Asia Television

Asia Television Limited
亞洲電視公司
Limited company
Industry Mass media
Predecessor Rediffusion Television
Founded 29 May 1957 (as Rediffusion Television)
24 September 1982 (as ATV)
Defunct 2 April 2016 (over-the-air transmission)
24 April 2017 (company)
Headquarters 25–31 Dai Shing Street,
Tai Po Industrial Estate,
Tai Po, Hong Kong
Key people
 Wang Zheng (Main investor)
Ip Ka-po (Former Executive Director)
Owner
  • Wong Ben Koon (52%)
  • Antenna Investment (48%)

[1]

Number of employees
 9 (as of April 2017)
Subsidiaries ATV Enterprises Ltd
ATV International Promotion Ltd
hkatv.com Ltd
ATV Films Entertainment Ltd
ATV Music Ltd
Website hkatv.com (dead link)
Asia Television
Traditional Chinese 亞洲電視
Simplified Chinese 亚洲电视
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 亞視
Simplified Chinese 亚视

Asia Television (Chinese: 亞洲電視有限公司, also known as ATV, stylised "aTV" since 8 October 2007) was a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong. Established as the first television service in Hong Kong as Rediffusion Television(Chinese: 麗的電視/麗的映聲) on 29 May 1957, it shifted to terrestrial television on 30 November 1973, and was renamed Asia Television on 24 September 1982. ATV operated two main over-the-air channels: the Cantonese-language ATV Home, and ATV World.

Despite its relatively small market share, ATV received numerous awards for its programmes. One of its successes was the local version of the British game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2001, which allowed ATV to enjoy a short-term upturn in its viewing figures. After 2000, ATV faced a gradual decline in production quality and viewership, as well as financial difficulties—a process hastened under the leadership of Wang Zheng. ATV's credibility was severely damaged in 2011 after its news department had falsely reported that Jiang Zemin had died.[2]

On 1 April 2015, Hong Kong's Executive Council announced that ATV's broadcast license would not be renewed. ATV ceased over-the-air transmission on 1 April 2016.[3] ATV planned to continue its business as satellite and online broadcaster,[4] but their web site is no longer active.

History

Early years

Rediffusion Television (RTV), the predecessor to ATV, began as a wired radio broadcasting service in 1949.[5] The original office was located on Arsenal Street and Hennessy Road. It launched its subscription-based TV service on 29 May 1957. In 1959, Rediffusion was moved to the offices that was occupied by Fortis Bank Tower.

In 1962, Typhoon Wanda passed over Hong Kong, resulting in hundreds of deaths. Following the passage of Wanda, Rediffusion broadcast the first-ever fund-raising special. The first televised artiste course broadcast was in 1966 under the title, "Ying Li's voice."

In October 1968, new shows were broadcast on Rediffusion, including variety, sports, and other leisure of interest that attracted more viewers. The most notable show at that time was "Master Q". It also led the trend in acquiring Japanese anime shows, including Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in 1966.[6]

Rediffusion was given a free-to-air television broadcasting licence in 1973 by the Hong Kong Government, which had switched to using the wireless television. Rediffusion (later ATV) and TVB (launched on 19 November 1967) have since formed a duopoly in free-to-air terrestrial TV broadcasting in Hong Kong for more than 40 years.[7] A third broadcaster, Commercial Television, entered the market in September 1975, but in the face of intense competition from the two rival broadcasters, ceased transmissions in August 1978.[8]

In 1976, the Hong Kong government introduced Mark Six, a new lottery system that was broadcast twice a week on Rediffusion. The first host of that show was Chun Chau Ha[9] or Xia Chunqiu (夏春秋).

Development

In 1981, Rediffusion in the UK sold 61% of its shares in RTV to an Australian consortium. In July 1982, a Chinese enterprise called Far East Group (遠東機構), owned by the Chiu family, took a stake in the company, such that Far East Group and the Australian consortium each held 50% of RTV's shares. The move marked the first time that a Chinese enterprise had played a role in RTV. RTV was renamed "Asia Television" later in the same year.[10] The company that operated ATV frequently recorded losses, and in January 1984, following the withdrawal of the Australian enterprise, the Chiu family bought all of the shares.

In August 1987, the shares of ATV were put up for sale. One year later, Asia Television Limited, the Lim family (led by Lim Por-yen), and the New World Group each owned one-third of the shares. At that time, the members of board of directors included Deacon Chiu, Lim Por-yen, Fang Li and Cheng Yu-tung.

On 30 January 1989, the Chiu family sold its shares of ATV to New World Group and Lai Sun Group for HK$237.5 million. The New World Group held half of the shares, while the Lam family owned one-third and Lai Sun held one-sixth. At the same time, Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM) joined as a minority shareholder. As announced by the board of directors, the new chairman was Cheng Yue-tung and the vice-chairman was Lim Por Yen. The Administrative Director was Selina Chow.

Ownership shift

In November 2002, Lai Sun Development, which was heavily indebted following the HK$7 billion acquisition of the Furama Hotel at the height of the property bubble in 1997, announced that it would sell its 32.75% stake to the company's chief executive, Chan Wing-kee (陳永棋), for HK$360 million in cash.[11]

In June 2007, Chan, along with Liu Changle (劉長樂), chairman of Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings Limited, established a company that later bought most of ATV's shares. Afterwards, Chan Wing-kei took the post of Administrative Director General. With the change of shareholder, there was innovation in the direction of production, marketing strategy, and human resources. One of the significant changes is the increasing purchase of foreign programmes, such as the South Korean Drama Autumn in My Heart.

In December 2008, City Telecom chairman Ricky Wong Wai Kay was assigned as new the chief executive while former PCCW deputy chairman Linus Cheung Wing-lam became executive chairman.[12] After just 2 weeks Ricky Wong resigned from his position due to many factors.[13] In early 2009, Taiwanese billionaire Tsai Eng-Meng signed a preliminary agreement to become a key shareholder of Alnery, a company that controls 47.58% of ATV.[14] Tsai has agreed to inject HK$1 billion in the form of convertible bonds.[15] Tsai and Payson Cha have since debated over control of the station.[16]

Decline

Hong Kong's other main television broadcaster, TVB, was regarded as the driving force behind ATV's decision to transform its pay TV operation to terrestrial TV broadcasting. For many years, TVB has been the predominant ratings leader in Hong Kong, its programmes often capturing 90–95% of viewing audience. In the last round, ATV had its licence renewed in December 2004 for another 12 years. Under the new terms of the licence, the Broadcasting Authority required that ATV World provide bilingual subtitles on news, weather and current affairs shows, educational shows, and public service announcements, as well as more cultural and arts shows.[17] In its final years, viewing figures for ATV Home had fallen sharply, as the TV station has begun to cater more to the interests of the mainland Chinese audience, who could now legally receive the channel. In the Pearl River Delta area of China, ATV used to enjoy a 70% ratings share in the late 90s, largely due to rebroadcasting rights. The ratings share has since reduced to 2–3%. The shift resulted in Hong Kong viewers complaining that programmes aired on the channel are "old-fashioned" and not in tune with the preferences of the Hong Kong TV audience.

In 2010, Chinese property businessman Wang Zheng became known as ATV's "major shareholder" and began to exercise actual control over the board of directors when his relative-in-law Wong Ben Koon, who is a Hong Kong resident, purchased 52% of ATV's shares from Cha's brothers and other shareholders, although Wang himself was not a member of the board.[18] This is believed by observers to bypass Hong Kong's broadcasting regulations, which forbid non-Hong Kong residents to own and control local television stations.[19] Stating his plan to shape ATV into "Asia's CNN" and "Hong Kong's conscience",[20] Wang replaced the production of television drama series with talk shows, which contributed to further loss of ATV's audience and advertisers.[19]

On 6 July 2011, ATV News falsely reported the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. Wang Zheng, at that time rumoured to be a distant relative of Jiang, was believed to be the source. The Communications Authority fined ATV for HK$300,000 for the false news report, and later another HK$1 million after concluding Wang Zheng had been unlawfully interfering with ATV's management. Wang's cousin James Shing Pan-yu was forced to quit his role as executive director.[19] ATV came under heavy pressure from the community, when its ATV Focus smeared anti-Moral and National Education pupils and when it broadcast a live show of Wang leading a group of artists dancing in front of the Central Government Offices to call for the government not to issue new free-to-air licences.[19]

On 19 June 2013, the Hop Chung Tourist Car Company – a long-time transport contractor of ATV – filed a lawsuit asking the High Court to wind up ATV over unpaid bills totalling HK$900,000. ATV executive director James Shing denied the station was experiencing financial problems.[21] In 2014, the court ruled in Tsai's favour that Wang Zheng was responsible for ATV's business failure, and appointed Deloitte to seek a white knight to take over Wong Ben-koon's controlling shares.[19]

ATV had also failed to pay wages to its employees;[22] at the end of December 2014, the company said it would shortly pay half the back wages of its staff for the month of September.[23] By early January, the company was still owing the balance of salaries outstanding since November, and there were a number of terminations and redundancies as a result of the operating difficulties. ATV and its executive director Ip Ka-po received 34 prosecution notices from the Labour Department concerning unpaid wages from July through September.[22] In late-January 2015, the company, still facing liquidity issues, controversially advanced the outstanding salaries for December on condition that employees signed a loan agreement with the company belonging to the major shareholder, Wong Ben-koon.[24][25][26]

Loss of licence

On 31 March 2015, ATV announced during its evening news that its main shareholders had agreed to sell their stake in the company to Ricky Wong's Hong Kong Television Network (which was the subject of a failed bid for an over-the-air license before electing to launch as an internet television service instead).[27][28] Although he had met with ATV staff a few days prior, Wong denied that a deal had actually been made, while legislators argued that the report was intended to mislead the Executive Council into believing that ATV was in the process of addressing its financial issues.[27]

On 1 April 2015, the Executive Council ruled that it would not renew ATV's broadcasting licence. Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development Gregory So explained that ATV's performance was "unsatisfactory" and had "clearly deteriorated after the mid-term review of its licence", and that the Communications Authority "[had] serious doubts as to whether ATV would be capable of making the necessary improvements, and whether it has the financial capability to deliver its investment plans, and indeed to continue its business as a going concern." As federal law requires broadcasters to be given one years' notice in the event of license revocation, the license was provisionally extended to 1 April 2016, after which ATV is required to cease broadcasting. Concurrently, the government announced the approval of an over-the-air license to a new broadcasting company, HK Television Entertainment.[25][27] The government also allowed RTHK to take over ATV's analogue broadcast spectrum; RTHK planned to use the spectrum to broadcast an expanded version of its channel 31 service.[29][30]

On 7 February 2016, after over 200 employees resigned from the company in the previous week, ATV was forced to suspend its news programming due to a lack of staff. The broadcaster planned to restore newscasts following the Chinese New Year holiday. The Communications Authority threatened to fine ATV over the suspension, as it violated conditions of its licence requiring the daily broadcast of 15-minute evening newscasts in Cantonese and English. On 22 February 2016, the Communications Authority announced that it would issue a 30-day suspension to ATV effective April 2016 for violating licence conditions relating to news programming and missed license fee payments. Although ATV will have ceased broadcasting by then due to the expiration of its licence, the CA stated that it still issued the penalty out of fairness, because not doing so "would send a wrong message to the broadcasting sector, that a beleaguered and cash-strapped licensee would be given a carte blanche to contravene the BO and licence conditions" with few consequences.[31][32]

On 24 February 2016, the High Court of Hong Kong appointed the firm Deloitte to serve as a provisional liquidator for ATV's assets.[33] On 29 February 2016, Deloitte announced that as part of the liquidation process, all of ATV's staff would be laid off.[34] On 3 March 2016, Deloitte announced that it was in the process of winding down ATV's operations and planned to shut down the network as soon as possible. However, RTHK stated that it would not be ready to take over ATV's analogue spectrum with its new programming until 10 March at the latest. On 7 March, only a day after the layoffs took effect, China Cultural Media Group reached a deal to invest in ATV, pay outstanding staff wages for 2016, and operating costs for March, allowing the network to re-hire 160 employees to continue operating ATV in the interim. However, the outstanding wages would not be paid until 2 April. ATV spokesperson stated that the broadcaster was considering alternate outlets for its programming following the shutdown, including the internet.[29][35]

Final day of broadcast

The final program aired by ATV Home was a repeat of a special celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Miss Asia Pageant. Although a public relations manager stated that ATV was planning to broadcast one more edition of the Miss Asia Pageant prior to ATV's shutdown, former producer Wingo Ng stated that ATV did not have enough money and staff to produce such a programme.[3][36]

ATV's channels signed off shortly before midnight local time on 1 April. RTHK TV 31 and TV33 (CGTN Documentary) began broadcasting on ATV's analogue channels shortly after midnight on 2 April 2016. HKTVE also soft-launched its new digital channel, ViuTV, ahead of its formal launch on 6 April.[37][38]

Location

On 21 July 2007, ATV left its long-time home at 81 Broadcast Drive in Kowloon Tong and moved into a new facility in Tai Po. The original home was demolished in 2008–2009 and is now a residential development, called Meridian Hill.

The Tai Po production facilities cover 550,000 square feet (51,000 m2) and is three times larger than the old facilities on Broadcast Drive. The Tai Po facilities have four news studios, eight variety show and drama studios and a range of digital broadcasting facilities. The largest studio covers 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2).[39] The new HQ is the former site of the Lee Kum Kee's Hong Kong headquarters and factory operations in Hong Kong.

News operation

ATV News vehicle

ATV News was the news gathering arm of ATV. It produced daily newscasts in Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, which were seen on its Home, World, and News & Business Channels. Additional foreign news coverage was provided by CNN and CBS. The station was long recognised as pro-Beijing.[12]

Programming

ATV aired a range of television programmes, including news, infotainment, drama, and variety shows. In addition to producing its own shows, ATV acquired popular TV programmes from overseas markets to cater to changing audience tastes. Of note, ATV bought in popular TV dramas from South Korea and Mainland China for broadcast in prime time.

Channels

ATV operated six channels: the 24-hour ATV Home channel in Cantonese; the 24-hour ATV World channel in English; the 24-hour Cantonese satellite channel ATV Overseas, which was accessible in North America via satellite, and three digital DMB-T/H channels: ATV Asia, a 24-hour high-definition channel; CCTV-1, the general channel of China Central Television, China.

Prior to 1 April 2009, the following DMB-T/H channels were in operation: News & Business, a 24-hour news and finance news channel; His TV, a 24-hour sports and infotainment channel aimed at men; Her TV, a 24-hour lifestyle infotainment channel aimed at women; Plus TV, a 24-hour documentary channel; and HDTV, a 24-hour high-definition channel.

Area Served 29 May 1957 30 September 1963 1 February 1967 24 September 1982 2 February 1987 13 February 1989 4 January 2002 31 December 2007 1 April 2009 1 October 2009 1 December 2010 1 March 2011 1 April 2011 2 May 2011 1 October 2012 31 December 2012 20 January 2016 2 April 2016 2 May 2016
Local (Hong Kong) Rediffusion Television RTV Cantonese RTV1 aTV Cantonese aTV Gold aTV Home (Digital Channel 11 since Dec 2007, rebranded to aTV1 until 1 April 2009) All channels ceased broadcasting at the conclusion of ATV's license. Analogue spectrum taken over by RTHK. Digital spectrum partially taken over by ViuTV.
RTV English RTV2 aTV English aTV Diamond aTV World (Digital Channel 16 since Dec 2007, rebranded to aTV6 until 1 April 2009)
N/A aTV2[n 1] (Digital Channel 12) HD aTV (Digital Channel 12) aTV Asia (Digital Channel 12)
N/A aTV9 HDTV (Digital Channel 19)
N/A aTV3 His TV (Digital Channel 13) Vacant TVS2* (Digital Channel 13) Vacant aTV Classic (Digital Channel 13)
N/A aTV4 Her TV (Digital Channel 14) CTi Asia (Digital Channel 14) Vacant
N/A aTV5 Plus TV (Digital Channel 15) CCTV4 (Digital Channel 15) CCTV1 (Digital Channel 15)
N/A CCTV4 (Digital Channel 17) Vacant SZTV (Digital Channel 17)
Americas N/A aTV Home (America) aTV Overseas Ceased broadcasting at 1:00 PM on 1 April 2016, except for Canadian Rogers Cable Channel 809. Channel 809 on Rogers Cable ceased broadcasting.
  1. ↑ aTV2 News & Business Channel

Programmes on ATV Home

ATV produced numerous classic TV dramas, including Crocodile Tears (鱷魚淚), My Date with a Vampire, Fatherland (大地恩情), Vampire Hero (殭屍英雄), The Legend, My Date with a Vampire 2, The Legendary Fok (霍元甲), My Date with a Vampire 3, Central Affairs I and II (情陷夜中環), Vampire Expert II (殭屍道長II) and Reincarnated (天蠶變). Productions of note in 1990s include The Pride of Chaozhou (我來自潮州), Who is the Winner? (勝者為王), Who is the Winner?! 2: King of Green Bat, King of the Gambler (千王之王重出江湖), and The Good Old Days (再見艷陽天).

In the 2000s, ATV created and hosted certain large-scale award shows. The most well-known would probably be The Annual Most Popular TV Commercial Awards (十大電視廣告頒獎禮).

Other infotainment programmes like Stories From Afar (尋找他鄉的故事) ranked highly in the Appreciation Index Survey Best Television Awards (香港電視節目欣賞指數), as reflected by a public review.

Some ATV programmes, such as the entertainment news show Hong Kong Today (今日睇真D) and Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? (百萬富翁), proved particularly popular, prompting local rival TVB to offer similar fare.

Asia Television used to air the British Science Fiction Programme Doctor Who and were responsible for returning one of their copies to the BBC, when BBC Enterprises wiped many Doctor Who serials in the 1970s. The Tomb of the Cybermen returned in late 1991.

Programmes on ATV World

ATV World was one of two English-language channels that broadcast in Hong Kong. It offered a variety of programmes, mostly from the United States, ranging from popular serial dramas and films to documentaries and educational shows. Among the shows it aired are Ally McBeal (甜心俏佳人), Survivor (生還者), Smallville (超人外傳), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (滅罪鑑證科), Elizabeth I (伊利沙伯一世傳奇), CSI: Miami (鑑證行動組), Cold Case (鐵證懸案), CSI: NY (鑑證紐約), Grey's Anatomy (醫人當自強), The Closer (真相追擊), Doctor Who (異世奇人), and Ghost Whisperer (靈感應). ATV stopped carrying the talk show Late Show with David Letterman (大衛牙擦騷) as of 1 January 2009, but there was a grass-roots movement to bring it back. Arts and sports programming were also offered (e.g. local horse racing, in Chinese 賽馬直擊). Mandarin and Korean programmes were available on ATV World at off-peak hours.

ATV World's flagship English news programme was Main News and Weather Report at 7:30, provided under the collective effort of ATV News.

Given its focus on English-language programming in a predominantly Cantonese-speaking market, ATV World carried relatively little advertising and was subsidised by ATV Home. Free-to-air television companies in Hong Kong are required by the government to provide an English-language service. In the face of competition from TVB Pearl, ATV World switched focus from dramas and movies to documentaries and natural history shows, likely because such programming was less expensive to acquire. Although movies formerly aired on Saturdays, movies acquired by ATV were generally aired on Monday nights, leading to The Late News programme.

Artistes

ATV Training Institute

Asia Television Training Institute was founded to train people who are interested in joining the television industry. There are four faculties including television production, television artwork, television talent and technical production. Some of the graduates are offered work at ATV.

Actor station-hopping

Like TVB, ATV used a contract artist system, in which the station acted as both employer and booking agent. Artistes were signed to contracts which mean that they could only appear in that station's programmes; the artistes were kept on a basic wage with additional fees paid on a per episode or per appearance basis. Acting as an artiste's booking agent, the station would also have a veto in what personal appearances, endorsements and advertisements an artiste may take, demanding a cut of all fees. Artistes would also be pushed to take jobs favored by the station, with artistes who rebelled and refused being put "on ice" (Chinese: 被雪, 雪藏), or being forced to see out their contract at the basic wage, but not being used in any of station's programs and forbidden from any other work. Being put "on ice" effectively ends an artist's career until the contract lapses.

TVB is known to typecast their performers, with some always given lead roles and others always given supporting roles. As such, some actors left TVB for ATV in hopes of better opportunities, although in most cases the change of station could mean a drastic reduction in fame for the artist, as TVB is the dominant station in Hong Kong. The majority of the leading roles were actually given to veteran TVB actors. While some veteran TVB actors merely switched sides because their contract ended, some joined because they are offered better compensation and positions to veteran TVB actors. There were several known incidents where TVB had certain dramas planned and were forced to cancel or rewrite scripts because the star(s) of the role left for other opportunities and vice versa. While TVB also acquired ATV actors, the cross over was higher in frequency with TVB actors to ATV.

With the disbandment of ATV's in house drama department and the stations retreat from making its own dramas, there was no longer any work for its actors and most have since found alternative employment.

Past ATV personalities

Criticism and controversies

Hitler advertisement

In 1994, ATV controversially ran a two-page advertisement in the South China Morning Post promoting marketing opportunities, featuring a full-page picture of Adolf Hitler surrounded by members of the Hitler Youth.[40] It suggested that, had Hitler been able to advertise on ATV, he would have "been assured of total domination" and have "had them sieg heiling from Shanghai to Guangzhou" before adding that advertisers should contact the station or their advertising agency, "before you come up with your final solution".[41]

This was condemned as "extremely tasteless" by the German Consul-General, who added that the advertisement "hurts the feelings of the many victims of totalitarianism and fascism",[42] and as "outrageous" by his Israeli counterpart.[43] The United Jewish Congregation of Hong Kong also condemned it as "an insult to the memories of all of Hitler's victims".[44] However, it attracted little reaction in the Chinese language press, with only two letters of complaint in Ming Pao, one of which from the Israeli Consulate.[40]

Pro-Beijing slant

News programmes broadcast by ATV were deemed by some observers to have taken on a pro-Beijing bias, reporting news involving pro-democracy political forces in Hong Kong in a negative light. A short talk show on current affairs that airs after the six o'clock news frequently invited pro-Beijing advocates to air their views, often praising the PRC's policies and criticising pro-democratic parties, especially when these parties invoked a demonstration. There were also other pro-democratic guests, but this did not balance out the pro-Beijing bias. TVB's news programming is similarly criticised for its "pro-establishment" stance. Although the Hong Kong media has the freedom of speech, self-censorship is commonly practised at media organisations whose owners have business interests in mainland China. A shift in ownership of ATV in mid-2006 sparked concern that ATV would become even more pro-Beijing.

For example, the pro-democracy 1 July marches usually make the headline news on TVB, but ATV usually made the pro-Beijing counter protests the headline news. ATV also attempted to dilute the pro-democracy message of the marches by saying the participants have different messages.

In September 2012, there was outrage after ATV broadcast a news article claiming that opponents of Hong Kong's pro-CCP "National Education" classes for students were "destructive forces" which were backed by London and Washington and seek to "destroy Hong Kong by all possible means".[45] Members of the student advocacy group Scholarism were labelled as "naive teenagers" who have allowed themselves to be "exploited by politicians" and are ruining their own futures by "playing with politics".[46]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chow, Vivienne; Lai, Ying-kit (7 January 2015). "ATV shareholder says only a fool would invest more in station". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Chow, Vivienne; Nip, Amy; Cheung, Tony (1 April 2015). "Exco troubled broadcaster ATV's application to renew free-to-air licence". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Countdown to final ATV show begins as former stars share feelings on station’s demise". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  4. ↑ Mystery investor in talks to save off-air Hong Kong broadcaster ATV, South China Morning Post, 13 April 2016
  5. ↑ Kitley, Philip. [2003] (2003). Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29733-8
  6. ↑ 59 years in the making: how Hong Kong’s Asia Television went from a pioneering broadcaster to final death, South China Morning Post, 1 April 2016
  7. ↑ Yu, Sophie (5 November 2010). "New entrants will test TVB, ATV duopoly". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  8. ↑ Hong Kong Documentary Film, Ian Aitken, Michael Ingham, Edinburgh University Press, 2014, page 111
  9. ↑ http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=2157&display_set=eng
  10. ↑ ATV 46th Anniversary Retrospective (2003), p.34
  11. ↑ Dennis Eng, "A little less debt for ailing Lai Sun Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.", The Standard, 18 November 2002
  12. 1 2 The Standard HK. "Survival Drama Archived 13 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. The Standard. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  13. ↑ South China Morning Post. "SCMP." Outspoken, and out of a job. Retrieved on 24 December 2008.
  14. ↑ Etaiwannews.com. "etaiwannews.com." Tsai Eng-meng funds HK station. Retrieved on 3 February 2009.
  15. ↑ The Standard HK. "[Friend of ATV chief helped fix $1b deal The Standard.com]." Article. Retrieved on 2 February 2009.
  16. ↑ The Standard (HK). ""Cha accused as ATV spat flares up in public" Archived 15 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  17. ↑ English subtitles for ATV and TVB, South China Morning Post, 13 November 2002
  18. ↑ Chow, Vivienne (16 March 2010). "ATV seeks shareholding change". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Chow, Vivienne (29 March 2015). "Wong Ching, the leading man in ATV's sorry drama". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  20. ↑ Chow, Vivienne (5 November 2010). "Tycoon unveils push to make ATV Asia's CNN – and city's conscience". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "Coach firm chases ATV over unpaid bills". The Standard. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
  22. 1 2 "The Failed and Unpaid Wages Between July and September". Sina Corp.
  23. ↑ Hong Kong broadcaster ATV once more defaults on pay for its staff, South China Morning Post, 5 December 2014
  24. ↑ "Unpaid ATV staff offered loans by top shareholder". EJ Insight.
  25. 1 2 Zheng, Anjie; Steger, Isabella (1 April 2015). "Hong Kong's Oldest TV Station, ATV, to Shut Down". The Wall Street Journal.
  26. ↑ 段亚英. "Hong Kong refuses renewal of Asia Television licence". china.org.cn.
  27. 1 2 3 "Hong Kong Government Strips ATV of Broadcast License". Variety. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "Ricky Wong abandons free-TV dream for digital one with HKTV relaunch". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  29. 1 2 "ATV re-hires 160 staff to stay on air until April, Labour Sec. warns of ‘undesirable’ contracts". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  30. ↑ "RTHK invited to provide analog TV service". China Daily. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "Hong Kong’s ATV Halts News Broadcasts as Financial Crisis Deepens". Variety. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  32. ↑ "Hong Kong Gov’t Suspends ATV Broadcast License". Variety. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  33. ↑ "Hong Kong judge appoints Deloitte as provisional liquidator for beleaguered ATV". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  34. ↑ "ATV to lay off all staff". RTHK. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  35. ↑ "It’s curtains for ATV: liquidators to shut down ailing broadcaster after Hong Kong court decision cleared the way". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  36. ↑ "Miss Asia Pageant won’t be final show for ailing Hong Kong network ATV". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  37. ↑ "Farewell ATV as its survival fight ends". The Standard. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  38. ↑ "ATV, World’s Oldest Chinese TV Channel, Closes Down". Variety. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  39. ↑ "ATV greets the future as it celebrates the past". onscreenasia.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
  40. 1 2 Ad Agency Finds A Celebrity Pitcher To Upset Everybody, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 November 1994
  41. ↑ Hitler-theme Ad Sparks Furor, Asia Television, South China Morning Post Apologize, Advertising Age, 21 November 1994
  42. ↑ ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste, Wolfgang Göttelmann, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994
  43. ↑ ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste, Nachman Perel, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994
  44. ↑ ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste, Rabbi Howard Kosovske, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994
  45. ↑ 10,000 complain over ATV programme calling Scholarism a 'pawn', South China Morning Post, 5 September 2012
  46. ↑ "Hong Kong's ATV: London and. Washington behind anti-National Education protests". Shanghaiist.
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