Artificial intelligence in healthcare

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare uses algorithms and software to approximate human cognition in the analysis of complex medical data. The primary aim of health-related AI applications is to analyze relationships between prevention or treatment techniques and patient outcomes.[1] AI programs have been developed and applied to practices such as diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized medicine and patient monitoring and care, among others. Medical institutions such as The Mayo Clinic, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center[2] and National Health Service,[3] multinational technology companies such as IBM[4] and Google[3] and startups such as Welltok and Ayasdi,[5] have created solutions currently used in the industry. Healthcare remains the top area of investment in AI as measured by venture capital deal flow.[5]

History

Research in the 1960s and 1970s produced the first problem-solving program, or expert system, known as Dendral.[6] While it was designed for applications in organic chemistry, it provided the basis for the subsequent system MYCIN,[7] considered one of the most significant early uses of artificial intelligence in medicine,.[7][8] MYCIN and other systems such as INTERNIST-1 and CASNET did not achieve routine use by practitioners however.[9]

The 1980s and 1990s brought the proliferation of the microcomputer and new levels of network connectivity, as well as the recognition by researchers and developers that AI systems in healthcare must be designed to accommodate the absence of perfect data and build on the expertise of physician users.[10] New approaches involving fuzzy set theory,[11] Bayesian networks[12] and artificial neural networks,[13][14] were created to reflect the evolved needs of intelligent computing systems in healthcare.

Medical and technological advancements occurring over this half-century period that have simultaneously enabled the growth healthcare-related applications of AI include:

Examples

IBM

IBM's Watson Oncology is in development at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic.[21] IBM is also working with CVS Health on AI applications in chronic disease treatment and with Johnson & Johnson on analysis of scientific papers to find new connections for drug development.[22]

Microsoft

Microsoft's Hanover project, in partnership with Oregon Health & Science University's Knight Cancer Institute, analyzes medical research to predict the most effective cancer drug treatment options for patients.[23] Other projects include medical image analysis of tumor progression and the development of programmable cells.[24]

Google

Google's DeepMind platform is being used by the UK National Health Service to detect certain health risks through data collected via a mobile app.[25] A second project with the NHS involves analysis of medical images collected from NHS patients to develop computer vision algorithms to detect cancerous tissues.[26]

Intel

Intel's venture capital arm Intel Capital recently invested in startup Lumiata which uses AI to identify at-risk patients and develop care options.[27]

Startups

Predictive Medical Technologies uses intensive care unit data to identify patients likely to suffer cardiac incidents.[21] Modernizing Medicine uses knowledge gathered from healthcare professionals as well as patient outcome data to recommend treatments.[28] Nimblr.ai uses an A.I. Chatbot to connect scheduling Electronic health record systems and automate the confirmation and scheduling of patients.[29]

Regulation

In May 2016, the White House announced its plan to host a series of workshops and formation of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.[30] In October 2016, the group published The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan, outlining its proposed priorities for Federally-funded AI research and development (within government and academia). The report notes a strategic R&D plan for the subfield of health information technology is in development stages.[31]

Investments from the US government in healthcare initiatives that will rely on AI[30] include its $1B proposed budget for the Cancer Moonshot[32] and $215M proposed investment in the Precision Medicine Initiative.[33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Coiera, E. (1997). Guide to medical informatics, the internet and telemedicine. Chapman & Hall, Ltd..
  2. ↑ Power, B. (2015, March 19). Artificial Intelligence Is Almost Ready for Business. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/03/artificial-intelligence-is-almost-ready-for-business
  3. 1 2 Bloch-Budzier, S. (2016, November 22). NHS using Google technology to treat patients. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38055509
  4. ↑ Lorenzetti, L. (2016, April 5). Here's How IBM Watson Health is Transforming the Health Care Industry. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/ibm-watson-health-business-strategy/
  5. 1 2 CB Insights Artificial Intelligence report. (2016, June 28). Retrieved from https://www.cbinsights.com/reports/CB-Insights-Artificial-Intelligence-Webinar.pdf
  6. ↑ Lindsay, R. K., Buchanan, B. G., Feigenbaum, E. A., & Lederberg, J. (1993). DENDRAL: a case study of the first expert system for scientific hypothesis formation. Artificial intelligence, 61(2), 209-261.
  7. 1 2 Clancey, W. J., & Shortliffe, E. H. (1984). Readings in medical artificial intelligence: the first decade. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc..
  8. ↑ Bruce, G., Buchanan, B. G., & Shortliffe, E. D. (1984). Rule-based expert systems: the MYCIN experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project.
  9. ↑ Duda, R. O., & Shortliffe, E. H. (1983). Expert systems research. Science, 220(4594), 261-268.
  10. ↑ Miller, R. A. (1994). Medical diagnostic decision support systems—past, present, and future. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 1(1), 8-27.
  11. ↑ Adlassnig KP. A fuzzy logical model of' computer-assisted medical diagnosis. Methods Inf Med. 1980; 19:14
  12. ↑ Reggia, J. A., & Peng, Y. (1987). Modeling diagnostic reasoning: a summary of parsimonious covering theory. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 25(2), 125-134.
  13. ↑ Baxt, W. G. (1991). Use of an artificial neural network for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Annals of internal medicine, 115(11), 843-848.
  14. ↑ Maclin, P. S., Dempsey, J., Brooks, J., & Rand, J. (1991). Using neural networks to diagnose cancer. Journal of medical systems, 15(1), 11-19.
  15. ↑ Koomey, J., Berard, S., Sanchez, M., & Wong, H. (2011). Implications of historical trends in the electrical efficiency of computing. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 33(3), 46-54.
  16. ↑ Dinov, I. D. (2016). Volume and value of big healthcare data. Journal of medical statistics and informatics, 4.
  17. ↑ Barnes, B., & Dupré, J. (2009). Genomes and what to make of them. University of Chicago Press.
  18. ↑ Jha, A. K., DesRoches, C. M., Campbell, E. G., Donelan, K., Rao, S. R., Ferris, T. G., ... & Blumenthal, D. (2009). Use of electronic health records in US hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(16), 1628-1638.
  19. ↑ Banko, M., & Brill, E. (2001, July). Scaling to very very large corpora for natural language disambiguation. In Proceedings of the 39th annual meeting on association for computational linguistics (pp. 26-33). Association for Computational Linguistics.
  20. ↑ Dougherty, G. (2009). Digital image processing for medical applications. Cambridge University Press.
  21. 1 2 Cohn, Jonathan. "The Robot Will See You Now." The Atlantic, March 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/03/the-robot-will-see-you-now/309216/.
  22. ↑ Spear, Andrew. "From Cancer to Consumer Tech: A Look Inside IBM's Watson Health Strategy." Fortune, April 5, 2016. http://fortune.com/ibm-watson-health-business-strategy/.
  23. ↑ Bass, Dina. "Microsoft Develops AI to Help Cancer Doctors Find the Right Treatments." Bloomberg, September 20, 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-20/microsoft-develops-ai-to-help-cancer-doctors-find-the-right-treatments.
  24. ↑ Knapton, Sarah. "Microsoft Will 'Solve' Cancer within 10 Years by 'Reprogramming' Diseased Cells." The Telegraph, September 20, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/09/20/microsoft-will-solve-cancer-within-10-years-by-reprogramming-dis/.
  25. ↑ Bloch-Budzier, Sarah. "NHS Using Google Technology to Treat Patients." BBC News, November 22, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38055509.
  26. ↑ Lee, Chris Baraniuk, Dave. "Google DeepMind Targets NHS Head and Neck Cancer Treatment." BBC News, August 31, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37230806.
  27. ↑ Primack, Dan. "Intel Capital Cancels $1 Billion Portfolio Sale." Fortune, May 26, 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/05/26/intel-capital-cancels-1-billion-portfolio-sale/.
  28. ↑ Hernandez, Daniela. "Artificial Intelligence Is Now Telling Doctors How to Treat You." WIRED, June 2, 2014. https://www.wired.com/2014/06/ai-healthcare/.
  29. ↑ Proffitt, Cas "Top 10 Artificially Intelligent Personal Assistants." Disruptor Daily, Mar 8, 2017. http://www.disruptordaily.com/top-10-artificially-intelligent-personal-assistants/
  30. 1 2 Felten, Ed. "Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence." Whitehouse.gov, May 3, 2016. https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence.
  31. ↑ "The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan." Office of Science and Technology Policy, October 16, 2016. https://www.nitrd.gov/PUBS/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf.
  32. ↑ Office of the Press Secretary. "At Cancer Moonshot Summit, Vice President Biden Announces New Actions to Accelerate Progress Toward Ending Cancer As We Know It." Whitehouse.gov, June 28, 2016. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/28/fact-sheet-cancer-moonshot-summit-vice-president-biden-announces-new.
  33. ↑ Office of the Press Secretary. "President Obama's Precision Medicine Initiative." Whitehouse.gov, January 30, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-precision-medicine-initiative.
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