Article 41-bis prison regime

In Italian law, Article 41-bis of the Prison Administration Act (also known as Italy's "hard prison regime") is a provision that allows the Minister of Justice or the Minister of the Interior to suspend certain prison regulations. Currently it is used against people imprisoned for particular crimes: Mafia involvement; drug-trafficking; homicide; aggravated robbery and extortion; kidnapping; importation, buying, possession or cession of huge amounts of drugs; and crimes committed for terrorism or for subversion of the constitutional system.[1] It is suspended only when a prisoner co-operates with the authorities, when a court annuls it, or when a prisoner dies. The Surveillance Court of Rome is the court competent on nationwide level on appeals against the 41-bis decree.[2]

Restrictive measures

The system was essentially intended to cut inmates off completely from their original milieu and to separate them from their former criminal associates. Measures normally include bans on:

as well as restrictions on visits from members of the family (once per month and visitors are only allowed to communicate by intercom through thick glass). [3][4]

History

Article 41-bis was introduced in 1975 (Prison Administration Act, Law no. 354 of July 26, 1975)[5] as an emergency measure to deal with prison unrest and revolts during the years of lead (Italian: anni di piombo), characterized by widespread social conflicts and terrorism acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. On 8 June 1992, after the killing of judge Giovanni Falcone by the Sicilian Mafia, it was modified (confirmed in Law no. 356 of 7 August 1992)[5] and the new article stipulated that restrictive measures could be implemented when there was "serious concern over the maintenance of order and security." The aim was to prevent association, and therefore the exchange of messages, between Mafia prisoners and to break the chain of command between Mafia bosses and their subordinates.[4]

In the days following the killing of Falcone’s colleague Paolo Borsellino, 400 imprisoned Mafia bosses were transferred by helicopter and military transport aircraft from Palermo’s Ucciardone prison to top security prisons on the mainland at Ascoli Piceno and Cuneo, and to the island prisons of Pianosa and Asinara, where the severity of the 41-bis regime was accentuated by geographical remoteness.[4]

Over the years, the 41-bis system has gradually been relaxed, in response to domestic court decisions or the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) recommendations to ensure appropriate contacts and activities for prisoners subject to that regime. When first implemented, section 41-bis also empowered the Minister of Justice to censor all of a prisoner’s correspondence, including that with lawyers and organs of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Court affirmed that under the exceptional regime of art. 41-bis there is an unlawful interference with the right to correspondence ex art. 8 of ECHR, since restrictions to constitutional rights can be determined only by means of a reasoned judicial decision and never by means of a Ministerial Decree.[3]

In 2002, the measure became a permanent fixture in the penal code. Amnesty International has expressed concern that the 41 bis regime could in some circumstances amount to "cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment" for prisoners.[6][7]

Mafia protests

In June 2002, some 300 Mafia prisoners declared a hunger strike, calling for an end to the isolation conditions and objecting to parliament's Antimafia Commission proposal to extend the measure. Apart from refusing prison food, the inmates had been constantly banging the metalwork of their cells.[8][9][10] After the protest began in Marina Picena prison in central Italy – the prison's inmates include Salvatore Riina, the reputed "boss of bosses" – it spread rapidly across the country, in spite of inmates supposedly having no way to contact one another. Mobsters of different ranks in eight prisons had joined in.[9]

According to an American judge in October 2007 the 41-bis prison regime was designed to physically and psychologically compel criminals to reveal information about the Sicilian Mafia and constituted "coercion … not related to any lawfully imposed sanction or punishment, and thus constitutes torture." The judge based his ruling on the United Nations Convention Against Torture.[11][12]

European Court of Human Rights

On November 27, 2007, the European Court of Human Rights held that the application of so-called 41 bis regime breached two articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, namely Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair hearing), and Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life). The court did not find against the regime as a whole, but re-affirmed the right to uncensored correspondence with lawyers and human-rights groups. The ruling was in response to a suit filed by Santo Asciutto, a member of the notorious Calabrian crime syndicate 'Ndrangheta, who is serving a life sentence for murder.[7][13] In the case Enea vs. Italy on September 17, 2009 the court found that there had been breaches of his right to a fair hearing, and to respect for his correspondence. He was awarded some legal costs but no damages.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Long Distance Proceedings Through Videoconference: The Italian Experience Archived June 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Justice (Italy) at the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Vienna, April 10–11, 2000
  2. ↑ "Response of the Italian Government to the report of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) on its visit to Italy". European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Council of Europe. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2011. The responsibility to decide on complaints against the ministerial decree setting the 41bis regime has been given to the Supervisory Court in Rome, in order to avoid conflicting verdicts on this issue by the territorial Supervisory Courts being in the past entrusted to decide, depending on the territorial penitentiary at which the prisoner under 41 bis had been placed; the term to lodge a complaint has been extended from ten to twenty days, though such complaint does not suspend the execution of the relevant measure.
  3. 1 2 Strasbourg court jurisprudence and human rights in Italy: An overview of litigation, implementation and domestic reform Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Juristras State of the Art Report by Marcello Flores, Anna Cesano & Sara Valentina Di Palma, University of Siena
  4. 1 2 3 Jamieson, The Antimafia, p. 45-46
  5. 1 2 Case of Enea v. Italy, Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights, 17 September 2009
  6. ↑ Amnesty International Report 2003 - Italy, Amnesty International, May 28, 2003
  7. 1 2 Italy condemned for tough jail conditions, ANSA, January 16, 2008
  8. ↑ Jailed Mafia bosses refuse food, BBC News, July 9, 2007
  9. 1 2 Mafiosi spread news of jail protest over law that stops them talking, The Independent, July 11, 2002
  10. ↑ Mafia strike leaves Italy cold, BBC News, July 16, 2002
  11. ↑ Suspected mob figure won't be returned to Italy, Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2007
  12. ↑ Fears of torture for Italian gangster Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., The Independent, October 17, 2007
  13. ↑ Press release, European Court of Human Rights, November 27, 2007
  14. ↑ Press release Grand Chamber Judgment Enea v. Italy, European Convention on Human Rights, September 17, 2009
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