Arkhangelsk Governorate

Coordinates: 64°32′N 40°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E / 64.533; 40.533

Arkhangelsk Governorate
Архангельская губерния
Governorate of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Soviet Russia
1796–1929

Coat of arms

Map of the governorate
Capital Arkhangelsk
History
 • Established 12 December 1796
 • Disestablished 14 January 1929
Political subdivisions nine uyezds

Arkhangelsk Governorate (Russian: Архангельская губерния, Arkhangelskaya guberniya) was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1796 until 1929. Its seat was in Arkhangelsk. The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire and bordered Tobolsk Governorate in the south-east, Vologda Governorate in the south, Olonets Governorate in the southwest, Sweden (later Grand Duchy of Finland and later independent Finland) in the west, and Norway in north-west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the White and Barents Seas.

The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts, the Komi Republic, the Republic of Karelia, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

History

Female headgear "Nakolka". Arkhangelsk Governorate, late 19th early 20th century.

In 1780, the Archangelgorod Governorate, with its center in Arkhangelsk, was abolished and transformed into the Vologda Viceroyalty. The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblasts: Vologda, Veliky Ustyug, and Arkhangelsk. On 26 March 1784, the Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and formed into the Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty. Tsar Paul I on 12 December 1796 issued a decree remaining Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty into Arkhangelsk Governorate. Simultaneously, the Olonets Viceroyalty was abolished, and the Kemsky Uyezd and about a half of the Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to the Arkhangelsk Governorate.[1]

In 1780, the Arkhangelsk Oblast (and later the Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty) was subdivided into seven uyezds (the administrative centers, which all had the town status, are given in parentheses),

Mezen, Onega, and Pinega were incorporated as towns in 1780 just to become the uyezd towns. Kola was incorporated in 1784.

The European part of the Russian Empire in 1917. Arkhangelsk Governorate is shown in yellow on top of the map.

In 1801, portions of the Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to the Olonets Governorate, while the Kemsky Uyezd, with its center in Kem, was left to remain in the Arkhangelsk Governorate. In 1854, the town of Kola was destroyed during the Crimean War, and Kolsky Uyezd was merged into the Kemsky Uyezd. In 1883, the Kolsky Uyezd was restored, but in 1899, the uyezds ceter was transferred to Aleksandrovsk, and the uyezd was renamed to become the Aleksandrovsky Uyezd. In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd with its center in Ust-Tsilma was split off from the Mezensky Uyezd.

The governorate's structure remained in place after the 1917 revolution. In 1917, the governorate thus comprised nine uyezds. On 2 March 1918, the Ust-Vashsky Uyezd with its center in Ust-Vashka was split off from the Mezensky Uyezd (On 6 February 1922 it was abolished and merged back into the Mezensky Uyezd). Also in 1918, the western part of the Aleksandrovsky Uyezd was transferred to Finland, which became independent, and the rest of the uyezd was incorporated as Murmansk Governorate. In 1920, the Kemsky Uyezd was transferred to the Karel Labour Commune, which later became the Karelian Socialist Soviet Republic. In 1922, the major part of the Pechorsky District was moved to the newly established Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. On 15 March 1922, the Kholmogorsky Uyezd was renamed into the Yemetsky Uyezd, and the uyezds town was transferred from Kholmogory to Yemetsk.

In the following period, administrative changes in the governorate occurred almost on the yearly basis. In 1928, the governorate consisted of five uyezds: Arkhangelsky, Mezensky, Onezhsky, Pechorsky, and Shenkursky.[1]

On 14 January 1929, by the order of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, three governorates (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and Northern Dvina) and Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast were merged into Northern Krai.

Governors

The administration tasks in the vice-royalty were shared between a governor and a governor general; the governorate had a military governor and a (civil) governor; the military governors were not always appointed. Sometimes a governor general was appointed. The governors of Arkhangelogorod Viceroyalty were[2]

The governors of Arkhangelsk Governorate were[2]

After February 1917, the highest authority in the governorate belonged to the Comissar of the Governorate, and after November 1917 – to the Governorate Executive Committee (with the exception of the period of the Civil War in Russia, when Arkhangelsk was occupied by the Entente troops). The governors were not appointed any more.

The military governors of Arkhangelsk Governorate were[2]

The following governors general were appointed,[2]

Demography

Language

Language Number percentage (%) males females
Russian 294 865 85.1 139 174 155 691
Zyrian 23 259 6.7 11 058 12 201
Karelian 19 522 5.6 8737 10785
Samoyedic 3 874 1.1 2 030 1 844
Lappish 1 742 0.5 870 872
Finnish 1 276 0.4 645 631
Polish 456 0.0 350 106
German 309 0.0 118 191
Belarusian 256 0.0 133 123
Yiddish 253 0.0 156 97
Norwegian and Danish 226 0.0 125 101
Romani 147 0.0 84 63
Lithuanian 81 0.0 80 1
Ukrainian 51 0.0 45 6
Estonian 76 0.0 70 6
Other 143 0.0 109 34
Total 346 536 100.0 163 784 182 752

References

  1. 1 2 "Административно-территориальное деление Архангельской губернии в XVIII-XX вв." (in Russian). Архивы России. 2000. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Архангельская область (in Russian). narod.ru. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  3. ↑ Language Statistics of 1897 (in Russian)
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