Eruca sativa

Eruca sativa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Eruca
Species: E. sativa
Binomial name
Eruca sativa
Mill.

Eruca sativa (syn. E. vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell., Brassica eruca L.) is an edible annual plant, commonly known as rocket salad or arugula;[1] other names include rucola, rucoli, rugula, colewort, and roquette.

It is sometimes conflated with Diplotaxis tenuifolia, known as perennial wall rocket, another plant of the Brassicaceae family that is used in the same manner. Eruca sativa, which is widely popular as a salad vegetable, is a species of Eruca native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal in the west to Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey in the east.[2][3] The Latin adjective sativa in the plant's binomial is derived from satum, the supine of the verb sero, meaning "to sow", indicating that the seeds of the plant were sown in gardens. Eruca sativa differs from E. vesicaria in having early deciduous sepals.[4] Some botanists consider it a subspecies of Eruca vesicaria: E. vesicaria subsp. sativa.[4] Still others do not differentiate between the two.[5]

Other common names include garden rocket,[4] or more simply rocket (British, Australian, South African, Irish and New Zealand English),[3] and eruca.[3] The English common name, rocket, derives from the French roquette, a diminutive of the Latin word eruca, which designated an unspecified plant in the Brassicaceae family (probably a type of cabbage).[6] Arugula (/əˈruːɡələ/), the common name now widespread in the United States and Canada, entered American English from non-standard (dialect) Italian. (The standard Italian word is rucola, a diminutive of the Latin "eruca"). The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first appearance of "arugula" in American English to a 1960 New York Times article by food editor and prolific cookbook writer Craig Claiborne.[7]

Eruca sativa grows 20–100 centimetres (8–39 in) in height. The leaves are deeply pinnately lobed with four to ten small lateral lobes and a large terminal lobe. The flowers are 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) in diameter, arranged in a corymb in typical Brassicaceae fashion; with creamy white petals veined with purple, and with yellow stamens; the sepals are shed soon after the flower opens. The fruit is a siliqua (pod) 12–35 millimetres (0.5–1.4 in) long with an apical beak, and containing several seeds (which are edible). The species has a chromosome number of 2n = 22.[3][4][8]

Ecology

Eruca sativa typically grows on dry, disturbed ground and is also used as a food by the larvae of some moth species,[3][4] including the Garden Carpet moth. Eruca sativa roots are also susceptible to nematode infestation.[9]

Cultivation and history

A pungent, leafy green vegetable resembling a longer-leaved and open lettuce, Eruca sativa is rich in vitamin C and potassium.[10] In addition to the leaves, the flowers, young seed pods and mature seeds are all edible.

Flower of Eruca sativa

Grown as an edible herb in the Mediterranean area since Roman times, it was mentioned by various classical authors as an aphrodisiac,[11][12] most famously in a poem long ascribed to Virgil, Moretum, which contains the line: "et veneris revocans eruca morantuem" ("the rocket excites the sexual desire of drowsy people").[13] Some writers assert that for this reason during the Middle Ages it was forbidden to grow rocket in monasteries.[14] It was listed, however, in a decree by Charlemagne of 802 as one of the pot herbs suitable for growing in gardens.[15] Gillian Riley, author of the Oxford Companion to Italian Food, states that because of its reputation as a sexual stimulant, it was "prudently mixed with lettuce, which was the opposite" (i.e., calming or even soporific). Riley continues that "nowadays rocket is enjoyed innocently in mixed salads, to which it adds a pleasing pungency".[16]

Rocket was traditionally collected in the wild or grown in home gardens along with such herbs as parsley and basil. It is now grown commercially from the Veneto to Iowa to Brazil, and is available for purchase in supermarkets and farmers' markets throughout the world. It is also naturalised as a wild plant away from its native range in temperate regions around the world, including northern Europe and North America.[1][3] In India, the mature seeds are known as Gargeer. This is the same name in Arabic, جرجير (gargīr), but used in Arab countries for the fresh leaves.

Mild frost conditions stymie the plant's growth and turn the green leaves red.[17][18]

Uses

In Italy, raw rocket is often added to pizzas just before the baking period ends or immediately afterwards, so that it will not wilt in the heat. It is also used cooked in Apulia, in Southern Italy, to make the pasta dish cavatiéddi, "in which large amounts of coarsely chopped rocket are added to pasta seasoned with a homemade reduced tomato sauce and pecorino",[19] as well as in "many unpretentious recipes in which it is added, chopped, to sauces and cooked dishes" or in a sauce (made by frying it in olive oil and garlic) used as a condiment for cold meats and fish.[19] In the Slovenian Littoral, it is often combined with boiled potatoes,[20] used in a soup,[21] or served with the cheese burek, especially in the town of Koper. It is also used with salad, tomatoes and mozzarella cheese. In Rome, Italy rucola is used with special meat dish called straccietti that are thin slices of beef with raw rocket and Parmesan cheese.

A sweet, peppery digestive alcohol called rucolino is made from rocket on the island of Ischia in the Gulf of Naples. This liqueur is a local specialty enjoyed in small quantities following a meal in the same way as a limoncello or grappa.

In Brazil and Argentina, where its use is widespread, rocket is eaten raw in salads. A popular combination is rocket mixed with mozzarella cheese (normally made out of buffalo milk) and sun-dried tomatoes.

In Cyprus, the plant is used in salads and omelets. An omelet with arugula (Greek rokka) is common in Cypriot restaurants.

In the Gulf Countries the plant is used raw in the salads mixed with other vegetables or alone. In Eastern Saudi Arabia it is widely believed the plant has a lot of health benefits and recommended for newlywed couples.

In Egypt, the plant is commonly eaten raw as a side dish with many meals, with ful medames for breakfast, and regularly accompanies local seafood dishes.

In Turkey, similarly, the rocket is eaten raw as a side dish or salad with fish, but is additionally served with a sauce of extra virgin olive oil and lemon juice.[22]

In West Asia and Northern India, Eruca seeds are pressed to make taramira oil, used in pickling and (after aging to remove acridity) as a salad or cooking oil.[23] The seed cake is also used as animal feed.[24]

References

  1. 1 2 USDA Plants Profile: Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa
  2. ↑ Med-Checklist: Eruca sativa.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Flora of NW Europe: Eruca vesicaria
  5. ↑ "Flora Europaea Search Results". rbge.org.uk.
  6. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary
  7. ↑ Claiborne, Craig (May 24, 1960). "A Green by Any Name: Pungent Ingredient Is Cause of Confusion for City Shopper; Arugula – or Rocket – Is the Secret of Experts' Salads". The New York Times. p. 33.
  8. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. ↑ "Arugula: Arugula". smartgardener.com.
  10. ↑ NutritionData.com, Arugula, Raw
  11. ↑ Upton, Julie, RD. "7 Foods for Better Sex". Health.com. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  12. ↑ Wright, Clifford A. (2001). Mediterranean Vegetables. Harvard Common Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781558321960.
  13. ↑ Virgil, 102 Moretum: 85. Joseph J. Mooney in his 1916 English translation, "The Salad", calls it "colewort" and notes, "The Latin moretum, which is usually translated "salad", would be better called "cheese and garlic paste", i.e., pesto. See The Minor Poems of Vergil: Comprising the Culex, Dirae, Lydia, Moretum, Copa, Priapeia, and Catalepton (Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1916), scanned as part of Appendix Vergiliana: The Minor Poems of Virgil in English Translation on the website Virgil.org.
  14. ↑ Padulosi, Pignone D., Editors, Rocket: A Mediterranean Crop for the World (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute,1997), p. 41.
  15. ↑ Helen Morgenthau Fox, Gardening With Herbs for Flavor and Fragrance (1933, reprinted New York: Dover, 1970), p. 45. See also Denise Le Dantec and Jean-Pierre Le Dantec, Reading the French Garden: Story and History (MIT Press, 1998), p. 14.
  16. ↑ Gillian Riley, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 446.
  17. ↑ "The Secret of the Local Red Arugula". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  18. ↑ "Minnesota Spring". Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  19. 1 2 Reilly, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food, p. 446
  20. ↑ http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/nedeljski/1042295643
  21. ↑ "Krompirjeva juha z rukolo". zurnal24.
  22. ↑ "Oktay Usta'dan Roka Salatası Resimli Tarifi". Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  23. ↑ G.J.H. Grubben and O.A. Denton (ed.). "Vegetables". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 2. p. 295. ISBN 90-5782-147-8.
  24. ↑ Das, Srinabas; Kumar Tyagi; Harjit Kaur (2004). "Evaluation of taramira oil-cake and reduction of its glucosinolate content by different treatments". Indian journal of animal sciences. 73 (6): 687–691.
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