Assassination of Kim Jong-nam

Assassination of Kim Jong-nam
Location Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2, Malaysia
Date 13 February 2017 (2017-02-13)
Target Kim Jong-nam
Weapons VX nerve agent
Deaths 1
Victim Kim Jong-nam
Suspected perpetrators
 Rhi Ji-hyon,
Hong Song-hac,
O Jong-gil,
Ri Jae-nam
Inquiry Ongoing

The assassination of Kim Jong-nam (Chosŏn'gŭl: 김정남; Hancha: 金正男) occurred on 13 February 2017 when two women attacked him with VX nerve agent, a lethal chemical weapon, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. Kim was the eldest son of deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and the half-brother of current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. The assassination is under investigation but is widely believed to have been ordered by the North Korean government.

Attack at the airport

On 13 February 2017, Kim was attacked by two women[1] with VX nerve agent at klia2, the low-cost carrier terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport,[2] Malaysia during his return trip to Macau. VX is a chemical weapon banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, which North Korea has not ratified. North Korea is suspected of holding a stockpile.[3][4][5][6]

Malaysian police said that Kim had alerted a receptionist, saying "someone had grabbed him from behind and splashed a liquid on his face" and that a woman "covered [Kim's] face with a cloth laced with a liquid".[7] Kim died while being transferred from the airport to the Putrajaya Hospital.[1][8][9]

As he was travelling under the pseudonym "Kim Chol", Malaysian officials did not immediately formally confirm that Kim Jong-nam was the man killed.[6][10] Kim's extensive Facebook usage under this pseudonym since at least 2010, and usage of commercial email services for communications, may have made it easier for North Korean agents to seek his whereabouts and track his movements.[11]

On 14 February Malaysian police arrested a 28-year-old Vietnamese woman named Đoàn Thị Hương at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in connection with the attack.[10] Hương was identified through CCTV footage.[12] On 16 February, a 25-year-old Indonesian woman named Siti Aisyah was arrested and identified as the second female suspect.[13] Aisyah's boyfriend, a 26-year-old Malaysian named Muhammad Farid Bin Jalaluddin, was also arrested to assist in the investigation.[14]

Hương told the police that she was instructed by four men who were travelling with them to spray Kim with an unidentified liquid while Aisyah held and covered his face with a handkerchief as part of a prank. She claimed that after she returned to look for the others, they had disappeared, and thus she decided to head back to the airport the next day.[15]

On 17 February, police arrested a 46-year-old North Korean man named Ri Jong-chol.[16][17] He was described as an IT worker living in Malaysia.[18]

South Korean response

Kim Myung-yeon, a spokesperson for South Korea's ruling party, described the killing as a "naked example of Kim Jong-un's reign of terror".[19]

The South Korean government accused the North Korean government of being the responsible party for conducting Kim Jong-nam's assassination, and drew a parallel with the execution of Kim Jong-un's own uncle and others.[20][21] The government later held an emergency security council meeting in which they condemned the murder of Kim Jong-nam.[22]

The acting President of South Korea, Hwang Kyo-ahn, said that if the murder of Kim Jong-nam was confirmed to be masterminded by North Korea, that would clearly depict the brutality and inhumanity of the Kim Jong-un regime.[22]

Autopsy

North Korean diplomats objected to any form of autopsy being conducted on Kim's body,[12] but the autopsy proceeded as they did not submit a formal protest.[14] A post-mortem on Kim was conducted on 15 February at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital mortuary in the presence of several North Korean officials,[23] and concluded the following day, formally confirming the identity of Kim's body.[14]

Following Malaysia's refusal to release the body immediately, North Korea's ambassador Kang Chol accused Malaysia of collaborating with the country's enemies over the assassination of Kim Jong-nam.[24] The ambassador said they would reject the outcome of the post-mortem conducted "on its citizen without permission" and perceived the decision as a "violation of human rights", and thus would lodge a complaint to the International Court of Justice (ICJ).[16] The ambassador was summoned by the government of Malaysia on 20 February, while the Malaysian ambassador to North Korea was recalled.[25] The ambassador then responded that they cannot trust the investigation by Malaysian police, noting there had been no evidence of the cause of death even a week after the attack. He also proposed that North Korea and Malaysia should open a joint investigation together in order to prevent influence from South Korea which, he said, is trying to malign North Korea as the party responsible for the killing.[26] Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak responded to the ambassador that his country will be objective in the investigation and assured the North Korean side that they do not have reason to paint North Korea in a bad light while rejecting the request for joint investigation.[27][28] On 22 February, Malaysian police said there was evidence of an attempted break-in at the mortuary where Kim's body was being held.[29]

On 24 February, Malaysia's police chief Khalid Abu Bakar announced that a post-mortem toxicology report had found traces of the nerve agent VX on Kim's face.[4] According to experts, the use of VX gas may explain why two assailants were involved, because each assailant "could have wiped two or more precursors" in Kim's face.[3] This is referred to as a binary chemical weapon.[30][31] This method could ensure that the assailants were not themselves killed by the poison, which can be fatal in very small amounts; additionally, smuggling the chemical components into Malaysia separately could have helped avoid detection.[3][30][32] Aisyah reported she vomited in the taxi afterward and has continued to feel unwell.[8] Chemical weapons experts Jean-Pascal Zanders and Richard Guthrie noted that the reported effects were not entirely consistent with the potency of VX – Jong-Nam was able to walk to the medical station without suffering spasms, paramedics were not affected, the assailants survived, and there were no other reports of injury even though the scene of the attack was not cleaned for over a week. VX degrades rapidly in storage and North Korea's supplies are believed to be several years old, which could explain the apparent weakness of the chemical.[33]

The North Korean government rejected all findings, accused the Malaysian police of "fabricating evidence" in collusion with South Korea and demanded the release of the three people being held in connection with the death.[34]

On 10 March, police completed the autopsy, confirming that the body belonged to Kim Jong-nam based from DNA provided by his son Kim Han-sol,[35] and the body was handed to the Ministry of Health for further action.[36] The Health Ministry said they would then give Kim's family two to three weeks to claim his body,[37] with the body having been embalmed to preserve it during the period.[38] The family however declined to take the body and gave the Malaysian authorities permission to manage the remains.[39] Over objections of Kim Han-sol, the body was flown to Pyongyang on 31 March.[40]

North Korean–Malaysian dispute

On 28 February, the North Korean government dispatched a high level delegation to Malaysia.[41] North Korea said the claim that VX nerve agent was used to kill one of its citizens is "absurd" and lacked scientific basis, portraying it as an allegation jointly made by the United States and South Korea to tarnish its image,[42] adding that the death was caused by a "heart attack" as Kim Jong-nam has a record of heart disease. The North Koreans stressed that if it was indeed caused by the chemical it should be proven by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[43] Malaysian police immediately rejected the North Korean claims.[44] However, in a statement released by the Malaysian Foreign Ministry, the country said it was already co-operating with OPCW.[45][6]

Malaysia announced that from 6 March they will cancel visa-free entry for North Koreans, citing "security issues".[46] On 4 March, the North Korean ambassador Kang Chol was declared "persona non grata" and asked to leave within 48 hours,[47] with a similar move having been imposed by North Korea towards the Malaysian ambassador.[48] The North Korean authorities also reacted on 7 March by barring all Malaysian citizens in North Korea from leaving.[49] Malaysian authorities imposed reciprocal measures, prohibiting North Korean citizens from leaving Malaysia.[50]

On 30 March, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak said that all Malaysians in North Korea as well as North Koreans in Malaysia would be allowed to return to their home countries after the receipt of a letter from Kim's family requesting his remains be returned to North Korea.[51]

Further investigations

The two female suspects had been in Malaysia for some time. Aisyah had travelled to Malaysia with some friends to celebrate her 25th birthday.[52] After Hương and Aisyah were arrested, they claimed they thought they were participating in a prank.[53] According to both suspects, they were told to spray people in the vicinity with baby oil, one target being Kim Jong-nam.[54] The pair were promised U$100, but, losing contact with their handlers, they never received the money.[55]

According to their lawyers, Hương was recruited in December 2016, while Aisyah was recruited in January 2017 by a Malaysian scout working for the North Koreans. The women were handled by separate teams of North Korean men, who posed as being from Japan and China, one of the recruiters being Ri Ji-u.[55] Since their recruitment, Aisyah had performed the prank on at least 10 occasions. She was flown to Phnom Penh to perform the prank three times with an offer of U$200, while Hương performed it four times in locations including the airport terminals and Mandarin Oriental hotel in Kuala Lumpur.[55]

On 19 February, Malaysian police named four more North Korean suspects.[56] They were identified as Rhi Ji-hyon (aged 33), Hong Song-hac (34), O Jong-gil (55) and Ri Jae-nam (57), all of whom left Malaysia after the attack, and the Malaysian police requested help from Interpol and other relevant authorities in tracking them.[57] According to an unnamed source, the four suspects flew to Jakarta, Dubai and Vladivostok before reaching Pyongyang.[58][59] Three other male North Korean suspects were still in Malaysia: Ri Ji-u, who had lived in Malaysia for three years; Kim Uk-il, an employee in Air Koryo; Hyon Kwang-song, the second secretary at the North Korean embassy.[60][61] These suspects had taken refuge in the North Korean embassy.[62][63]

On 22 February, Malaysian police inspector-general Khalid Abu Bakar said that the killing was "a planned effort" and that the two women arrested had been trained to carry out the attack and had repeatedly rehearsed it together at Pavilion Kuala Lumpur and Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC).[61] Khalid also said that the women apparently admitted that they knew they were handling poisonous substances,[61][64] That same day, an unnamed Malaysian man believed to be a chemist was picked up by police during a raid on a condominium where he then led police to another condominium where various chemicals were seized.[65]

On 28 February, both women were charged with murder, which carries a mandatory death sentence.[54][66] A lawyer for Hương requested a second autopsy as he doubted Malaysian expertise, calling for experts from Japan and Iraq as well pathologists from North Korea itself to be involved.[67] The Malaysian police responded by telling the lawyer to appeal to the high court.[68]

On 3 March, the only detained North Korean suspect, Ri Jong-chol, was released and deported due to lack of evidence.[69] While in transit through China, he told the media that the Malaysian police threatened to hurt his family if he did not confess his involvement in the murder and said his arrest was part of a "conspiracy".[70][71] Malaysian police strongly denied his allegation.[72][73]

On 16 March, Interpol issued a red notice for the four North Korean suspects who had fled to Pyongyang.[74] The three North Korean suspects, Ri Ji-u, Kim Uk-il and Hyon Kwang-song, who were holed up in the North Korean embassy in Malaysia, were released on 30 March and allowed to return home after investigators interviewed them and cleared them of any wrongdoing.[75]

References

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