-OZ of July 13, 2017 On Amending Article 16 of the Charter of Astrakhan Oblast. Effective as of April 30, 2007 (with the exception of several clauses).).
• Городской Совет города Астрахани. Решение №123 от 1 ноября 2000 г. «Об утверждени гимна города Астрахани». (City Council of the City of Astrakhan. Decision #123 of November 1, 2000 On Adopting the Anthem of the City of Astrakhan. ).

External links

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Astrakhan.

• Astrakhan travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website of Astrakhan (in Russian)
• Photos and sights of Astrakhan
• Old photos of Astrakhan

Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast
Administrative center: Astrakhan
Cities and towns	Akhtubinsk Kamyzyak Kharabali Narimanov Znamensk
Districts	Akhtubinsky Chernoyarsky Ikryaninsky Kamyzyaksky Kharabalinsky Krasnoyarsky Limansky Narimanovsky Privolzhsky Volodarsky Yenotayevsky